Comprehensive evaluation on urban sustainable development of Harbin City in Northeast China

It is an effective way in realizing urban coordinated and sustainable development to establish a series of indicators and to evaluate urban environmental and socioeconomic development. According to the characteristics of Harbin City in Northeast China, an indicator system including five subsystems and 37 indicators was established for comprehensive evaluation on urban sustainable development. The development indexes of all urban subsystems and complex system were calculated quantitatively using the comprehensively integrated methods composed of Principle Component Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process and weighed index method, and then the comprehensive level of urban sustainable development and the degree of urban interior coordination were analyzed. The results indicated that 1) the overall urban development presented an uptrend, however, the interior development was not well balanced from 1996 to 2006; 2) the development in each subsystem presented a strong fluctuation; and 3) the development in resources subsystem showed a downtrend. Based on those results, the suggestions of urban sustainable development were put forward at the end.     

Comprehensive evaluation on agricultural environment in western China

Introduction Western China is vast in area with different landforms and ecosystems, and its environment is deteriorated with different agricultural productivities. The northwestern region is very drought for lack of rainfall, and desertification there is serious with difficulty in vegetation restoration, while in the southwestern region the land is fragile, vegetation is degraded and water and soil loss serious. Even worse, for the lack of effective management, new environmental problems deriv…     

Rise and fall of recent Chinese coastal resort development: Case of Beihai Silver Beach, Guangxi, China

Based upon a case study of Silver Beach coastal resort of Beihai, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, this article examines the rise and fall of Chinese coastal tourist resort development since the 1980s. It explores the causes for and responses to the decline of Chinese coastal resorts. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twelve local key information providers, and secondary information sources such as government archives, survey reports, and resort plans. It was found that the rise and fall of Chinese coastal resorts in the last three decades is closely linked to the transitional reform from a central planned economy to a market economy. Three stages of coastal tourism development were identified in a sequence of rapid growth, decline and redevelopment. It was government financial funds and high local government involvement that promoted the rapid expansion of coastal resorts during the 1980s. However, coastal resort decline occurred when transitional reform was intensified and deflationary policy executed after 1992. Institutional failure is found to be the main reason of Chinese coastal resorts decline since the mid-1990s. The government-dominated pattern could not be sustained and should be restructured in forthcoming coastal tourism development in China. Revival strategies should emphasize enhancing market-oriented reform in the declining resorts on both supply and demand sides.     

基于蚁群算法的城市可持续发展综合评价

在可持续发展体系分类的基础上，应用蚁群算法对可持续发展各分类指数公式和综合指数公式进行优化，建立可持续发展评价模型。将该模型应用于乌鲁木齐市可持续发展水平评价，评价结果与现状分析一敛。结果表明该模型简单适用、有良好的通用性。     

Comprehensive evaluation of rural courtyard utilization efficiency: A case study in Shandong Province,Eastern China

China is implementing the strategy of Rural Revitalization. Revitalizing idle and inefficient utilization courtyards is an important measure for rural revitalization. The evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency is the basis of determining the idle and inefficient utilization courtyards in order to revitalizing it. This study provided a reference for the optimal use of rural courtyard utilization and revitalization through the quantitative comprehensive evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency and the classification of courtyard utilization types. Taking Shandong Province in Eastern China as study area, we selected eight surveyed villages by stratified sampling method. According to the scale of the villages, full survey and sample survey were used, while middleaged men who familiar with the courtyards were selected as the respondents. Through a household questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews from2017 to 2018, 578 questionnaires of rural courtyardsin eight villages were obtained. Then based on the functions of rural courtyard and land resource conditions, 16 comprehensive factors were formulated,involving land conditions, construction conditions and economic benefits, to build the comprehensive evaluation index system of rural courtyard utilization efficiency. Next the index weight was determined by analytic hierarchy process, and the linear weighted regression model was used to evaluate the utilization efficiency of rural courtyard. Finally, the K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the utilization efficiency of courtyards. The results showed that among the eight villages, the average utilization efficiency of courtyards was moderate(one village was low, five were moderate, and two were high). The proportions of both idle and inefficiently utilized courtyards were high. There were three vital factors leading to the idle and low efficiency of rural courtyards. They were declining rural industries,limited arable land per capita, and more farmer workers. In this case, the utilization efficiency of courtyards should be improved by transferring rural land, developing secondary and tertiary industries,evaluating the development potential of villages,classifying and optimizing courtyard utilization, so as to make full use of idle and inefficient courtyards,increase the income of farmers and collectives and promote the revitalization of rural areas.     

Comprehensive development of agriculture in the Loess Plateau Area

The Loess Plateau is one of China s developing areas where socio-econ-omy is backward, ecological environment deteriorated and people's life difficult.The purpose of carrying out comprehensive development of the area's agriculture is, in essence, to open up new fields of agro-production, to intensify the utilization of related resources, to raise productivity and to win bigger output. The decision is important, as by so doing, the physical landscape could be tranformed, the local economy could be flourished, and the people's standard of living could be improved, and moreover the national development strategy of "depending on the East and shifting to the West" and building Shanxi Province into an energy and chemical industrial base could be realized.Based on field investigations in recent years, the auther proposed the purpose, target, principles, steps, tactics and strategies for the comprehensive development of the are's agriculture.     

中国北方岩溶地下水的研究进展

中国北方中上元古界和下古生界碳酸盐岩含水层连续沉积厚度大、分布面积广,其中储存着丰富的岩溶地下水资源,在国民经济建设中发挥着举足轻重的作用,是国家战略性水资源。结合对北方岩溶水的调查研究经历,就岩溶水系统及水文地质条件、环境问题发展演化趋势与成因、岩溶水开发利用与保护、生态修复以及调查研究的技术方法等方面的进展与不足,做初步的总结,致以中国地质大学建校70周年、《地质科技通报》创刊40周年的贺礼,并为广大北方岩溶水水文地质同行提供参考。     

Mesoscale eddy movement in the northern East China Sea

1. On the basis of the analysis of hydrographical and geological data it is concluded that the cyclonic eddy in the northern East China Sea existed every year and season. However, it was deduced from its monthly changes that it did not exist all the time.2. Conspicuous interannual, even monthly changes of the eddy in summer were found. The main cause for it was the strength and position of HWC and HCC.As for its seasonal change, reliable analysis was hard to make. However, from Fig. 2 and taking into account the change of the strength of HWC and HCC it seems that the eddy was strongest with southmost centre in winter and weaker (compared with winter) with northmost centre in summer.3. More often than not, the eddy occurred in intermediate layer. The distructive effect of the wind might be the cause for the eddy's not reaching the surface in spring, fall and winter, and the Changjiang Diluted Water might have played the same role in summer.4. The average position of the eddy was, upon the whole, coincident with the mud's-the multiyear existence of the eddy was determinant for the mud formation. 5. The disposition of HWC, HCC and NRK was the main dynamical factor for the eddy formation. Among others, HWC and HCC were decisive and the occurrence of bottom cold water in summer may intensify the eddy as a thermodynamical factor.     

Currents and mixing in the northern South China Sea

We investigated the vertical distribution of current velocity data of the entire water column at a site on the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea (SCS) from August 4 to September 6, 2007, and found that the characteristics of barotropic and baroclinic tides are mainly diurnal. During the observation period, we also estimated the mixing before and after the passage of Typhoon Pabuk. We found that the internal-wave-scale dissipation rate, the turbulent dissipation rate, and the mixing rate in every water layer increased by about an order of magnitude after the typhoon passage. We analyzed a case of abrupt strong current and calculated the mixing rate before, during, and after the typhoon event. The results show that the internal-wave-scale dissipation rate and the mixing rate in every water layer increased by about two orders of magnitude during the event, while the turbulent dissipation rate increased by about an order of magnitude. Passage of the abrupt strong current could also have increased the mixing rate of affected seawater by more than an order of magnitude. However, the passage of the typhoon differed in that there was an increase in mixing only in the lower layer where the abrupt strong current was particularly strong. The variation of the mixing rate may help us to understand the effects of typhoons and abrupt strong currents on the mixing of seawater.     

THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF POLAR-TYPE GLACIERS DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

ＴＨＥＣＬＩＭＡＴＩＣＣＯＮＤＩＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＰＯＬＡＲ－ＴＹＰＥＧＬＡＣＩＥＲＳＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＨｕａｎｇＭａｏｈｕａｎ（黄茂桓）（ＬａｎｚｈｏｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｌａｃｉｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＧｅｏｃｒｙｏｌｏｇｙ，ｔｈｅＣ...     

Warming trend in northern East China Sea in recent four decades

Global warming has become a notable trend especially since an abrupt climate change in 1976. Response of the East China Sea (ECS) to the global warming trend, however, is not well understood because of sparse long-term observation. In this paper, hydrographic observation data of 1957–1996 are collected and reviewed to study climatological variability in northern ECS. Significant warming trends are found in both summer and winter. In summer, the average SST is about 0.46°C higher during the period of 1977-19...     

Restoration in northern Lake Gehu,a eutrophic lake in China

Lake Gehu is a severely eutrophic lake in southeast China. A series of restoration measures have been implemented since 2009 in northern Lake Gehu. This study compared aquatic plants, water quality, sediment, and phytoplankton between restoration and control areas to investigate the ef fect of restoration measures. The results demonstrated that aquatic macrophyte coverage increased from 0% to 10.6%; mean TP, TN, and CODM n concentrations decreased by 50.0%, 42.4%, and 40.8%, respectively, compared with those before the measures were carried out; the mean Secchi depth(SD) increased to 42.5 cm, which is 1.4 times higher than that before restoration; the mean euphotic depth(Z eu) in the summer increased from 91 to 130 cm; the mean chl a concentration decreased from 34.8 to 20.2 μg/L, compared with that before restoration; the Shannon-Wiener index of phytoplankton increased by 28.7%. The mean TP and TN concentrations in sediments decreased by 63.8% and 52.4%, respectively, compared with that before dredging. These results indicate that the restoration in northern Lake Gehu was ef fective. To complete the transformation from an algae-to a macrophyte-stable state within the region, further measures must be adopted. This restoration of a eutrophic lake can serve as a reference for similar eutrophic lakes.     

Transportation development transition in China

Scientific development is an invaluable asset to a country.Policies and development modes should be carried out based on scientific findings not only in industry,but also in transportation infrastructure construction.Building an integrated transportation system,which is in line with the national requirements of China and supports sustainable socio-economic development,is a key strategic issue related to building a moderately prosperous society and achieving realistic goals of a medium-level developed country.Based on a systematic review of the advances in China’s transportation infrastructure over the last 60 years,this paper explores the main drivers of transportation development,including national policy,transportation structure,investment efficiency,and technological innovation.Analysis shows that China’s comprehensive transportation infrastructure construction since 1949 can be divided into five stages initiated by these drivers,which correspond to four transition modes:policy transition,structural transition,efficiency transition,and technology transition.The transition path of China’s transportation development shows that the dominant factors have changed,and the interval for each transition has shortened.With the implementation of the ’12th Five-Year Plan’,China’s transportation infrastructure construction is showing some new characteristics and facing a new development transition.Finally,this paper analyzes the trends in transportation development in China and concludes that technological innovation will be the main driving force to increase the transportation supply and service area in the future.     

ANALYSIS OF LOCATION CONDITIONS OF FINANCIAL CENTRES IN CHINA

First of all, the necessity of establishing financial centres is expounded. The establishment of financial centres has a lot of benefits to the world economic development, China's economy and the occupied cities. The location conditions of financial centres may be summarized as follows: the location of trade centre, the factors of geographical position, the circumstances of finance, etc.. We consider that the first batch of financial centres in China should be established in the eastern cities of China. So 9 eastern cities in China are chosen as the spare financial centres. According to the location conditions of financial centres, 12 indices are chosen and the method of synthetic weighted average is used to find the best locations of financial centres. The conclusions are that the grade A financial centres should be in Shanghai and the grade B should be in Tianjin and Guangzhou.     

水平开发井在海上油田储量评价和开发生产中的应用

海上油田开发初期由于钻井少, 资料录取有限, 且缺少动态资料, 油田储量认识存在较大不确定性, 随着开发程度的提高, 往往会出现储量与产量之间的矛盾, 而储量再评价是解决这种矛盾的重要方式。为提高开发效率, 缩减成本, 海上油田更多以水平井开发, 受井型的影响, 开发阶段资料录取往往受限, 因此新增水平井资料成为油田储量再评价中获得新的地质油藏认识以及提高储量估算精度的关键。为进一步获得可靠的储量评价结果, 解决油田的动静态矛盾, 笔者在分析珠江口盆地储量变化主控参数的基础上, 根据水平井钻井特征, 充分挖掘水平开发井在提高主控参数精度上的作用。分析结果显示含油面积和有效厚度在储量评估中的不确定性最大, 是引起储量变化的两个主控参数, 水平开发井在提升油田产能、确定有效厚度下限、微构造研究、岩性边界以及流体界面识别等方面具有较好的作用, 在资料录取有限的情况下, 利用水平开发井能有效提高主控参数精度, 获得相对合理的地质储量, 解决油田生产动态矛盾的同时, 也为油田后期挖潜指明方向。南海东部多个油田的应用实例也证实这一认识。      

Spatio-temporal variations in the siphonophore community of the northern South China Sea

To understand how hydrological and biological factors affect near-to off-shore variations in the siphonophore community,we sampled zooplankton at 82 stations in the northern South China Sea during summer,winter,and spring.Forty-one species of siphonophore were collected by vertical trawling.The species richness of siphonophores increased from the nearshore to offshore regions in all three seasons of investigation,with maximum richness in summer and minimum richness in winter.The abundance of siphonophores was also higher in summer than in spring and winter,concentrated in the nearshore region in the warm season and scattered in the offshore region in the cold season.Four siphonophore groups were classified according to the frequency of occurrence:nearshore,near-offshore,offshore,and tropical pelagic.Among them,the nearshore group had higher abundance nearshore compared with the offshore.The tropical pelagic group had higher species number offshore than nearshore.Spatial and temporal fluctuations in taxonomic composition and abundance of siphonophores were due to the influence of the coastal upwelling and surface ocean currents of the South China Sea,driven by the East Asia monsoonal system.     

De-farming and ecological restoration in the loess hilly-gully region in northern China

Introduction In a long history of land use and exploration, in order to meet the demand of quickly increasing population for food supplies, China has accumu- lated many successful and unsuccessful experience- es in promoting economic development by using …     

Characteristics of nonlinear internal waves observed in the northern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the most active areas of internal waves. We undertook a program of physical oceanography in the northern South China Sea from June to July of 2009, and conducted a 1-day observation from 15:40 of June 24 to 16:40 of June 25 using a chain of instruments, including temperature sensors, pressure sensors and temperature-pressure meters at a site (117.5°E, 21°N) northeast of the Dongsha Islands. We measured fluctuating tidal and subtidal properties with the thermistor-chain and a ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, and observed a large-amplitude nonlinear internal wave passing the site followed by a number of small ones. To further investigate this phenomenon, we collected the tidal constituents from the TPXO7.1 dataset to evaluate the tidal characteristics at and around the recording site, from which we knew that the amplitude of the nonlinear internal wave was about 120 m and the period about 20 min. The horizontal and vertical velocities induced by the soliton were approximately 2 m/s and 0.5 m/s, respectively. This soliton occurred 2–3 days after a spring tide.