3D parallel inversion of time-domain airborne EM data

To improve the inversion accuracy of time-domain airborne electromagnetic data, we propose a parallel 3D inversion algorithm for airborne EM data based on the direct Gauss–Newton optimization. Forward modeling is performed in the frequency domain based on the scattered secondary electrical field. Then, the inverse Fourier transform and convolution of the transmitting waveform are used to calculate the EM responses and the sensitivity matrix in the time domain for arbitrary transmitting waves. To optimize the computational time and memory requirements, we use the EM “footprint” concept to reduce the model size and obtain the sparse sensitivity matrix. To improve the 3D inversion, we use the OpenMP library and parallel computing. We test the proposed 3D parallel inversion code using two synthetic datasets and a field dataset. The time-domain airborne EM inversion results suggest that the proposed algorithm is effective, efficient, and practical.     

时间域航空电磁2.5维非线性共轭梯度反演

对于时间域航空电磁法二维和三维反演来说,最大的困难在于有效的算法和大的计算量需求.本文利用非线性共轭梯度法实现了时间域航空电磁法2.5维反演方法,着重解决了迭代反演过程中灵敏度矩阵计算、最佳迭代步长计算、初始模型选取等问题.在正演计算中,我们采用有限元法求解拉式傅氏域中的电磁场偏微分方程,再通过逆拉氏和逆傅氏变换高精度数值算法得到时间域电磁响应.在灵敏度矩阵计算中,采用了基于拉式傅氏双变换的伴随方程法,时间消耗只需计算两次正演,从而节约了大量计算时间.对于最佳步长计算,二次插值向后追踪法能够保证反演迭代的稳定性.设计两个理论模型,检验反演算法的有效性,并讨论了选择不同初始模型对反演结果的影响.模型算例表明:非线性共轭梯度方法应用于时间域航空电磁2.5维反演中稳定可靠,反演结果能够有效地反映地下真实电性结构.当选择的初始模型电阻率值与真实背景电阻率值接近时,能得到较好的反演结果,当初始模型电阻率远大于或远小于真实背景电阻率值时反演效果就会变差.     

基于拟态有限体积法的频率域可控源三维正演计算

大规模地球物理电磁数据的定量解释需要发展高效、稳定的三维正反演算法.本文通过求解离散化的三维电场矢量Helmholtz方程,实现了基于有限体积法的频率域可控源电磁(CSEM)三维正演算法.为模拟具有强电性差异的三维电性介质,该算法采用拟态有限体积法(MFV)对Maxwell方程组进行离散化;另外,为获得稳定、高精度的正演数值结果,采用直接矩阵分解技术来求解离散所得到的大型稀疏线性方程组.对于具有多个发射源的CSEM测量来说,一次矩阵分解结果能够用于同频率下所有场源的正演计算.为降低场源奇异性及边界条件对数值精度的影响,采用虚拟场源校正技术,避免了散射场公式中在构建场源项时所需的大量时间.对于具有多个频率的CSEM的模拟计算,采用分频并行策略来加快三维正演计算.最后,通过与一维层状模型及三维模型的数值结果的对比验证了本文所开发的正演算法对频率域CSEM模拟计算的准确性及有效性,表明该正演算法能够有效应用于三维介质的数值计算.另外,对于多频率CSEM的并行测试结果表明基于分频并行策略的并行计算能够显著地降低正演计算时间.     

基于矢量有限元的带地形大地电磁三维反演研究

研究了基于矢量有限元方法的大地电磁带地形三维反演算法并开发了三维反演计算程序代码.在大地电磁场正演数值模拟方面,采用并行直接稀疏求解器PARDISO且无需进行散度校正的快速正演方案,对典型地形模型,在中等规模计算条件下,与双共轭梯度法(BICG)计算结果比较,发现PARDISO比BICG快10倍以上;通过理论模型试算,并与前人的有限元法计算结果对比,验证了带地形三维正演计算程序的正确性.在反演方面,本研究基于共轭梯度方法编写了大地电磁带地形三维反演代码,为了避免直接求取雅可比矩阵,将反演中的雅可比矩阵计算问题转为求解两次“拟正演”问题,进而将PARDISO的快速正演方案应用于“拟正演”问题的求解,以提高反演计算效率.利用开发的反演算法对多个带地形地电模型的合成数据进行了三维反演,反演结果能很好地重现理论模型的电性结构,验证了本文开发的三维反演算法的正确性和可靠性.最后,利用该算法反演了某矿区大地电磁实测数据,反演得到的三维电性结构清晰地反映了研究区的地电特征,将反演结果与该区已有地质资料结合进行解释,应用效果明显,进一步验证了本文算法的有效性.     

大地电磁法三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟

系统地论述了大地电磁三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟算法实现过程中交错网格剖分、积分公式离散化、边界条件、方程组求解、三维张量阻抗的计算等内容. 由于提出了简洁的边界条件，采用了解大型系数矩阵方程组的双共轭梯度稳定解法，所实现的三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟算法具有迭代收敛稳定、计算精度高、速度快等特点. 通过两个理论模型的计算结果检验了算法的正确性和计算精度. 所实现的三维交错采样有限差分数值模拟算法为研究三维反演问题奠定了基础.     

3D finite-difference modeling algorithm and anomaly features of ZTEM

The Z-Axis tipper electromagnetic (ZTEM) technique is based on a frequency-domain airborne electromagnetic system that measures the natural magnetic field. A survey area was divided into several blocks by using the Maxwell’s equations, and the magnetic components at the center of each edge of the grid cell are evaluated by applying the staggered-grid finite-difference method. The tipper and its divergence are derived to complete the 3D ZTEM forward modeling algorithm. A synthetic model is then used to compare the responses with those of 2D finite-element forward modeling to verify the accuracy of the algorithm. ZTEM offers high horizontal resolution to both simple and complex distributions of conductivity. This work is the theoretical foundation for the interpretation of ZTEM data and the study of 3D ZTEM inversion.     

基于二次场电导率分块连续变化的三维可控源电磁有限元数值模拟

从电偶源三维地电断面可控源电磁法的二次电场边值问题及其变分问题出发,采用任意六面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,并且在单元分析中同时对电导率及二次电场进行三线性插值,实现电导率分块连续变化情况下,基于二次场的可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟.这个新的可控源电磁三维正演方法可以模拟实际勘探中地下任意形状及电性参数连续变化的复杂模型.理论模型的计算结果表明,均匀大地计算的视电阻率误差和相位误差分别为0.002%和0.0005°.分层连续变化模型的有限元计算结果表明,其与对应的分层均匀模型解析结果有明显差异.三维异常体组合模型以及倾斜异常体等复杂模型的有限元计算结果也有效地反映了异常形态.     

Gravity compression forward modeling and multiscale inversion based on wavelet transform

The main problems in three-dimensional gravity inversion are the non-uniqueness of the solutions and the high computational cost of large data sets. To minimize the high computational cost, we propose a new sorting method to reduce fluctuations and the high frequency of the sensitivity matrix prior to applying the wavelet transform. Consequently, the sparsity and compression ratio of the sensitivity matrix are improved as well as the accuracy of the forward modeling. Furthermore, memory storage requirements are reduced and the forward modeling is accelerated compared with uncompressed forward modeling. The forward modeling results suggest that the compression ratio of the sensitivity matrix can be more than 300. Furthermore, multiscale inversion based on the wavelet transform is applied to gravity inversion. By decomposing the gravity inversion into subproblems of different scales, the non-uniqueness and stability of the gravity inversion are improved as multiscale data are considered. Finally, we applied conventional focusing inversion and multiscale inversion on simulated and measured data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed gravity inversion method.     

3D LBFGS inversion of controlled source extremely low frequency electromagnetic data

The controlled source extremely low frequency (CSELF) electromagnetic method is characterized by extremely long and powerful sources and a huge measurement range. Its electromagnetic field can therefore be affected by the ionosphere and displacement current. Research on 3D forward modeling and inversion of CSELF electromagnetic data is currently in its infancy. This paper makes exploratory attempts to firstly calculate the 1D extremely low frequency electromagnetic field under ionosphere-air-earth coupling circumstances, and secondly analyze the propagation characteristics of the background electromagnetic field. The 3D staggered-grid finite difference scheme for solving for the secondary electric field is adopted and incorporated with the 1D modeling algorithm to complete 3D forward modeling. Considering that surveys can be carried out in the near field and transition zone for lower frequencies, the 3D Limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (LBFGS) inversion of CSELF electromagnetic data is presented (in which the sources, or primary fields, are included), with the aim of directly inverting the impedance data, regardless of where it is acquired. Derivation of the objective functional gradient is the core component in the inversion. Synthetic tests indicate that the well-chosen approximation to the Hessian can significantly speed up the inversion. The model responses corresponding to the coexistence of conductive and resistive blocks show that the off-diagonal components of tensor impedance are much more sensitive to the resistivity variation than the diagonal components. In comparison with conventional scalar inversion, tensor inversion is superior in the recoveries of electric anomalies and background resistivity.     

基于局部加密非结构网格的海洋可控源电磁法三维有限元正演

本文基于非结构网格实现了海洋可控源电磁法三维有限元正演模拟.该算法采用完全非结构网格剖分,可以模拟任意起伏地形和复杂地电模型.为了避免场源的奇异性,采用一次场/二次场分解算法,一次场由基于Schelkunoff势函数的一维解析公式得到.为了提高算法的精度和效率,采用对测点附近单元和异常体区域进行体积约束加密的方法,实现了非结构网格的局部加密.一、二维模型计算和分析表明,本文采用的局部加密方法能够明显地改善算法的精度,最大相对误差基本在1%以内.对三维模型计算及对比分析,说明了该算法对三维可控源电磁正演的实用性.复杂海底地形模型的正演模拟表明,海底地形对电磁场的影响很大,在进行海洋可控源电磁资料解释时,地形的影响有必要考虑在内.     

时间域航空电磁系统瞬变全时响应正演模拟

近年来很多专家学者致力于时间域航空系统正反演的研究.本文针对一维均匀层状介质和三维模型进行正演.不仅计算垂直方向上的电磁响应,还计算了同线方向上的电磁响应,为航空电磁多分量观测提供理论依据.通过比较航空电磁系统的脉冲响应和阶跃响应特征,发现脉冲响应在早期时间存在奇异性,造成计算不稳定.然而,阶跃响应在早期时间没有奇异性,因而利用系统的阶跃响应可得到一种计算时间域航空电磁系统全时响应的稳定算法.该算法具有较高的精度,并很好地保持了磁场强度B和磁感应dB/dt关系的一致性.该算法推广到三维地质体的时间域正演模拟亦取得很好的效果.     

Two-dimensional inversion of spectral induced polarization data using MPI parallel algorithm in data space

Traditional two-dimensional (2D) complex resistivity forward modeling is based on Poisson’s equation but spectral induced polarization (SIP) data are the coproducts of the induced polarization (IP) and the electromagnetic induction (EMI) effects. This is especially true under high frequencies, where the EMI effect can exceed the IP effect. 2D inversion that only considers the IP effect reduces the reliability of the inversion data. In this paper, we derive differential equations using Maxwell’s equations. With the introduction of the Cole–Cole model, we use the finite-element method to conduct 2D SIP forward modeling that considers the EMI and IP effects simultaneously. The data-space Occam method, in which different constraints to the model smoothness and parametric boundaries are introduced, is then used to simultaneously obtain the four parameters of the Cole—Cole model using multi-array electric field data. This approach not only improves the stability of the inversion but also significantly reduces the solution ambiguity. To improve the computational efficiency, message passing interface programming was used to accelerate the 2D SIP forward modeling and inversion. Synthetic datasets were tested using both serial and parallel algorithms, and the tests suggest that the proposed parallel algorithm is robust and efficient.     

基于不等式约束的最小二乘法三维电阻率反演及其算法优化

基于光滑约束的最小二乘法是三维电阻率反演的主要方法,但该方法在某些情况下存在着多解性较强的问题,且普遍耗时较长,严重制约了三维反演方法的推广与发展.为改善上述问题,将表征模型参数变化范围的不等式约束作为先验信息引入最小二乘线性反演方法中,有效地改善了反演结果的精度,降低了反演的多解性问题.为了解决耗时较长的问题,基于预条件共轭梯度(PCG)算法和Cholesky分解法的特点提出了一套优化三维电阻率反演计算效率的计算方案.在该方案中,Cholesky分解法被用来求解敏感度矩阵计算中的多个点源场的正演问题,Cholesky分解法只需对总体系数矩阵进行一次分解,然后对不同的右端向量进行回代即可.将预条件共轭梯度法引入到三维电阻率反演方程的求解中,将雅可比迭代中的对角阵作为预处理矩阵,其具有求逆方便、无需内存空间的特点,有效地加快了收敛速度.对合成数据以及实测数据的反演算例表明,借助不等式约束和反演效率优化方案,最小二乘反演方法可得到较为精确的反演结果,有效地提高了反演计算效率,具有良好的推广前景.     

多频可控源电磁法三维有理函数Krylov子空间模型降阶正演算法研究

本文采用有理函数Krylov子空间模型降阶算法实现了同时求解多频可控源电磁法三维正演响应的快速计算.首先采用基于Yee氏交错网格的拟态有限体积法实现控制方程的空间离散,将任意频率的电场响应表示为关于频率参数的传递函数.采用有理函数Krylov子空间算法求解该传递函数.针对构建m维有理函数Krylov子空间需要求解m次（几十到上百）关于有理函数极点和离散控制方程系数矩阵的线性方程组的问题,本文提出采用单个重复极点的有理函数Krylov子空间模型降阶算法,结合直接法求解器PARDISO,采用Gram-Schmidt方法,只需要1次系数矩阵分解和m次矩阵回代即可实现有理函数Krylov子空间的构建,极大地减少了计算量.针对最优化有理函数极点选取问题,本文根据传递函数的有理函数Krylov子空间投影算法的误差分析理论,引入关于单个重复极点的收敛率函数,通过求解有理函数的最大收敛率直接给出最优化的单个重复极点公式.最终实现了不同发射频率的可控源电磁法三维正演响应的快速计算.分别计算了典型层状模型多发射频率的CSAMT和海洋CSEM的正演响应,通过与解析解的对比验证了本文算法在多发射频率正演的计算精度和计算效率;并通过一个三维海洋CSEM勘探设计最优化发射频率和接收区域选取的例子进一步说明本文算法的优点.     

Linearized seismic waveform inversion using a multiple re-weighted least-squares method with QR preconditioning

Linearized inversion methods such as Gauss‐Newton and multiple re‐weighted least‐squares are iterative processes in which an update in the current model is computed as a function of data misfit and the gradient of data with respect to model parameters. The main advantage of those methods is their ability to refine the model parameters although they have a high computational cost for seismic inversion. In the Gauss‐Newton method a system of equations, corresponding to the sensitivity matrix, is solved in the least‐squares sense at each iteration, while in the multiple re‐weighted least‐squares method many systems are solved using the same sensitivity matrix. The sensitivity matrix arising from these methods is usually not sparse, thus limiting the use of standard preconditioners in the solution of the linearized systems. For reduction of the computational cost of the linearized inversion methods, we propose the use of preconditioners based on a partial orthogonalization of the columns of the sensitivity matrix. The new approach collapses a band of co‐diagonals of the normal equations matrix into the main diagonal, being equivalent to computing the least‐squares solution starting from a partial solution of the linear system. The preconditioning is driven by a bandwidth L which can be interpreted as the distance for which the correlation between model parameters is relevant. To illustrate the benefit of the proposed approach to the reduction of the computational cost of the inversion we apply the multiple re‐weighted least‐squares method to the 2D acoustic seismic waveform inversion problem. We verify the reduction in the number of iterations in the conjugate'gradient algorithm as the bandwidth of the preconditioners increases. This effect reduces the total computational cost of inversion as well.     

可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演研究

可控源音频大地电磁法在资源勘探等领域中发挥着重要的作用.我们把有限差分数值模拟方法用于可控源音频大地电磁三维正演,结合正则化反演方案和共轭梯度反演的思路,将反演中的雅可比矩阵计算问题转为求解两次"拟正演"问题,得到模型参数的更新步长,形成反演迭代,实现了可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演算法.该反演算法可用于对有限长度电偶源激发下采集到的可控源音频大地电磁全区(近区、过渡区和远区)视电阻率和相位资料进行三维反演定量解释,获得地下三维模型的电阻率结构.理论模型合成数据的反演算例验证了所实现的可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演算法的有效性和稳定性.     

可控源音频大地电磁数据的反演方法

从反演方程、构造目标函数和求解三方面对用于可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)的实用反演方法中的四种进行了描述．水平层状地层CSAMT法资料的直接反演法首次尝试了一维空间的全资料CSAMT反演，效果较好，但该方法尚难应用于2D、3D复杂介质中；奥克姆反演方法既考虑了横向的光滑函数，又考虑了纵向的光滑函数，得到比较光滑的横向、纵向变化的背景电性结果，但有可能把一些小构造光滑掉．快速松驰反演算法和共轭梯度算法由于计算速度快，占内存少而被用于三维反演中，二者相比，快速松驰算法在求解雅可比矩阵时只做一次正演计算，在更新模型时解小型方程组，所以在速度上更胜一筹．在后三种算法中，由于复杂电性结构无解析解，正演计算都采用数值计算．数值计算的可靠性、速度影响着反演算法的有效性，这方面的研究也将是2D、3D复杂电性结构反演的研究方向之一.     

基于BTTB矩阵的快速高精度三维磁场正演

本文改进了一种快速、高精度空间域三维正演算法,用来计算地下场源在水平观测面产生的磁异常ΔT场及其梯度场,以解决传统空间域正演计算效率低的问题.算法采用长方体对场源区域进行剖分,观测点与场源剖分单元体中心点在水平面上的投影重合.改进的算法具有以下三个特点:(1)采用无解析奇点的解析解公式计算磁异常,保证计算精度.(2)通...     

地面矩形大定源电磁法频率域三维非线性共轭梯度反演

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