Relationship Between Producer Services Developing Level and Urban Hierarchy —— A Case Study of Zhujiang River Delta

As the Central Place Theory indicates, the centricity of a central city can influence the extension of its service. Since the service industry in the theory is mostly consumer services, it is worth studying the relationship between the producer services and the centricity of the city in the service society with producer services becoming a more important part of the service industry. The paper takes the case of the Zhujiang （Pearl） River Delta （PRD）, a developed region in China, to study the relationship between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Based on the analysis about the spatial difference of the producer services in the nine cities of the PRD, and the division of the nine cities according to some economic indices, it is shown that there is a correlation between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Furthermore, two deductions about the future status of the producer services in the city and the location of the producer services in a large region can be made from this correlation between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy.     

Relationship Between Producer Services Developing Level and Urban Hierarchy——A Case Study of Zhujiang River Delta

As the Central Place Theory indicates, the centricity of a central city can influence the extension of its ser-vice. Since the service industry in the theory is mostly consumer services, it is worth studying the relationship betweenthe producer services and the centricity of the city in the service society with producer services becoming a more im-portant part of the service industry. The paper takes the case of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta (PRD), a developedregion in China, to study the relationship between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy.Based on the analysis about the spatial difference of the producer services in the nine cities of the PRD, and the divi-sion of the nine cities according to some economic indices, it is shown that there is a correlation between the develop-ing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Furthermore, two deductions about the future status of the pro-ducer services in the city and the location of the producer services in a large region can be made from this correlationbetween the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy.     

Energy Abundance and China's Economic Growth: 2000–2014

Based on the interprovincial panel data of 2000–2014, this paper carries out an empirical analysis on the relationship between energy abundance and economic growth to test the theoretical hypothesis of ‘resource curse' and explore its transmission mechanism for China and its three regions. The results show that, at the national level, positive correlation is present between energy abundance and economic growth, proving that the ‘resource curse' phenomenon does not exist in China as a whole. Moreover, material capital input, human capital input and the level of opening to the outside world could promote economic growth, while technology innovation input may hinder economic growth. As seen by region, a positive correlation also exists between the energy abundance and economic growth in the eastern and western regions, and there is no ‘resource curse' phenomenon either. In all three regions, the human capital input could promote economic growth. Material capital input could promote economic growth in the eastern but hinder economic growth in the western region; the level of opening to the outside world could promote economic growth in the eastern region. It is known through further survey and analysis on the transmission mechanism of resource curse that, at the national level, material capital input, human capital input, and the level of opening to the outside world present positive correlation with energy abundance, indicating that energy development becomes an important transmission factor by strengthening material capital input and human capital input and raising the level of opening to the outside world. However, technology innovation input presents negative correlation with energy development. As seen by region, both the material capital input and human capital input present positive correlation with energy development strength in the three regions. Similar as the eastern region, the level of opening to the outside world presents positive correlation with energy industry development in the middle and western regions; however, the energy development presents negative correlation with technology input level in the western region.     

AN APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC LINKS──A Case Study on Economic Links Between Su-Xi-Chang Region and Shanghai

I.INTROOucrIOXEconondclinkis"theexchangeofrawmaterialsandindustrialandagriculturalpnductsandtheinterrelationoftheeCOnowhcandtechnicalrespeCtsbetweenregionS,withinaregion,betweenacityandatownoraruralarea,orbetweenrUralareas".RegionaleCOnondclinkistheoutcomeofspatiallaberdivision.Atprcment,alongwiththegroupingandinternationalizationofenterprisesintheworldandextensivecoalitionsOfregionaleCOnowhes,andspeCiallywithfurtherdevelopmentofmarketeconomyandextensiveexpansionOflateraleCOnondccoali…     

Comparative Study on Changes of Croplands Between North Korea and South Korea During 1990–2015

Studies on long-term change of cropland is of great significance to the utilization of land resources and the implementation of scientific agricultural policies. The Korean Peninsula, adjacent to China, plays an important role in the international environment of Northeast Asia. The Korean Peninsula includes South Korea and North Korea—two countries that have a great difference in their institutions and economic developments. Therefore, we aim to quantify the spatiotemporal changes of croplands in these two countries using Landsat Thematic Imager(TM) and Operational Land Imager(OLI) imagery, and to compare the differences of cropland changes between the two countries. This paper take full advantage of ODM approach(object-oriented segmentation and decision-tree classification based on multi-season imageries) to obtain the distribution of croplands in 1990 and 2015. Results showed that the overall classification accuracy of cropland data is 91.10% in 1990 and 92.52% in 2015. The croplands were mainly distributed in areas with slopes that were less than 8° and with elevations that were less than 300 m in the Korean Peninsula. However, in other region(slope 8° or elevation 300 m), the area and proportion of North Korea's croplands were significantly higher than that of South Korea. Croplands significantly increased by 15.02% in North Korea from 1990 to 2015. In contrast, croplands in South Korea slightly decreased by 1.32%. During the 25 years, policy shift, economic development, population growth, and urban sprawl played primary roles for cropland changes. Additionally, the regional differences of cropland changes were mainly due to different agriculture policies implemented by different countries. The achievements of this study can provide scientific guidance for the protection and sustainability of land resources.     

Comparative Mountain Hydrology: A Case Study of Wis?ok River in Poland and Chaohe River in China

Hydrological processes in river basins of similar size and morphology may differ significantly due to different climatic conditions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of hydrological characteristics of two river basins located in different climatic zones: the Wisok River Basin in the south-eastern Poland and the Chaohe River Basin in the northern China. The criteria of their choice were similarities in the basin area, main river length and topography. The results show that climate plays a key role in shaping fluvial conditions within the two basins. It is concluded that: 1) precipitation in the Wisok River Basin is more evenly distributed in the yearly cycle, while in the Chaohe River Basin it is highly concentrated in the few summer months; 2) spring snowmelt significantly contributes to runoff in the Wisok River Basin, while its role in the Chaohe River Basin is negligible; 3) in the Wisok River Basin, besides the peak flow in spring, there is also a period of high water in summer resulting from precipitation, while in the Chaohe River Basin there is only one high water period in summer; 4) the Wisok River Basin shows relatively higher stability in terms of the magnitude of intra- and inter-seasonal discharges; 5) during the multi-year observation period, a decrease in both precipitation and runoff was recorded in the two river basins.     

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT ON LAND—USE PLANNING—A Case Study of Changchun Economic and Technological Zone

The study centers on the necessity,the workflow and the synthetically integrated methods (Principal Compo-nent Analysis(PCA),Andytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) and Fuzzy Comprerhensive Evaluation(FCE)of strategic environ-ment assessment(SEA)on land-use planning.The whole article includes three main parts:firstly,some attribute database,graphic-base and the spatial transform matrix,which reflect the change of regional land-use pattern,can be ob-tained by GIS technique;secondly,adopting fitting method of trend-suface analysis will convert environment monitoring data from scattered spots to regular control spots,based on which we can perform regional environment impact assess-ment;finally,Changchun Economic and Technological Developmen Zone is chosen as a case study on land-use planning.Through those efforts the results may be obtained as follows:1)according to transform matrix,the possibility of transforma-tion from one land-use to another can be obtained after the planning is carried out;2)environment ruality would change as a result of the change of land-use pattern;3)the SEA on land-use plan is an effective tool to make land-use pattern more reasonable.     

Hub-and-Spoke System in Air Transportation and Its Implications to Regional Economic Development——A Case Study of United States

1 Introduction Over the past twenty years since the enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act, the major US domestic carriers have developed hub-and-spoke structures for their op- erations. These have been instrumental in helping to reduce the overall costs of air travel to the U.S. public and to increase the travel options that are available. This effect also means that the quantity and quality of air ser- vices vary quite considerably between cities in the United States. The pattern of a…     

Deep Processes of Basin Evolution:A Case Study of the Southern Songliao Basin and Adjacent Area,NE China in Mesozoic-Cenozoic

1IntroductionOne of the key factors related to basin geody-namics is deep process controlling formation and evolution of sedimentary basin. Depth and tempera-ture of asthenosphere,existence of mantle plume,occurrence of mantle melting,and amounts of melts under depressurization during thinning of lithosphere are controlling factors influenced formation and characteristics of extensional basin directly (Li,1994). Rifting is probably governed by frictional forces exerted on the base of litho…     

Impact of Land-use Patterns on Distributed Groundwater Recharge and Discharge——A Case Study of Westem Jilin, China

The impact of land-use on distributed groundwater recharge and discharge in the western Jilin (WJ) was analyzed in this study. WJ is a transitional, semi-arid zone with a fragile, hydrological closed ecosystem in the Songhua River Basin (SRB). The research tool includes a seamlessly linked MODFLOW, WetSpass, the Seepage packages, and ArcGIS. The model calibration showed good agreement between simulated water table elevation and measured water table depths, while predicted groundwater discharge zones showed strong correlations with field occurrences of drainage systems and wetlands. Simulated averages for distributed recharge, water table elevation and groundwater drawdown were 377.42mm/yr, 194.43m, and 0.18m respectively. Forest vegetation showed the highest recharge, followed by agricultural farmlands, while open-water and other drainage systems constituted groundwater exit zones. When present land-use conditions were compared with the hypothetical natural pre-development scenario, an overall loss of groundwater recharge (24.09mm/yr) was observed, which for the project area is 18.05 × 10⁸m³. Groundwater abstraction seemed to be the cause of water table drawdown, especially in the immediate vicinities of the supply wells. An important issue of the findings was the ability of the hypothetical forest vegetation to protect, and hence sustain aquifer reserves and dependent ecosystems. The profound data capture capability of ArcGIS makes it particularly useful in spatio-temporal hydroecological modeling. Biography: Moiwo Juana PAUL (1967–), male, a native of Sierra Leone of West Africa, Ph.D. candidate, specialized in wetland ecology.     

Impact of Land-use Patterns on Distributed Groundwater Recharge and Discharge——A Case Study of Western Jilin,China

1 Introduction Studying the impact of land-use on groundwater is a key issue in setting up a sound land-use planning project. Many studies have shown that land-use planning is fun- damental for the reliable protection of ecologically valuable wetlands. Thus special attention should be given to the effect of land-use on the hydrologic cycle and the protection of groundwater systems, especially recharge and discharge (Boeye and Verheyen, 1992; Bernàldez et al., 1993; Pucci and Pope, 1995; Bat…     

Private Car Travel Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Chinese Cities ——A Case Study of Guangzhou in Guangdong, China

Taking Guangzhou as a case, this paper adopted a questionnaire survey to gather first-hand data and analyzed the characteristics and influencing factors of private car travel in Chinese cities. As the research indicated, trip purposes of private car travel are mainly commute and business affairs with a more flexible trip in the urban core area. And trip intensities are concentrated in a certain extent, with trip frequency being lower in the urban core area than the peripheral area. In addition, the trip time has two significant peaks occurring in the morning and afternoon, and one trough in the midday. And trip spatial distribution is mainly within commute with both residence and employment in urban area and inward commute with residence in suburban area while employment in urban area. Both kinds of commutes direct to the urban area. The study also shows that the characteristics of private car travel are principally influenced by two aspects: travelers’ attributes and urban characteristics. The main travelers’ social and economic attributes influenced it include the gender, education attainment, age, driving experience and per capita monthly household income. The urban characteristics influenced it mainly cover the land use pattern, public traffic facilities and spatial attributes of residential environment.     

Entire Catchment and Buffer Zone Approaches to Modeling Linkage Between River Water Quality and Land Cover——A Case Study of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

This study investigated the linkages between river water quality and land use in river catchments in Yamaguchi Prefecture, the western Japan, in order to examine the effect of land use changes of both entire catchment and buffer zone on river water quality. Dissolved Oxygen （DO）, pH, Biological Oxygen Demand （BOD）, Suspended Solids （SS）, Escherichia coli, Total Nitrogen （TN） and Total Phosphorus （TP） were considered as river water quality indicators. Satellite images were applied to generating the land use map. Multiple regression model was applied to linking the changes in the river water quality with the land uses in both entire catchment area and buffer zone. The results indicate that the integrative application of land use data from the entire catchment and the buffer zone could give rise to more robust model to predict the concentrations of Suspended Solids （r^2=0.88） and Total Nitrogen （r^2=0.90）, rather than models which separately considered land use data in catchment and buffer zone.     

Recent progress of marine geographic information system in China: A review for 2006–2010

In this article,the progress of marine geographic information system(MGIS) in China during 2006?2010 is reviewed with emphases on generic MGIS,advanced MGIS and MGIS-based applications.Generic MGIS can be divided into two categories:data-oriented MGIS and user-oriented MGIS,recent achievements of which by Chinese researchers are summarized respectively.Advanced MGIS mainly involves the establishment of 3D virtual marine environment and ’Digital Ocean’.An overview of the 3D MGIS based simulations in the context of ocean phenomena,ocean engineering and ocean battlefield is also presented.Several sug-gestions for future development of MGIS in China are proposed,and trends of development are addressed.     

The “Valley Economy” Model of Regional Development: A Case Study of Mountain Areas in Beijing,Northern China

A case study is presented of a regional development model for valley economies in the mountain areas of Beijing, China. The nature and framework of the valley economy model are described and the development of the model, which is specific to the mountain areas of Beijing, is analyzed. Five different valley economy models applied in the Beijing mountain areas are compared. The major purpose of the valley economy model is to develop the regional economy, including the selection of appropriate industries, the allocation of industrial space, the establishment of supply chains and the integration of various industries. Pilot experiments using the valley economy model have been conducted in seven counties（districts） in Beijing： Pinggu, Huairou, Changping, Mentougou, and Fangshan districts, and Yanqing and Miyun counties. Five models for developing the Beijing mountain areas have been explored, including： creative cultural industries, characteristic industry clusters, the promotion of large tourist areas, natural scenic tourism and folk cultural tourism. Each model has its own unique features and potential to help in the regional development of mountain areas.     

Evaluation for Use Efficiency of Agricultural Resources in Grain Production： A Case Study of Changshu, Taihe and Ansai in China

This paper aims to establish an index system for evaluation of agricultural resources use efficiency (ARUE) in grain production and discuss the causes of low efficiency and high consumption of agricultural resources in Changshu of Jiangsu Province, Taihe of Jiangxi Province and Ausai of Shaanxi Province in China by analyzing the data about meteorology, soil, water consumption and grain production. Agro-ecological Zone (AEZ) method was adopted to calculate the potential productivity, and synthetically multivariate equation was used to evaluate the ARUE of study areas. This paper can be concluded as: 1) the agricultural resources in grain production can be classified into five categories, i.e., climatic resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources and assistant resources, and 15 indexes were selected to evaluate their use efficiency in grain production; 2) the values of ARUE in grain production are 0.5868, 0.6368 and 0.5390 respectively in Changshu, Taihe and Ansai; and 3) Changshu ranks the highest among the three study areas in terms of the use efficiency of climatic resources and biological resources (evaluation values are 0.0277 and 0.1530), but Taihe tops the three in terms of the use efficiency of water resources, land resources and assistant resources (evaluation values are 0.0502, 0.2945 and 0.1379 respectively). However, the ARUE remains always low in Ansai for all the resources. The inefficiencies are caused by poor grain revenue in Changshu, deficient agriculture investments in Taihe and unfavorable natural conditions in Ansai.     

Retrieval Snow Depth by Artificial Neural Network Methodology from Integrated AMSR-E and In-situ Data —— A Case Study in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

On the basis of artificial neural network （ANN） model, this paper presents an algorithm for inversing snow depth with use of AMSR-E （Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System （EOS）） dataset, i.e., brightness temperature at 18.7 and 36.5GHz in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the snow season of 2002-2003. In order to overcome the overfitting problem in ANN modeling, this methodology adopts a Bayesian regularization approach. The experiments are performed to compare the results obtained from the ANN-based algorithm with those obtained from other existing algorithms, i.e., Chang algorithm, spectral polarization difference （SPD） algorithm, and temperature gradient （TG） algorithm. The experimental results show that the presented algorithm has the highest accuracy in estimating snow depth. In addition, the effects of the noises in datasets on model fitting can be decreased due to adopting the Bayesian regularization approach.     

Catalogue of Polychaete species(Annelida) described from China Seas during 2008–2017

China Seas are one of the most diverse regions in the Pacific. Though much ef fort has been made to explore its biodiversity, the polychaetes diversity is still poorly known. A large number of species records are based on ecological investigation rather than taxonomical studies. We update the Polychaete species taxonomicaly described from China coastal waters during 2008–2017 and list them as a catalogue.The catalogue contains 47 species of 32 genera and 17 families, the type depository, type locality and geographic distribution. Some taxonomic problems are present in remarks.     

Nodes and Field of Tourist Origins to Ancient Village——A Case Study of Huangcheng Village in Shanxi Province of China

Based on Hagget's theory of spatial structure,researches on the nodes and field of tourist origins to Huang-cheng Village in Shanxi Province of China have been explored.Nodal hierarchy structure of tourist origins is analyzed with cluster analysis and the gravity model.And field of tourist origins is analyzed with attraction radius index(R)and geography concentration index(G).In the field analysis,R and G of Huangcheng Village are compared with Xidi Village that is a world heritage located in Huangshan City of Anhui Province in China.According to comparison of loca-tions of two areas,influential factors for field area of Huangcheng Village are identified.It is concluded that:1)cluster analysis and gravity model can be complementary methods to each other for nodal hierarchy structure analysis of tour-ist origins;and 2)as far as location is concerned,the weak intensity effect of tourism resources in the tourist region is a major cause for explaining why tourist origins to Huangcheng Village are mainly its neighboring areas.Moreover,it is suggested that the regional effect of tourist resources should be regarded as a component of destination attractiveness when applying gravity model.