有限长圆柱体磁异常场全空间正演方法

在经典位场理论中,许多简单形体位场异常难以通过积分得到全空间的解析式.圆柱体是一类很重要的理论模型体,常用于模拟圆柱状地质体或非地质体(如管线),但目前还不能用解析公式正演有限长圆柱体在三维空间里的磁异常,而多是采用近似简化为有限长磁偶极子或线模型代替.对于有限长圆柱体,特别是半径相对于上顶埋深较大时,这种近似的误差不可忽略.本文利用共轭复数变量替换法,推导出有限长圆柱体在全空间的引力位一阶、二阶导数,利用Poisson关系得到磁异常正演公式,进而利用有限长圆柱体磁异常正演公式求解管状体的磁异常,得到不同磁化方向、不同大小的管线产生的磁场的特征,并将其推广到截面为椭圆的情况.最后通过模拟计算定量给出了将圆柱体近似为线模型的条件.     

The distribution of deep source rocks in the GS Sag: joint MT–gravity modeling and constrained inversion

The coal-bearing strata of the deep Upper Paleozoic in the GS Sag have high hydrocarbon potential. Because of the absence of seismic data, we use electromagnetic (MT) and gravity data jointly to delineate the distribution of deep targets based on well logging and geological data. First, a preliminary geological model is established by using three-dimensional (3D) MT inversion results. Second, using the formation density and gravity anomalies, the preliminary geological model is modified by interactive inversion of the gravity data. Then, we conduct MT-constrained inversion based on the modified model to obtain an optimal geological model until the deviations at all stations are minimized. Finally, the geological model and a seismic profile in the middle of the sag is analysed. We determine that the deep reflections of the seismic profile correspond to the Upper Paleozoic that reaches thickness up to 800 m. The processing of field data suggests that the joint MT–gravity modeling and constrained inversion can reduce the multiple solutions for single geophysical data and thus improve the recognition of deep formations. The MT-constrained inversion is consistent with the geological features in the seismic section. This suggests that the joint MT and gravity modeling and constrained inversion can be used to delineate deep targets in similar basins.     

基于精细积分法的三维弹性波数值模拟(英文)

波动方程有限差分法是地震数值模拟中的一种重要的方法,对理解和分析地震传播规律、分析地震属性和解释地震资料有着非常重要的意义。但是有限差分法由于其离散化的思想,产生了不稳定性。精细积分法在有限差分法的基础上,在时间域采用解析解的表达形式,在空间域保留任意差分格式,发展成为半解析的数值方法。本文结合并发展了以往学者的成果,推导了任意精细积分法的三维弹性波正演模拟计算公式,并对其稳定性进行了数值分析。在计算实例中,实现了精细积分法二维和三维弹性波模型的地震正演模拟,对计算结果的分析表明,精细积分法反射信号走时准确,稳定性好,弹性波场相较于声波波场,弹性波波场成分更为丰富,包含了更多波型成分(PP-和PS-反射波、透射波和绕射波),这对实际地震资料的解释和储层分析有重要的意义。实践证明,该方法可直接应用到弹性波的地质模型的数值模拟中。     

无井条件下建立碎屑岩储层地震地质模型研究

常规的储层建模以井数据为基础,建立孔隙度、渗透率和含油饱和度等储层属性参数模型,并通过油田开发生产数据进行拟合,得到最佳地质模型.在南海西北部深水区无井控制的情况下,针对中央峡谷浊积水道储层,采用确定性建模与连续型随机建模相结合的方法,建立碎屑岩储层地震地质模型,应用地震正演模拟和相似性分析方法,确定浊积水道砂体最佳模拟参数.文章首先分析了碎屑岩储层特征,应用连续型随机建模的方法模拟储层空间分布.然后分析实际地震、地质资料,应用层序地层学思想,对研究区划分沉积体系域,建立层序地层格架;基于波阻抗和多种地震属性,采用人机交互的方法对浊积水道储层框架结构进行精细解释,建立储层结构模型;将储层结构模型与砂泥互层随机介质进行"交"、"并"运算,利用连续型随机模拟方法对储层内部介质进行精细刻画,建立中央峡谷浊积水道随机介质储层模型;通过对模型正演模拟、常规处理和相似性分析等建立最佳储层模型.文章研究了在无井条件下建立储层地震地质模型的方法,揭示南海西北部深水区中央峡谷浊积水道储层的空间展布和内部结构特征.     

Analysis of reservoir heterogeneity-induced amplification effect on time-lapse seismic responses of fluid substitution: A physical modelling study

Seismic wave propagation through a fluid-saturated poroelastic layer might be strongly affected by media heterogeneities. Via incorporating controlled laboratory simulation experiments, we extend previous studies of time-lapse seismic effects to evaluate the wave scattering influence of the heterogeneous nature of porous permeable media and the associated amplification effects on 4D seismic response characteristics of reservoir fluid substitution. A physical model consisted of stratified thin layers of shale and porous sandstone reservoir with rock heterogeneities was built based on the geological data of a real hydrocarbon-saturated reservoir in Northeast China. Multi-surveys data of good quality were acquired by filling poroelastic reservoir layers with gas, water and oil in sequence. Experimental observations show that reservoir heterogeneity effect causes significantly magnified abnormal responses to the fluid-saturated media. Specifically, reflection signatures of the gas-filled reservoir are dramatically deviated from those of the liquid fluid-filled reservoir, compared with ones of the homogeneous media. By removing the influences unrelated to reservoir property alterations, 4D seismic estimates of travel-time and frequency-dependent characteristic are reasonably consistent with fluid variations. Nevertheless, strong 4D amplitude difference anomalies might not correspond to the regions where fluid variations occur. We also find that 4D seismic difference attributes are evident between oil- and water-filled models, whereas significant between oil- and gas-filled models. Meanwhile, rock physics modelling results reveal the predicted 4D seismic differences are obviously smaller than those calculated from seismic observations. The results in this paper, therefore, implicate that the effect of a reservoir's heterogeneous nature might be beneficial for hydrocarbons detection as well as monitoring small variations in pore fluids.     

Fast and dynamic generation of linear octrees for geological bodies under hardware acceleration

In the application of 3D Geoscience Modeling,we often need to generate the volumetric representations of geological bodies from their surface representations.Linear octree,as an efficient and easily operated volumetric model,is widely used in 3D Geoscience Modeling.This paper proposes an algorithm for fast and dynamic generation of linear octrees of geological bodies from their surface models under hardware acceleration.The Z-buffers are used to determine the attributes of octants and voxels in a fast way,a...     

Improved structural interpretation of legacy 3D seismic data from Karee platinum mine (South Africa) through the application of novel seismic attributes

Seismic detection of faults, dykes, potholes and iron-rich ultramafic pegmatitic bodies is of great importance to the platinum mining industry, as these structures affect safety and efficiency. The application of conventional seismic attributes (such as instantaneous amplitude, phase and frequency) in the hard-rock environment is more challenging than in soft-rock settings because the geology is often complex, reflections disrupted and the seismic energy strongly scattered. We have developed new seismic attributes that sharpen seismic reflections, enabling additional structural information to be extracted from hard-rock seismic data. The symmetry attribute is based on the invariance of an object with respect to transformations such as rotation and reflection; it is independent of the trace reflection amplitude, and hence a better indicator of the lateral continuity of thin and weak reflections. The reflection-continuity detector attribute is based on the Hilbert transform; it enhances the visibility of the peaks and troughs of the seismic traces, and hence the continuity of weak reflections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these new seismic attributes by applying them to a legacy 3D seismic data set from the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. These seismic attributes show good detection of deep-seated thin (∼1.5 m thick) platinum ore bodies and their associated complex geological structures (faults, dykes, potholes and iron-rich ultramafic pegmatites). They provide a fast, cost-effective and efficient interpretation tool that, when coupled with horizon-based seismic attributes, can reveal structures not seen in conventional interpretations.     

龙门山断裂带地壳结构的三维建模

为了实现龙门山区域地质信息的科学管理与共享,推动该区域地球物理资料的统一管理,本文在整理现有二维地球物理探测数据的基础上构造了龙门山断裂带区域的三维地壳结构模型,并结合实测的布格重力异常数据对模型进行了分析。结果表明,地层模型正演的整体重力场与实测布格重力异常基本吻合,初步证明该模型的正确性。局部重力场显示:在该模型的尺度下,沉积层对整体重力场的变化贡献较小;中上地壳有不同程度的隆起和坳陷,与前人研究所揭示的低速异常体吻合;地幔表现为规则的自西北至东南单调上升的重力异常梯度带,与前人反演结果的趋势一致,从而证明了模型的可靠性。最后在重力资料约束下对模型进行了反演,进一步修正了模型。      

三维复杂介质的块状建模和试射射线追踪

为了解决三维复杂介质的射线追踪,本文改变了传统的三维层状地层的建模描述方式,提出了块状结构的建模描述方法,结合三角形面片来描述地质界面,可以构造非常复杂的三维地质模型．为了满足射线追踪的需要,本文对模型界面内的法向量进行光滑处理,光滑后的法向量在界面内是连续变化的．在块状模型的基础上,本文运用三角形的面积坐标,提出了几种试射角度的修正方法：细分三角形法、分割三角形法和子三角形法,计算表明子三角形法最好．文中给出了三维块状模型和射线追踪实例．     

The application of combined gravity and seismic data formation separation for revealing deep structure

In some oilfields with 3D seismic data, the deeper structure cannot be observed due to poor quality deep seismic data. Layer stripping using both seismic and gravity data is a solution for this problem but it cannot get satisfactory results because the horizontal variations in formation density are ignored. We present a variable-density formation separation technique to address this problem. Based on 3D seismic depth data and laterallyvariable density derived from 3D seismic velocity data, the upper formation gravity effect is calculated by forward modeling and removed from the Bouguer gravity. The formation-separated gravity anomaly with variable density is obtained, which mainly reflects the deeper geological structure. In block XX of North Africa, the shallow formations seismic data is excellent but the data at the top of basement is poor. The formation-separated gravity anomaly processed under the control of 3D seismic data fits well with the known seismic interpretation and wells. It makes the geological interpretation more reliable.     

三维复杂地壳结构非线性走时反演

中国大陆中西部乃至全球造山带普遍具有复杂地壳结构.随着矿产资源勘探和深部探测研究的深入,探测造山带及盆山耦合区下方地壳精细结构正逐渐成为当前面临的巨大挑战.人工源深地震测深方法正越来越清晰地揭示出不同构造域地壳速度结构的基本特征,然而传统的层状结构模型参数化方法难以准确描述复杂地质模型,通常情况下多忽略速度结构的精细间断面且采用层边界平滑处理,难以满足地壳精细结构成像的发展要求.针对上述困难,本文采用最近发展的块状结构建模方案构建三维复杂地壳模型,基于逐段迭代射线追踪正演走时计算方法,推导了走时对三角形界面深度以及网格速度的偏导数,开展了非线性共轭梯度走时反演方法研究.发展了利用直达波和反射波等多震相走时数据对界面深度和网格速度的多参数联合反演方法,并引人不同种类震相数据的权系数和不同类型参数偏导数归一化的方法.数值算例表明,基于块状结构的非线性共轭梯度走时反演方法适用于复杂地壳结构模型,在利用人工源走时数据反演复杂地壳精细结构领域具有良好的应用前景.     

Connectivity constrained segmentation of geologic features

Segmentation of geologic features plays a significant role in seismic interpretation. Based on the segmentation results, interpreters can readily recognize the shape and distribution of geologic features in three-dimensional space and conduct further quantitative analysis. Usually, there are mainly two steps for the segmentation of geologic features: the first step is to extract seismic attributes that can highlight the occurrence of geologic features, and the second step is to apply the segmentation algorithm on the seismic attribute volumes. However, the occurrence of geologic features is not always corresponding to the anomaly value on the seismic attribute volumes and vice versa because of several factors, such as noise in the seismic data, the limited resolution of seismic images and the limited effectiveness of the seismic attribute. Therefore, the segmentation results, which are generated solely based on seismic attributes, are not sufficient to give an accurate depiction of geologic features. Aiming at this problem, we introduce the connectivity constraint into the process of segmentation based the assumption that for one single geologic feature all of its components should be connected to each other. Benefiting from this global constraint, the segmentation results can precisely exclude the interference by false negatives on seismic attribute volumes. However, directly introducing the connectivity constraint into segmentation would face the risk that the segmentation results would deteriorate significantly because of false positives with relatively large area when the connectivity constraints are enforced. Therefore, based on the seismic attribute that highlights the boundary of geologic feature, we further propose a post-processing technique, called pruning, to refine the segmentation results. By taking the segmentation of the channel as an example, we demonstrate that the proposed method is able to preserve the connectivity in the process of segmentation and generate better segmentation results on the field data.     

基于3DDelaunay剖分算法的重力建模与分析

地质体的重力建模是正确解释和应用重力资料的关键问题之一.针对非规则形状变密度的三度体,本文提出了基于3D Delaunay剖分算法的重力建模方法.采用3D Delaunay剖分算法将三维目标地质体分解为若干变密度四面体体元,推导了基于四面体体元的重力正演公式,建立了剩余密度值与重力异常值的线性方程组;以变密度的长方体和倾斜台阶组合体为例,比较分析了常规块体算法和3D Delaunay剖分算法应用于重力正演的有效性,并采用共轭梯度法加密度约束条件对非规则形状变密度的倾斜台阶组合体进行了密度反演.计算结果验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.基于3D Delaunay剖分算法的重力建模可应用于存在褶皱、断层、裂缝等复杂地质体的重力正反演计算.     

基于正演模拟的煤层采空区地震响应特征

上组煤采空区对于下组煤的成像和安全回采有着重要影响,有必要研究矿区上组煤采空区精准成像技术.对于实际采空区及其下组煤的地震响应特征预测来说,建立和实际地质情况相吻合的正演模型是基础.根据搜集到的研究矿区钻孔测井资料,获取建模所需的等效地层物性参数、采空区垮落带等效模量、裂隙带等效模量等数据,建立与研究矿区地质情况比较接...     

3D upper crustal density structure of the Deccan Syneclise,Central India

A constrained 3D density model of the upper crust along a part of the Deccan Syneclise is carried out based on the complete Bouguer anomaly data. Spectral analysis of the complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the study region suggests two major sources: short wavelength anomalies (<100 km) caused primarily due to the density inhomogeneities at shallow crustal level and long wavelength anomalies (>100 km) produced due to the sources deeper than the upper crust. A residual map of the short wavelength anomalies is prepared from the complete Bouguer anomaly using Butterworth high‐pass filter (100 km cut‐off wavelength). Utilizing the constraints from deep resistivity sounding, magnetotellurics and deep seismic sounding studies, 2.5D density models have been generated along 39 profiles of this region. The mismatch between the calculated response of the a priori 2.5D model with the residual (short wavelength) gravity anomalies is minimized by introducing high‐density intrusive bodies (≥2.81 g/cm³) in the basement. With these 2.5D density models, the initial geometry of our 3D density model, which includes alluvium, Deccan trap, Mesozoic sediment and high‐density intrusive bodies in the basement up to a depth of 7 km (upper crust), is generated. In the final 3D model, Deccan trap extends from 200 m to nearly 1700 m below the 90–150 m thick Quaternary sediment. Further down, the sub‐trappean Mesozoic sediment is present at a depth range of 600–3000 m followed by the basement. The derived 3D density model also indicates six intrusive bodies of density 2.83 g/cm³ in the basement at an average depth of about 4–7 km that best fits the residual gravity anomaly of the study area.     

A methodology for 3D modeling and visualization of geological objects

Geological body structure is the product of the geological evolution in the time dimension, which is presented in 3D configuration in the natural world. However, many geologists still record and process their geological data using the 2D or 1D pattern, which results in the loss of a large quantity of spatial data. One of the reasons is that the current methods have limitations on how to express underground geological objects. To analyze and interpret geological models, we present a layer data model to organize different kinds of geological datasets. The data model implemented the unification expression and storage of geological data and geometric models. In addition, it is a method for visualizing large-scaled geological datasets through building multi-resolution geological models rapidly, which can meet the demand of the operation, analysis, and interpretation of 3D geological objects. It proves that our methodology is competent for 3D modeling and self-adaptive visualization of large geological objects and it is a good way to solve the problem of integration and share of geological spatial data. Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA12Z220, 2006AA12Z114, 2007AA12Z226), and Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (Grant No. WKL(06)0304)     

基于先验信息约束的重磁三维交互反演建模技术——以铜陵矿集区为例

三维地质建模是实现深部矿产勘查突破的重要途径,其通过控矿地质体的三维建模,直观刻画控矿要素之间的空间、成因和演化关系,帮助理解成矿系统,开展深部找矿预测.当前三维建模主要采用地质资料构建,在缺少钻孔等已知资料的情况下,难于构建出可靠的三维地质模型.为了克服常规三维地质建模方法可信度低、精度差的缺点,本文将重磁交互反演技术引入到三维地质建模中,提出了基于先验信息约束,通过二度半剖面交互反演、三维物性反演联合修正的三维地质模型方法.采用该方法建立了铜陵矿集区的三维地质模型,并开展了深部找矿预测,取得以下主要认识:1)基于先验信息约束的重磁交互反演建模技术能大幅提高三维地质模型的可信度,是实现地下地质体"透明化"的重要途径;2)铜陵地区重要控矿地层(C-P-T2)主要分布于向斜区和火山岩覆盖区,深部岩浆岩条件优越,深部找矿工作应从传统的背斜隆起区转向向斜区和火山岩覆盖区以及部分凹陷区,这将极大拓展铜陵地区找矿空间;3)铜陵地区传统的五大矿田的侵入岩均具有复合岩体特征,特别是与辉石闪长岩共生的矿产以铁铜矿为主,而与金矿密切相关的侵入岩则多为中酸性岩体,这一推断如果成立,将对铜陵地区找矿突破产生重大影响;4)铜陵地区的推覆构造十分发育,木镇凹陷区的早古生代基底和南陵盆地北西缘的戴公山背斜就是一套区域性推覆构造的产物,三维地质模型还揭示铜陵地区侵入岩具有深、中、浅三重结构,这为铜陵隆起的推覆成因提供了证据,也指示了在铜陵之外再寻找类似铜陵矿集区的良好前景.     

重力-地震联合变密度剥层技术研究深层构造

在某些已经完成三维地震勘探工作的油气田区,因深层地震资料不好,深层构造难以得到解决。虽然结合地震资料与重力资料的重力剥皮技术得到开发和使用,但由于它没有考虑地层密度的横向变化,因此未能获得满意的处理效果。为了改善该类地区的重力勘探效果,本文提出了变密度剥层方法,它利用各地层的三维地震深度资料和三维地震层速度转换的具横向变化的密度资料,通过正演其重力效应,并从布格重力异常中去除,从而得到主要反映深部地质构造信息的变密度剥层重力异常。在北非某区块,除基底顶面外,各层地震资料良好,通过重力-地震联合变密度剥层处理得到的剥层重力异常,与已知地震和钻井资料吻合良好,为深部基底研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Magnetic and gravimetric modeling of the central Adriatic region

The high-amplitude wide magnetic anomaly that covers a large area of the north-eastern – central Adriatic Sea in the Croatian offshore is ∼100 km wide and extends NW–SE for ∼350 km. The anomaly is located between the Dinarides and Apennines chains, in an interesting geodynamic scenario. The presence of intruded gabbroid rocks in the Croatian archipelago also contributes to making this intriguing and still not extensively investigated anomaly potentially significant to the geologic and geophysical context in which it is located. In this work, we model the Bouguer and magnetic anomalies across the Adriatic Sea. The 2D geophysical modeling was produced across four cross sections considering surface heat flow data to calculate the Curie depth. The magnetic susceptibilities and densities used for the synthetic bodies are in agreement with the literature and with those derived by previous models. The results suggest the presence of an uplifted magnetized basement with high magnetic susceptibility (0.075 SI units) to be the main contributor to the observed magnetic anomaly. This magnetic susceptibility is interpreted as representative of a gabbroid-intruded basement. The high-susceptibility basement is in lateral continuity with a relatively low susceptibility basement (0.025–0.038 SI units). The results of the geophysical modeling are compared with a conceptual geological model realized from the integration of surface, well and geophysical data, the latter concerning seismic, tomographic, magnetic and gravimetric anomalies and heat flow data. These data have been merged in an integrated data-base using MOVE software, and the geophysical modeling was performed using GM-SYS. The comparison allowed to confirm the hypothesis that the magnetic anomaly is related to the basement and to its position in the complex geodynamic evolution of the Apennines–Adriatic–Dinarides system.     

Mapping deep targets based on integrated 3D MT-gravity interpretation: a case study

Mapping deep geological hydrocarbon targets is of significant importance in basin exploration. In areas lacking reliable seismic data, magnetotelluric (MT) and gravity explorations are helpful to delineate the distribution of potential deep geological hydrocarbon targets. Here we investigate the effectiveness of the integrated 3D MT and gravity explorations for mapping the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks. The result based on the data from the W Basin (part of the Ordes Basin) of China demonstrates that the method is efficient and economical for basin exploration. The method is particularly useful in target areas which are of great interest for oil and gas exploration but lack high quality seismic data. In our method, we first use the high-precision 3D small-bin MT data acquisition to improve the data accuracy. Then we perform datum static correction method and apply 3D inversion to obtain the3D resistivity distribution. We also develop a layered resistivity model based on resistivity logging to assist the interpretation of the inverted 3D resistivity data so as to derive an initial 3D geological model. Starting from the initial model, we use 2D gravity data to update the model via 2D inversion line by line, and then pass the updated model for the next round of the 3D MT inversion. The integrated inversion is implemented iteratively so the model converges to satisfy the need of final geological analysis. The application to the W Basin shows that we could successfully delineate the geological distribution of the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks within the basin and map the thickness of the upper Paleozoic.