青海可可西里东部盐湖水化学及沉积特征初步研究

2008 a夏对可可西里地区东部4个新发现的盐湖,进行了卤水水化学组分、矿物组成及其石盐元素含量分析。结果表明,该区水体卤水矿化度高,湖表卤水富硼锂等组分。通过对化学组分及水化学特征系数的研究,卤水的水化学类型主要为硫酸镁亚型和硫酸钠亚型。卤水pH值随着矿化度的增加而降低。Na+、Cl-含量与总矿化度呈正相关,SO42-"与矿化度呈负相关。Li与Mg物源、迁移规律近似。本区盐类沉积物以石盐为主,石盐中Si、Al、Fe、Sr含量低,其间相关性好,物质来源可能为周围岩石风化。布查盐湖盐类沉积存在少量硬石膏、半水石膏和铁白云石,表明布查盐湖的盐类物质来源很可能与地下热水作用有关。     

柴达木盆地西部天青石矿区矿物学与元素地球化学特征研究

柴达木盆地天青石资源量极为丰富,已发现有大风山、碱山、尖顶山等大型天青石矿床。本文通过元素分析、元素相关性分析、矿物组合分析等方法与手段,对柴达木盆地天青石矿区矿物特点及元素地球化学特征进行了研究。得到结论如下：大风山矿区以天青石-方解石-镁方解石矿物组合为主,矿物品位均值为59%,碱山矿区以天青石-文石矿物组合为主,矿物品位均值为39.6%,石膏、白云石在各矿区矿物均有分布,且含量较低。石膏与天青石成正相关关系,白云石的存在对天青石成矿来说是不利因素,铁白云石、文石和镁方解石的普遍存在可说明该区矿物成矿温度较高。Sr与S成正相关关系,证明Sr主要以天青石（硫酸锶）形式存在,锶与镁、钙成非线性关系,锶含量高则钙含量低,钙主要赋存在石膏中,而非方解石中。Sr/Ba比值、Sr/Cu比值分析表明该矿区经历过长期干旱的环境,Mg /Ca比值分析表明该区天青石成矿过程中微生物对其成矿作用起到了非常重要的作用。     

柴达木盆地西部天青石矿区矿物学与元素地球化学特征研究

柴达木盆地天青石资源极为丰富,已发现有大风山、碱山、尖顶山等大型天青石矿床。通过元素分析、元素相关性分析、矿物组合分析等方法与手段,对柴达木盆地天青石矿区矿物特点及元素地球化学特征进行了研究。得到如下结论:大风山矿区以天青石—方解石—镁方解石矿物组合为主,矿物品位均值为59%;碱山矿区以天青石—文石矿物组合为主,矿物品位均值为39.6%;石膏、白云石在各矿区矿物均有分布,且含量较低。石膏与天青石成正相关关系,白云石的存在对天青石成矿来说是不利因素,铁白云石、文石和镁方解石的普遍存在可说明该区矿物成矿温度较高。Sr与S成正相关关系,证明Sr主要以天青石(硫酸锶)形式存在,锶与镁、钙成非线性关系,锶含量高则钙含量低,钙主要赋存在石膏中,而非方解石中。Sr/Ba比值、Sr/Cu比值分析表明该矿区经历过长期干旱的环境,Mg/Ca比值分析表明该区天青石成矿过程中微生物对其成矿作用起到了非常重要的作用。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊钙华的水化学成因

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠7个湖泊的钙华分布特征调查研究,以及对相关水样的化学成分分析,初步探讨了沙漠东南区湖泊钙华的水化学成因。结果显示：湖水水化学类型为Cl-Na型,Ca²⁺含量极低,CO₃^2-或HCO₃^-含量较高;湖四周地下水水化学类型以Cl-SO₄-Na型、Cl-CO₃-Na型为主,CO₃^2-或HCO₃^-含量较低,Ca²⁺含量较高,部分湖水中霰石、方解石矿物饱和指数SI>0。PHREEQC软件模拟结果显示,地下水与湖水混合过程中,方解石、霰石饱和指数明显增大。我们认为咸淡水混合效应是钙华形成的重要原因,同时存在湖水蒸发浓缩作用沉淀的碳酸钙;混合端元的组分决定了最大SI时的混合比例以及最大SI值,温度相对混合效应影响较小。     

大苏干湖湖水蒸发过程中析盐规律及pH值变化

卤水蒸发实验多集中在矿化度较高的后期阶段的盐湖,其矿物主要为氯化物及镁的硫酸盐。为了获得碳酸盐—硫酸盐—氯化物整个盐湖演化阶段的析盐及pH值变化规律,使用大苏干湖微咸水(矿化度为26.5 g/L)在28±2 ℃的恒温室内进行蒸发实验。结果表明,在整个蒸发过程矿物结晶析出顺序为单水方解石—石盐—三水碳酸镁—白钠镁矾—泻利盐—六水泻盐—碳酸钠矾,共有七组盐类析出序列,不同于其它硫酸钠亚型的盐湖蒸发沉积规律,大苏干湖微咸水蒸发沉积过程中未见芒硝析出,可能与其特殊的水化学组成有关;pH值由8.82持续降低到6.29。其pH值的变化主要受控于矿物相的析出,在碳酸盐析出过程中pH由8.79迅速降低到7.38,而后以白钠镁矾为主的硫酸盐析出阶段pH降低到6.65,之后在石盐析出阶段pH缓慢降低到6.29。通过微咸水湖的蒸发实验,对于盐湖演化过程中的结晶析盐规律及各析盐阶段的pH值变化规律有了更加全面的认识。     

河西走廊盐池晚冰期以来沉积地层变化综合分析——来自夏季风西北缘一个关键位置的古气候证据

盐池位于祁连山北麓的河西走廊中段,是研究长时间尺度亚洲夏季风影响区北部边界变化的关键区域。现代气候学证据显示,亚洲夏季风的水汽输送限于祁连山东部地区,但是在全新世长尺度气候变化的背景下,夏季风西北边界是否会南北向移动是一个关键的科学问题。本研究对盐池古湖泊沉积物进行了孢粉浓缩物AMS14C测年,并分析了岩性、粒度、矿物及地球化学等指标。年代结果显示剖面下部湖相沉积层主要形成于晚冰期和早全新世期间,配合指标研究,该时期盐池沉积物体现了湖泊扩张的特征;剖面中部湖相沉积层主要形成于早、中全新世过渡时期,该段年代序列混乱,且普遍偏老,与之对应的指标结果显示湖泊开始退缩。湖泊退缩过程中,湖泊边缘附近水动力作用较强,导致再搬运及再沉积作用明显,从而使得年代结果较老且混乱。中全新世以来盐池古湖泊退缩明显,沉积速率较低,以泥沼相沉积为主。盐池晚冰期以来湖泊演化过程与青藏高原区和典型季风区的古气候记录具有一致性,整体表现为晚冰期及早全新世湖泊扩张,中、晚全新世期间湖泊退缩明显,这种变化模式与西风区湖泊演化存在差异,显示了千年尺度亚洲夏季风对该区域的影响,证明了夏季风北部边界摆动的事实。     

南祁连盆地阳康地区尕勒得寺组泥页岩有机地球化学及储层特征

基于南祁连盆地下日哈坳陷和哈拉湖坳陷剖面及井内样品测试分析,从有机质类型、有机质丰度、成熟度、孔隙类型、物性特征及孔隙结构方面对尕勒得寺组泥页岩有机质地球化学特征及储层特征进行了评价。认为尕勒得寺组有机质类型较好,以Ⅱ型为主,有机质丰度达到了中等—好烃源岩级别,成熟度达到了过成熟阶段,以滞留烃裂解生气为主,具备一定的产气能力。矿物组分以黏土矿物为主,次为石英,脆性指数低,页岩气开发阶段对储层改造要求较大;蒙脱石在伊蒙混层中含量较低,显示为晚成岩作用阶段。尕勒得寺组孔体积较好,以微孔和中孔为主;比表面积较大,主要受纳米级微孔控制,黏土矿物粒间孔及有机质孔贡献较大,总体来说尕勒得寺组具备较好的生储条件。     

新疆喀什噶尔冲积平原区地下水水化学特征

以矿化度和水化学类型两个主要指标阐述了喀什冲积平原区地下水水化学的基本特征 ,用相关分析的方法和R型聚类方法定量分析了地下水水化学组分含量与矿化度及各组分相互依存关系 ,探讨了该地区的地下水水化学特征的形成与演化的因素。研究表明 :(1)当地的地下水化学特征具有鲜明的水平和垂直分带性 ,水化学类型主要为硫酸盐型水 ,在阴离子中占主导地位的为硫酸根离子和氯离子 ,且含量与矿化度呈线形相关 (p <0 .0 1) ;阳离子中 ,钠离子与钙离子占优势 ,其含量亦与矿化度呈线形相关 (p <0 .0 1)。 (2 )影响地下水化学特征的天然因素主要包括气候因素、水文因素与水文地质因素 ;人类活动因素主要为引水工程和灌溉工程、凿井工程 ,人类活动对地下水化学特征的作用逐渐加大。     

松花江冰封期江水和沉积物中汞形态研究

2005年12月中、下旬对松花江哈达湾至佳木斯江段冰封期江水和沉积物进行了采样与分析。结果表明,江水总汞质量浓度为29.74~136.88 ng/L,均值为50.21 ng/L,以悬浮颗粒态为主(53.38%~85.99%)。沉积物总汞的质量分数介于0.013~1.543 mg/kg之间,与铁、锰和有机碳含量呈显著正相关;运用连续化学浸提法,对哨口至松原江段沉积物汞的形态进行了分析,沉积物汞主要以碱溶态、强有机质结合态和残渣态存在,可交换态和盐酸溶态汞的比例较小,仅占总汞的0.91%~33.7%。研究发现,沉积物再悬浮作用是影响松花江冰封期江水悬浮颗粒态汞及总汞空间分布的主要因子,沉积物汞释放是一个缓慢长期的过程。     

油泉子钾矿床晶间卤水（KCl）自然蒸发试验研究

油泉子矿床是一个以卤水钾镁盐矿为主的小型综合性盐类矿床,盐湖卤水水化学类型主要为氯化物型,从KCl等组分含量来看,属高钾高钠低镁的卤水。在柴达木盆地与油泉子条件相类似的盐类矿床中,氯化物型卤水钾的选矿工艺已十分成熟,但对于不同矿区不同组分含量的卤水,其结晶路线各不相同,为此,对油泉子矿床氯化物型卤水进行自然蒸发试验,确定盐类结晶析出顺序和钾矿物的最佳分离点,取得钾矿物的产率和钾石盐中KCl含量等基础数据,并对该类型卤水工业利用性能作出评价。     

库姆塔格沙漠地表物质组成、来源和风化过程

通过对库姆塔格沙漠地表沉积物样品进行重矿物和主量元素分析,获得了其矿物和元素组成特征:矿物种类多,绿帘石和角闪石含量为主;化学组成上以Si、Al为主,和上陆壳平均化学组成相比,除Si、Ca外都有一定的亏损,Fe、Mg、Ca、P、Ti、Mn等元素的变异系数较高。库姆塔格沙漠地表沙物质组成特征与阿尔金山北麓出露的岩石和冲、洪积扇物质组成基本一致,与塔克拉玛干沙漠也有很大的共性,反映了库姆塔格沙漠地表沙物质主要来源于阿尔金山。沙漠北区强烈的东北风将阿奇克谷地和疏勒河下游的河湖相沉积物搬运至沙漠腹地,构成另一个重要的沙物质来源。A-CN-K图解揭示了库姆塔格沙漠地表物质化学风化程度很低,处于较弱的去Na、Ca阶段,其他元素未发生明显的化学风化或迁移;A-CNK-FM图解表明,库姆塔格沙漠地表物质在搬运、沉积过程中Fe、Mg等元素发生显著分异,其原因主要是铁镁质矿物由于磨损、分选作用遭破碎和风化,使粒度较粗的沙漠沙Fe、Mg等元素相对亏损。     

Within versus between-lake variability of sedimentary diatoms: the role of sampling effort in capturing assemblage composition in environmentally heterogeneous shallow lakes

The effect of within-lake diatom assemblages variability on sample representativity and its subsequent impact on between-lake comparisons were addressed in three environmentally heterogeneous shallow lakes from the Argentinean Pampas. Surface sediment samples were collected from the open waters and the highly vegetated littoral areas on a seasonal basis and analyzed for diatom assemblages composition. Within-lake variability was assessed by comparing the Bray Curtis distances between original data and the Monte Carlo-simulated average assemblages composition through non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Diatom assemblages showed a high variability in composition, evidencing large dispersions of samples around the centroid in NMDS plots. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance tests signaled significant differences in average composition between the three lakes, related mainly to their differences in conductivity and depth. Representativity of original samples was assessed through principal coordinates analyses ordinations of the three lakes, being samples lying in the overlapping areas of the plot classified as poor representatives of between-lake differences. Several samples, both from littoral and open waters, were classified as poor representatives through this method. Simulation allowed us to evaluate the effect of sample replication on improving between-lake comparisons, and showed that collecting two littoral and two open-water samples allowed us to faithfully capture differences in average composition among the three lakes. Hence, the results suggest that using a single sample to estimate diatom assemblages composition in these lakes should be avoided, as it fails to capture between-lake differences, leading to biases in compositional comparisons among lakes and regions. Consequently, including multiple samples from each lake when constructing calibration sets would be the best option to obtain reliable paleoenvironmental reconstructions from single sediment cores in these environmentally heterogeneous shallow lakes.     

黑河上游夏半年河水化学组成及年内过程

2006年5月至2006年10月在黑河上游扎马什克、祁连及莺落峡水文站逐日采集河水样,同期在七一冰川冰采集融水样,研究水化学组成、演化特征及其影响因素。样品分析结果表明：黑河上游山区,受人类活动影响较少,水中可溶性无机离子的含量比较低,主要受水岩作用过程影响。水文因素,特别是降水是控制水中化学物质含量季节变化的主要因素。受流域地理-地貌特征及水文差异影响,祁连水文站样品中Cl-,NO-3,SO2-4和Na+的含量相对较高,札马什克样品中Ca2+,Mg2+和HCO-3浓度较大,莺落峡的水化学组成介于扎马什克与祁连之间。在流域范围内,气候差异是引起水化学组成变化的主要因素。上游河水中的化学物质主要来源于碳酸盐溶解,也有部分硫酸盐的贡献,随径流演化,岩盐和硫酸盐的贡献逐渐占主要地位。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型沙垄藻类的时空分布

 通过研究春、夏 、秋3季古尔班通古特沙漠典型沙垄藻类物种多样性、种类组成和生物量的变化,分析了典型沙垄中藻类的时空分布特征。结果表明:①地貌部位和不同土层对物种多样性指数影响极显著(P<0.01); 在垂直层次中,藻类物种多样性指数由表及里逐渐降低。②在不同地貌部位和季节中,藻类的种类组成亦表现出一定的差异。垄间低地和背风坡球形藻类和丝状藻类丰富,迎风坡以丝状藻类占优势,垄顶藻类的种类和数量都有明显的下降。③地貌部位、垂直层次和季节对藻类生物量的影响均极显著(P<0.01)。藻类在沙漠典型沙垄的分布具有空间异质性,将影响到生物结皮的发育,使其处于不同的发育阶段,而它们在生物结皮中的地位和作用亦不同。     

Benthic diatom communities as indicators of anthropogenic metal contamination at Casey Station,Antarctica

Prior to environmental legislation in the 1980s, anthropogenic waste in Antarctica was often deposited into landfill sites or into the sea. This resulted in metal contamination in terrestrial and near-shore marine environments. In this study, we assess the feasibility of using both past and present diatom assemblages to reconstruct and monitor past and future metal contamination. Our dataset included the analyses of both surface sediment samples and sediment cores from a contaminated site near Casey Station, Antarctica. Redundancy analyses indicated a strong relationship between metal concentrations and the composition of diatom communities. Within the surface sediment samples, tin and lead individually explained 43% of the variation observed in the diatom data; copper and iron explained 42% of this variation. In the sediment cores, tin and lead individually explained 53% of the variation in diatom community composition. In the same samples copper explained 47% of this variation, with iron explaining 46% of the observed variation. Once one metal had been selected, incorporating further metal data into the analyses added little extra information. Modern analog technique (MAT) analyses showed a strong correlation between actual and predicted values within one dataset (R²: Cu 0.75; Pb 0.86; Sn 0.89; p<0.05 for each). MAT reconstructions of metal concentrations closely followed measured concentrations, with both high and low concentrations recorded. MAT analyses performed favorably when compared to predictive techniques based on multivariate linear regression and multilayer perceptron neural networks. This study demonstrates that the composition of benthic diatom communities is a good indicator of anthropogenic metal contamination, and may be useful in monitoring the success of environmental remediation strategies in Antarctica and elsewhere.     

Monthly botanical composition of the diet of cattle in the rangelands of Mendoza plain, Argentina

Monthly botanical composition of cattle diet was determined for the period July 1994 to June 1995 in faecal samples by microhistological analysis. Principal components and cluster analyses were used to evaluate diet homogeneity among months. November through March diets were mainly composed of grasses and forbs (50 to 73%). During the April–September period, shrubs represented 36 to 57% of the overall diet. In October more than half the diet came from two species, one shrub (32%) and one grass (25%) making this month very different from the rest. The composition of cattle diets was significantly correlated with temperature and/or rainfall.     

硼同位素分馏及其在环境研究中的应用

二十世纪八十年代以来 ,由于硼同位素的测量技术的创新和改进 ,硼同位素地球化学的研究领域不断拓宽。研究表明 ,自然界中δ11B值的变化范围为 -3 7‰～ +5 8‰ ,不同地质体中δ11B值明显不同 ,反之 ,硼同位素组成与生成环境密切相关 ,可以反映其地质成因环境或地质作用过程。近年来 ,硼同位素在研究海水入侵 ,示踪古海洋和古气候条件 ,和判断污染源区等方面取得初步成效。     

陕西黑河流域地下水水化学特征

2017年在秦岭黑河流域7个采样点进行地下水样品采集。通过综合分析、Gibbs图、Piper三角图、主要离子比值法、主成分分析法得出黑河地下水化学成分的特点、水化学类型及其成因。结果表明:阳离子的主要组成成分是Ca^2+,HCO3^-是阴离子的主要组成成分,黑河流域地下水化学类型为HCO3^--Ca^2+和SO4^2--HCO3^--Ca^2+型。Gibbs图分析得出该地下水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;Piper三角图、主要离子比值法、主成分分析及相关分析表明,地下水化学组分主要受方解石、白云岩等碳酸盐岩矿物的风化溶解,同时伴有硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩,受硅酸盐岩的溶解控制作用较小。     

锂同位素质谱法测定及其样品制备研究进展

近几十年来，锂同位素比值的测量得到了快速的发展。影响锂同位素比值测定因素很多，特别是在测定过程中分馏现象和记忆效应等都会引起锂同位素测定比值很大的误差。简要总结了锂同位素组成的质谱测定以及从天然样品（主要是固体样品）中提取纯化锂的方法。着重介绍了锂同位素测定中样品带使用的进展，从单带涂样发展到三带涂样，大大降低了测定中的锂同位素分馏。本文还对各种涂样形式的使用进行了比较。     

库姆塔格沙漠地表物质组成、来源和风化过程(英文)

Kumtagh Desert is one of the eight biggest deserts in China, but poorly investigated before our interdisciplinary study because of the difficulty of access. In this paper, 33 representative surface sediment samples were collected from the Kumtagh Desert and analyzed in the laboratory to obtain heavy mineral components and geochemical element contents. Results show that various kinds of heavy minerals are present in these samples, with high levels of epidote and hornblende. Si and Al take up a large part of chemical composition. Compared with the average composition of geochemical elements of the upper continental crust (UCC), except Si and Ca, all elements are depleted to a certain degree; Fe, Mg, Ca, P, Ti and Mn have high correlation coefficients in their contents. The mineral and geochemical composition of the Kumtagh Desert sediments have a similarity with that of rocks of Altyn Tagh Mountains, and the surface sediments of the alluvial/diluvial fans around the Altyn Tagh Mountains and that of the Taklamakan Desert, indicating that one major source of the Kumtagh Desert sediments is located in the Altyn Tagh Mountains. Alluvial deposits and lake sediments in Aqik valley and lower reaches of Shule River are prone to be eroded and transported by the strong northeasterly wind into the Kumtagh Desert, forming another source of the desert deposits. An A-CN-K ternary diagram shows that a weak degree chemical weathering by the loss of Na and K occurred in these sediments, whereas A-CNK-FM ternary diagram suggests that Fe and Mg have undergone a significant chemical differentiation. Physical weathering processes cause easy erosion and enrichment in fine particles for mafic minerals, thus coarse desert sand particles can be relatively depleted in Fe and Mg. The mineral and geochemical composition of sediments in arid regions experiencing less chemical weathering are mostly affected by physical weathering.