六氟化硫法测量33S/32S、34S/32S和36S/32S的方法研究

六氟化硫法是测量硫同位素组成的新方法。与传统的二氧化硫法相比，六氯化硫法有灵敏度高，准确度高，能同时测定扩δ³³S、δ³⁴S和δ³⁶S的优越性。本文介绍了国内第一台同位素分析用的六氟化硫制样装置，并报导了对硫化银、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、陨硫铁、方铅矿和闪锌矿等天然硫化物用六氟化硫法进行硫同位素测定的结果。结果表明，我们的装置和方法达到了国际上现有的水平，并在操作的方便性、可靠性及样品适用范围方面有所改进。     

State of disequilibrium between 238U, 234U, 226Ra and 222Rn in groundwater from bedrock

Approximately one thousand drilled wells were investigated for their natural radioactivity. The determinations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²²⁶Ra and ²²²Rn from 310 samples showed a high state of radioactive disequilibrium between the members of the uranium series present in water. The ${}^{238}\text{U}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$ activity ratio usually fell in the range 1–20 and the ${}^{238}\text{U}{}^{222}\text{Rn}$ activity ratio in the range 1–20 × 10^?4, the highest activity ratios being from samples with an elevated uranium content. The ${}^{234}\text{U}{}^{238}\text{U}$ activity ratio varied between 0.76 and 4.67, the most frequent values showing a 60% excess of ²³⁴U in the samples. Most of the ${}^{234}\text{U}{}^{238}\text{U}$ activity ratios near unity were found in samples with a high uranium content. Several drilled wells with anomalously high uranium contents were found in southern Finland. The average ²²⁶Ra and ²²²Rn contents of these wells were not exceptionally high, which suggests high mobility of uranium in groundwater from the areas involved.     

Ground water geochemistry of 228Ra, 226Ra and 222Rn

²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²²Rn activities were determined on over 150 ground water samples collected from drilled, public water supply wells throughout South Carolina. A wide range of aquifer lithologies were sampled including the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and sedimentary deposits of the Coastal Plain. A significant linear relationship between log ²²⁸Ra and log ²²⁶Ra (n = 182, r = 0.83) was indistinguishable between Piedmont and Coastal Plain ground water. Median ${}^{228}\text{Ra}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$ activity ratios for the Piedmont, 1.2, and Coastal Plain, 1.3, ground water are close to estimated average crustal ${}^{232}\text{Th}{}^{238}\text{U}$ activity ratios of 1.2 to 1.5 corresponding to Th/U weight ratios of 3.5 to 4.5. A linear correlation was also found between log ²²²Rn and log ²²⁶Ra for Piedmont (n = 68, r = 0.62) and Coastal Plain (n = 89, r = 0.64) ground water. However, the median ${}^{222}\text{Rn}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$ activity ratio for Piedmont ground water, 6100, was much higher than for Coastal Plain ground water, 230. Higher excess ²²²Rn activities may be due to greater retention of ²²⁶Ra by the chemically active Piedmont aquifers compared to the more inert sand aquifers sampled in the Coastal Plain. The relationship between log ²²⁸Ra and log ²²⁶Ra was used to predict total Ra (${}^{228}\text{Ra +}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$) distributions in Appalachian and Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain ground water. Predictions estimate that 2.4% of Appalachian and 5.3% of Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain ground water supplies contain total Ra activities in excess of the 5 pCi/l limit established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These predictions also indicate that 40–50% of these ground water wells may be overlooked using the presently suggested screening activity of 3.0 pCi/l of ²²⁶Ra for ²²⁸Ra analysis.     

Spallation production of 3He, 21Ne,and 38Ar from target elements in the Bruderheim chondrite

The concentrations of noble gas isotopes of He, Ne and Ar have been measured in eight mineral separates of the Bruderheim chondrite. The cosmic-ray-produced nuclides ²¹Ne and ³⁸Ar were correlated by a computer least-squares fitting program with the elemental composition in each separate of potential targets for nuclear production yielding the following production equations: $\text{[}{}^{21}\text{Ne, 10}{}^{\mathrm{?8}}\text{cm}{}^3\text{/g] = k(0.45[Mg] + 0.085[Si] + 0.060[S] + 0.017[Ca] + 0.0044[Fe + Ni])}$; $\text{[}{}^{38}\text{Ar, 10}{}^{\mathrm{?8}}\text{cm}{}^3\text{/g] = k(2.6[K] + 0.37[Ca] + 0.08[Ti + Cr + Mn] + 0.021[Fe + Ni])}$ with elemental concentrations in weight per cent and k equal to the reciprocal of the cosmic-ray exposure age of Bruderheim. The P(S)/P(Cr + Mn + Fe + Ni) weight production ratio for ³He was determined to be 1.53; relative productions of ³He from O, Mg and Si and ²¹Ne from Al proved to be incalculable.     

40Ar(40Ar＊＋40ArE)、39Ar释气特征与过剩氩的甄别及年代学意义

对具有不同地质历史背景的3类⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法样品中的⁴⁰Ar和³⁹Ar释出特征进行对比,研究结果表明,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法样品中的⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线主要表现为以下3种形式:完全重合型、过剩氩型和不规则型。当⁴⁰Ar与³⁹Ar释气曲线呈完全重合型时,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法全熔年龄代表了岩体的形成年龄;当⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线是过剩氩型时,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法全熔年龄则大于岩体的形成年龄;当⁴⁰Ar与³⁹Ar释气曲线呈不规则型时,表明样品中的放射成固氩(⁴⁰Ar^*)发生了丢失,其全熔年龄一般较岩体的形成年龄小。对于⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线呈过剩氩型的样品,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法年龄谱通常呈马鞍形,且马鞍形年龄谱的底部年龄一般都具有地质意义,代表了岩体的形成年龄。对于⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线呈不规则型的样品,对其年龄谱的解释应持谨慎态度。     

40Ar/39Ar studies of deep-sea igneous rocks

An attempt to date deep-sea igneous rocks reliably was made using the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating technique. It was determined that the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar incremental release technique could not be used to eliminate the effects of excess radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar in deep-sea basalts. Excess ⁴⁰Ar is released throughout the extraction temperature range and cannot be distinguished from ⁴⁰Ar generated by $\text{in situ}$⁴⁰K decay. The problem of the reduction of K-Ar dates associated with sea water alteration of deep-sea igneous rocks could not be resolved using the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar technique. Irradiation induced ³⁹Ar loss and/or redistribution in fine-grained and altered igneous rocks results in age spectra that are artifacts of the experimental procedure and only partly reflect the geologic history of the sample. Therefore, caution must be used in attributing significance to age spectra of fine grained and altered deep-sea igneous rocks. Effects of ³⁹Ar recoil are not important for either medium-grained (or coarser) deep-sea rocks or glasses because only a small fraction of the ³⁹Ar recoils to channels of easy diffusion, such as intergranular boundaries or cracks, during the irradiation.     

Formation of freshwater Fe-Mn coatings on gravel and the behavior of 60Co, 90Sr,and 137Cs in a small watershed

Iron and manganese oxide coatings are actively forming on stream substrates in the White Oak Creek watershed in East Tennessee. Although oxidizing conditions are required for Fe-Mn oxide precipitation, coatings accumulate only if dissolved iron and manganese exceed 50 μg/L. Below this, coatings are lost by abrasion as fast as or faster than they form. Annual rates of formation of 3 mg/g on substrate (gravel) were observed. Manganese is dissolved from coatings between Eh values of 100 to 300 mV and below 1 mg/L dissolved O₂ at pH 6.5 to 7.5. Iron oxides can be precipitated under these conditions.Uncontaminated gravels with oxide coatings (composed of illite, quartz, and feldspar) adsorbed radionuclides rapidly from waters below MPC (Maximum Permissible Concentration) levels. Contaminated gravels placed in uncontaminated waters lost ⁶⁰Co by abrasion in oxidizing conditions and by dissolution of manganese coatings in reducing conditions. Exchangeable ⁹⁰Sr was completely lost after one month whereas nonexchangeable ⁹⁰Sr was lost more slowly; ¹³⁷Cs was totally retained by the gravels. Gravels such as these can be used to monitor the radionuclide content of waters in the environment.     

非稀释剂法电感耦合等离子体质谱测定磷灰石中铀钍钐同位素的含量

准确测定238U、232Th、147Sm同位素含量是磷灰石(U-Th)/He同位素定年方法的关键。本文建立了非稀释剂法电感耦合等离子体质谱测定磷灰石中238U、232Th和147Sm同位素含量的测定流程。该方法假定样品中的238 U、232 Th和147 Sm同位素丰度与其自然丰度是一致的,根据238 U、232 Th和147 Sm同位素的自然丰度和测得的样品中总的U、Th和Sm的含量得到样品中238U、232Th和147Sm同位素的含量。对国内玄武岩标准物质和(U-Th)/He定年法的年龄标准物质Durango磷灰石进行了总U、Th、Sm含量的测试,验证流程的可行性,结果表明玄武岩标准物质的测定值与标准值在误差范围内一致,经计算得到该磷灰石的(U-Th)/He年龄为30.0 Ma,与文献获得的该磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄(31.02±1.01)Ma(1σ)在误差范围内一致,表明本文建立的238U、232Th和147Sm同位素含量的测定流程是可行的。对于没有稀释剂的实验室,该方法简单适用,值得推广应用。     

40Ar/39Ar geochronology of a high-grade polymetamorphic terrain,northeastern Strangways Range,Central Australia

Minerals from the northeastern Strangways Range have been dated by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar total degassing and incremental heating methods. Four periods of metamorphism are indicated: M1 > 1710 Ma, M2 = 1470 Ma, M3 = 700–1050 Ma, and M4 = 326–353 Ma. The two older events are recognised as distinct granulite facies metamorphic episodes, the third event as a complex reheating of the terrain, and the youngest event is the Alice Springs Orogeny.     

36Ar/39Ar-40Ar/39Ar等时线方法的应用——以新疆查汗萨拉锑、银矿带为例

等时线方法在K-Ar年代学中得到广泛应用,本文利用一种新的36Ar/39Ar-40Ar/39Ar等时线方法,计算查南疆汗萨拉锑、银矿带中石英脉的40Ar-39Ar实验数据,并与其他等时线方法进行对比,得到非常一致的结果.     

钕同位素比值~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd标准溶液研制

钕同位素比值(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)是Sm-Nd同位素方法的关键量值,由于被测样品的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值变化范围很小,所以对~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值测试的精准度要求很高(精度优于0.005%)。为了获得高精度和高准确度的测试数据,分析过程中所用Nd同位素标准物质起着重要作用。以往的Nd同位素标准物质都是氧化钕,经过近三十年有的已消耗殆尽。本文阐述了钕同位素比值~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd标准溶液的研制,经检验标准溶液的均匀性和稳定性良好,由11家实验室协同定值,采用MC-TIMS和MC-ICP-MS方法测定~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd,确定了Nd同位素标准溶液的特性值~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd=0.512438,不确定度为5×10-6。此标准溶液于2015年5月获得国家标准样品证书(批号为GSB 04-3258—2015),可被用于地质、资源、海洋、环境、考古等多种样品~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值测定时的仪器校准和分析过程的质量监控。     

87Sr/86Sr composition of seawater during the Phanerozoic

${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ measurements of 108 sedimentary carbonate rocks have been used to trace variations in the strontium isotopic composition of seawater during the Phanerozoic. The lowest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr observed for any suite of carbonates is taken as the best approximation to the value in well-mixed contemporary seawater. Our data support the existence of low ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ in the Cretaceous and Late Jurassic but they do not support further structure beyond a general trend through the Phanerozoic, which may correlate with the continental denudation rate.     

藏北羌塘中部绒玛地区蓝片岩岩石学、矿物学和40Ar/39Ar年代学

藏北羌塘中部沿龙木错-双湖-线出露一条低温高压变质带,目前已有多处蓝片岩的报道.然而,除冈玛错地区产有典型的蓝闪石外,多数地区并没有典型蓝闪石的报道.绒玛蓝片岩位于羌塘中部高压变质带的中段,是该带中规模最大、保存最好的蓝片岩,对蓝片岩进行了详细的岩石学和矿物学研究,钠质角闪石主要为蓝闪石、青铝闪石、钠闪石和镁钠闪石.对蓝片岩中蓝闪石和多硅白云母进行了40Ar/39Ar定年,获得了227.3±3.8Ma和215±1.5Ma的坪年龄,分别代表蓝片岩快速俯冲消减和俯冲作用结束开始折返抬升的时代.绒玛蓝片岩岩石学、矿物学和40Ar/39Ar年代学研究为羌塘中部高压变质带的研究提供了新的资料.     

Comparative 210Pb, 137Cs,and pollen geochronologies of sediments from Lakes Ontario and Erie

The distribution of ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs, and Ambrosia (ragweed) pollen in two sediment cores from Lake Ontario and in three cores from Lake Erie provides independent estimates of sediment accumulation rates. Geochronology with ²¹⁰Pb is based on radioactive decay of the isotope following burial in sediments. The method can reveal with precision changes in sedimentation occurring over the past 100 yr or so. Geochronologies with ¹³⁷Cs and Ambrosia are based on the occurrence of a horizon corresponding, respectively, to the onset of nuclear testing 25 yr ago and to regional forest clearance in the middle 1800s. These methods provide estimates of long-term average sediment accumulation rates. In all but one core, the distributions of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb indicate no physical mixing of near-surface sediments. In two cores, including one from central Lake Erie collected by diver, all three estimates of sedimentation rates are in excellent agreement. In two other cores, rates based on ²¹⁰Pb are significantly higher than those inferred from Ambrosia pollen profiles. Lower average rates appear to result from occasional massive losses of sediments. Such events, apparent in the distribution of ²¹⁰Pb but not in pollen records, correlate with the occurrence of major storm surges on the lakes during this century. In one core from western Lake Erie, exponential distributions of both ²¹⁰Pb and Ambrosia appear to be artifacts which may result from extensive biological or physical reworking of sediments in shallow water (11 m). Previous indications of increased sedimentation in Lake Erie since about 1935 based on Castanea (chestnut) pollen data are not substantiated.     

1H and 13C NMR of marine humic acids

¹³C and ¹H NMR spectra were obtained for humic acids isolated from marine sediments. NMR shows great promise in identifying structural components of humic acids as some new and interesting structural features are identified. Aliphatic structures were found to constitute a much larger fraction of humic acids than previously thought, and they appeared to be highly branched. Although the aromatic content of terrestrial humic acid was found to be lower than expected, the aromaticity appears to be a specific discriminator of terrestrial/aquatic source types. A humic acid isolated from an anoxic algal sapropel was found to be composed predominantly of polyuronic acids and different than other aquatic sedimentary humic substances.     

流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar定年技术与应用

同位素地质年代学的各种定年方法都有其特定的测定对象（矿物或全岩）和适用范围,致使许多金属矿床难以进行年龄测定.为解决此难题,建立了流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar定年方法,经过30年的探索发展和不断改进完善,已广泛应用于热液矿床、变质岩和石英脉的形成年龄测定,甚至成功应用于松辽盆地深层天然气成藏年龄研究.在详细介绍流体包裹体提取技术和气体纯化技术的基础上,着重总结我们团队运用流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar定年技术在热液矿床和天然气藏形成年龄研究方面取得的重要成果,以及气体混合线的概念及其年龄意义.      

福建龙海—漳浦沿海地区火山岩激光~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄

福建东南沿海龙海—漳浦地区是新生代佛昙群玄武岩的分布区之一。对该区域火山岩而言,前人的研究主要集中在岩石地球化学特征、形成演化方面,对年代学研究较少,玄武岩喷发期次划分仍以20世纪80、90年代测定的K-Ar结果为依据,或通过下覆地层孢粉组合时代推断而来。为了更精确地测定该地区火山作用的时代及进一步确定其喷发期次,选取龙海—漳浦地区4个玄武岩样品,利用激光~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年方法进行精细定年。样品年龄为10.1～14.8Ma,明确了龙海-漳浦新生代玄武岩在中新世中晚期存在一次喷发期次。     

VC^＋＋应用程序中ODBC数据源的自动注册

简要介绍了微软ODBC数据库访问接口，讨论了利用Visual C^ 语言开发数据库应用程序时，通过SQL ConfigDataSource函数自动注册ODBC数据源(DSN)的方法，并以注册Access、Visual FoxPro、Excel数据源为例，给出了实现代码。解决了用VC^ 开发的数据库应用程序的安装过程中需要用户通过ODBC管理器手动配置数据源的问题，提高了程序访问数据的灵活性。