SD—3型自动测氡仪在小流量自流井上的安装调试及其映震能力的分析

通过以安装在宁波地震台ＺＫ０３井上的ＳＤ－３型自动测氡仪一年多来的预测试验和调试,设计出适合于预测小流量自流井的该仪器探集气室装置。邓用２０ｃｍ不锈钢高压和集气室,并把集气室内的进出水口制作成一高一底、一小一大的两个平行液面,并使出水畅通。经使用测试数据完全能达到《规范》要求,与手工预测仪器测试结果比较同步性好,反映地震能力强,完全可以替代现有手工观测仪器,而作为正式义网观测仪器推广应用。     

小流量、低水头观测泉脱?集气装置改造实验研究——以延庆松山泉气氡为例

小流量、低水头观测泉使用常规脱?集气装置,达不到观测气量的要求,会直接影响化学气体观测质量。本文以松山观测泉为研究对象,结合台站观测条件,通过技术改造和实验研究,制作了恒流溅落式脱?集气装置,对气氡观测结果进行了连续观测分析,获得了完整的年动态变化曲线。观测结果表明,该脱?集装置能够较好地解决小流量、低水头观测泉存在的流量、气量、水量不稳定的问题,使气氡观测的稳定性得到明显提高,为全国其他小流量、低水头观测泉脱?集气装置的技术改进提供了范例。     

地下流体台网数字化气体观测新型脱气-集气装置的研制与应用

脱气-集气装置是地震地下流体溶解气和逸出气浓度连续观测系统中必不可少的重要技术环节,装置的脱气效率和稳定性直接影响观测数据质量。根据我国地下流体观测井(泉)水位类型、水温、矿化度、流量等特征,新研制了5种脱气-集气装置,包括大流量低矿化度、小流量低矿化度、小流量高矿化度、真空脱气以及静水位井脱气-集气装置,并分别在甘肃成县台、四川姑咱海子泉、安徽庐江台、甘肃武山台、云南下关井和云南德宏芒邦井等多个台站进行了实验观测,结果表明新型脱气-集气装置基本解决了地下流体观测系统中老式脱气-集气装置易堵塞、脱气率低、脱气量不稳定等问题。     

河北省怀4井氦气观测集气装置改造

怀4井氦气观测初始采用井口至水面的井管静空间获取气体,氦气测值随水位发生变化,且井管静空间大,新旧气体易混合,进入测氦仪传感器的新鲜气体比例小,测值稳定,一些应力场作用信息被掩盖。为此,将不锈钢杯集气漏斗悬于水面上2 m处收集观测井自然逸出气,新鲜的逸出气及时有效地进入测氦仪传感器,有效避免水位涨落影响,观测数据有明显变化,观测效果较理想。     

不同脱气装置脱气效率对比分析

采用对比分析方法,用新设计的鼓泡式脱气装置与台站现普遍采用的溅散式脱气装置进行对比观测.在保持其他条件相同的情况下,经过实验对比,发现鼓泡式脱气装置具有更高的脱气效率,更适合小流量或者水温偏低的井（泉）的气体观测.     

河北怀来台氦气集气装置改进及实验数据分析

怀4井氦气观测采用悬浮于水面之上的塑料集气漏斗获取逸出气体,受水位影响较大,造成新旧气体易混合。为全面研究地下流体氦气浓度动态变化过程,2021年7月3日对氦气集气装置进行改进,通过对改造前后观测数据进行对比分析,结果显示:观测值由改造前的0.011 9%～0.037 7%升高至改造后的0.041 7%～0.081 1%,且观测数据变化动态较之前更加稳定,抗干扰能力明显提高;改造后的氦气观测值的3倍σ值逐月减少,超差百分比显著下降。这说明怀来台氦气集气装置改进较为成功,氦气观测数据质量得到了显著提高,观测数据日变化更加规则,动态特征更加明显,可以及时有效地反映怀4井氦气浓度变化。     

用于数字化气体观测的脱气-集气装置研制与应用

介绍用于地震地下流体台站数字化气氡、气汞等气体观测中的脱气-集气装置的研究.该装置采用流体溅射的负压脱气原理,可以有效地将自流井地下水中的气体脱析出来,在脱气过程中,可实现对装置的喷射嘴堵塞等清理的功能.     

宁波ZK03井气氡、气汞脱气装置改造试验

宁波台ZK03井气氡仪在2017年12月更新为BG2015测氡仪,2018年12月又增上ATG6138M痕量汞仪,两套仪器采用同一脱气装置,记录显示采用原系统气氡仪、气汞仪数据离散度大,分析原因是一方面该井流量逐年降低使原脱气装置显现弊端,由于设计缺陷集气室进水量小造成原出水口不能实现水封空气出现跑气现象;另一方面ATG6138M痕量汞仪设计有定时吸气功能,原装置液面与脱气口间距小,部分水汽吸入仪器,引起仪器工作不稳定。为此,该台进行针对性设计改造,监测数据显示此次改造解决了原脱气装置缺陷,取得良好的效果。     

弥渡数字化气汞前兆异常分析

弥渡地器台经过多次试验,在2011年11月改进了弥渡自流井脱气集气装置。该装置在弥渡地下流体观测井使用后,脱气效果明显,弥渡地下流体前兆信息获取能力得到较大提高。本文选取改进脱气集气装置后的弥渡数字化气汞资料,对2012年以来云南省内发生的几次中强地震进行了分析、研究。     

不同形式的断层土壤气集气装置对气氡观测结果影响的实验研究

任何一项观测都要在一定的条件下进行,不同的观测条件会产生不同的观测结果。在断层土壤气实际观测中,由于观测装置的集气室安装方式不同形成了不同形式的集气装置,而不同形式的集气装置会对气氡观测结果产生不同影响。本文就不同形式的断层土壤气集气装置对气氡观测结果的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,集气室滞留体积对观测结果影响较大,集气室不可保留滞留体积,应控制导气管的长度和粗细,尽量减少导气管产生的滞留体积对观测结果造成影响。集气室死体积对观测结果影响不大,可保留集气室死体积。模拟观测和数字化观测应使用不同模式的集气装置。     

The Hydropunch™: An In Situ Sampling Tool for Collecting Ground Water from Unconsolidated Sediments

The Hydropunch™ is a stainless steel and Teflon® sampling tool that is capable of collecting a representative ground water sample without requiring the installation of a ground water monitoring well. To collect a sample, the Hydropunch (Patent #4669554) is connected to a small-diameter drive pipe and either driven or pushed hydraulically to the desired sampling depth. As the tool is advanced, it remains in the closed position, which prevents soil or water from entering the Hydropunch. Once the desired sampling depth is obtained, the tool is opened to the aquifer by pulling up the drive pipe approximately 1.5 feet (0.46m). In the open position, ground water can flow freely into the sample chamber of the tool. When the sample chamber is full, the Hydropunch is pulled to the surface. As the tool is retracted, check valves close and trap the ground water in the sample chamber. At the surface the sample is transferred from the Hydropunch to an appropriate sample container. The tool is a fast, inexpensive alternative for collecting ground water samples from a discrete interval. It is excellent for vertical profiling or defining the areal extent of a contaminant plume.     

Dynamic Study of Common Well Screen Materials

Experiments simulating the dynamics of compliance sampling via a monitoring well were performed to assess the effects of common well screen materials (rigid polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, stainless steel 304. and stainless steel 316) on several metals and tri- chloroethylene (TCE) in ground water. This was achieved by using a continuous flow-through chamber system capable of exposing monitoring well screens to ground water for periods ranging from 0.25 to 8 hours. The findings of this study are more representative than static laboratory experiments for assessing the potential effects well casing materials have on ground water samples. Under dynamic flow conditions stainless steel 304 and 316 screens were found to influence solution concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Fe, while ground water TCE concentrations were not affected by any of the materials tested.     

Habitat preference and locomotive traits of the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica within the stream unit of the freshwater river environment

Preferences by the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica of three mesoscale environments within a river unit (pools, riffles and runs) were investigated in a freshwater river by pot fishing and hand-net collecting during the fall. In addition, E. japonica’s life modes during each growth stage were elucidated by comparing data obtained by hand-net collecting into three size groups (20 mm < CW, 20 mm ≤ CW < 40 mm, and 40 mm ≤ CW). Both the number of crabs caught per pot and per 10 m stretch sampled along the river by hand-net collecting indicated that mean catch values varied in the following manner runs < pools < riffles, and that this variation was large in riffles and small in pools and runs. Only large crabs of 40 mm ≤ CW could be collected by pot fishing; in contrast, small juveniles were only caught by hand-net collecting. Results of the hand-net collecting indicated that small juveniles (CW < 20 mm) preferred to be in riffles, while the mid-size class crabs (20 – 40 mm CW) presence in the riffles decreased and once they became adults (40 mm ≤ CW) they chose to be in pools. In all size classes, runs were not a preferred choice. These results suggest that the small juveniles are oriented by their positive rheotaxis. Their movement is probably affected by flow regimes, creating large variations in their density in the riffles. In contrast, adults can freely move within a stream unit and use pools as their resting site, thus they are steadily captured in large numbers with a small variation in the pools by pot fishing. However, the adults can actively wander around riffles and runs, searching for animal food, and are attracted to the riffles by bait odors depending on the water flow. Therefore, the most effective catching method is to set the pots in riffles when the river is swollen.     

On the Use of Venturi Tubes in Aeration

The ecological quality of water depends largely on the amount of oxygen that the water can hold. The higher the level of dissolved oxygen, the better the quality of a water system. By measuring dissolved oxygen, scientists determine the quality of water and health of an ecosystem. Oxygen enters water by entrainment of air bubbles. Many industrial and environmental processes involve the aeration of a liquid by such entrainment of air bubbles. Venturi aeration is a method of aeration that has become popular in recent years. When a minimal amount of differential pressure exists between the inlet and outlet sides of a venturi tube, a vacuum (air suction) occurs at the suction holes of the venturi tube. The present paper describes the effect of Reynolds Number, air inlet hole diameter, inlet diameter, pipe length, and angle of pipe downstream of the venturi tube, on the air injection rate. It is observed from the results that venturi tubes have high air injection efficiencies. Therefore, venturi tubes can be used as highly effective aerators in ponds, lakes, fish hatcheries, water treatment plants, etc.     

地下水逸出氡和溶解氡观测系统的合理设计

本文依据大量观测事实并参考前人所做的工作,对地下水中逸出氡和溶解氡观测系统合理设计进行了深入细致的分析和讨论。研究结果表明,观测系统设计中应注意的主要问题是观测井口装置中主支管空间位置的合理设计、逸出气“集气腔”的大小以及气体(包括自由气体和逸出气体)与液体的分离程度等。根据上述几点并结合井孔自身的不同条件,本文设计出了两种比较合理的井口装置模型,该模型的设计对今后逸出氡和溶解氡观测系统的改造和完善具有现实意义。     

The Use of a Standpipe to Evaluate Ground Water Samplers

A standpipe system was developed for testing the reliability of ground water samplers. The unit consists of a stainless steel pipe 5 inches (13 centimeters) in diameter and 100 feet (30.5 meters) in height. It has 14 sampling ports from which control samples can be withdrawn at the same time and position as the samples are collected by a sampler lowered to that position. Test solutions were made in two mixing tanks, totaling 260 gallons (980 liters), by diluting the concentrate of five volatile chlorohydrocarbons in water at two levels of concentration: 10-to-30 and 100-to-200 parts per billion (micrograms per liter).
A gas chromatograph interfaced with a purge-and-trap system was used to perform the analyses. Comparisons of the control samples with the sampler-collected samples have indicated that the three non-pumping samplers had recoveries in the range of 92.4 to 103.5 percent and the three pumping samplers had recoveries ranging from 97.7 to 101.5 percent.     

断层土壤气采气率对气氡观测结果影响的实验研究

地震前兆观测是地震预报的基础。地震流体前兆观测在水资源过度开采的形势下,发展断层土壤气观测成为必然趋势。但地下流体观测技术规范未给出断层土壤气观测的集气-采气装置及采气条件的具体参数,而这些参数正是影响观测结果的重要因素。因此,本文对断层土壤气气氡观测的采气条件进行了实验研究及分析。结果表明,当日采气量一定时,集气室体积的大小对观测结果有较大影响。运用"采气率"这个概念来定量衡量断层土壤气观测装置系统的实用效果。集气室有效体积的大小应根据日采气量的多少来确定,采气量越大,集气室有效体积应越大,结合地震前兆观测实际,采气率应接近于1。本文实验研究结果对规范断层土壤气气氡观测提供了科学依据,也可供其它气体观测参考。     

An Instrument for the Determination of a Hydropneumograph in a Bubbling Spring

In order to enable greater accuracy in the determination of the mass discharge of gas and water-gas ratios (WGR) in groundwater from springs, we have developed a field-deployable instrument using commercially available components to independently measure the gas and water mass flow rates in springs with bubbling mixed-phase flow. Collecting and measuring the free gas phase will allow for further compositional analysis that may be useful in improving gas-derived parameters such as recharge temperature and age, as well as quantification of methanogenesis and flux of crustal/mantle gasses. By installing a phase separator at the spring discharge, a thermal mass flow sensor is utilized to measure the gas flow rate (ebullition + flux) generated from a spring. The water flow rate is determined by a standard weir. Field performance of the device was tested on a spring discharging from the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer near the town of Connerville in south-central Oklahoma, USA.