CO2流体与金矿化：流体包裹体的证据

在世界的各种类型的金矿包括石英脉型、网脉型以及蚀变岩型金矿床中均见到H2O.CO2:和富含CO2的包裹体.在金矿的围岩蚀变中见到碳酸盐化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化和硅化,说明Au的成矿流体中有C2O和硫等这些组分.金矿床中的C2O流体包裹体有以下特点:(1)在金矿床中常见四类包裹体即水溶液包裹体、H2O-CO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和含NaC1子矿物包裹体,但以前三者为主,这四类包裹体可以在一起分布,常见水溶液包裹体和CO2包裹体分别分开分布,常单独成行分布,显示出成矿流体的相分离.(2)CO2包裹体与自然金的关系,可以见到自然金与富CO2包裹体分布在同一行上,或者CO2流体与自然金产在一起,或者自然金分布于CO2包裹体中,说明Au是与CO2同时搬运和沉淀的.(3)对金矿中的流体包裹体成分分析表明,除Au、H2O和CO2是流体的主要成分外,还有少量的CH4、H2S和N2等.H2S和H2CO3的相图研究表明,Au的络合物可能是AuHS或AuH2S,这种Au的络合物只有在CO2作为缓冲剂的热液中其溶解度最大,这样的热液就是Au的成矿流体.这种流体在上升过程中与围岩发生交代作用形成蚀变,并且流体发生了相分离,分出相对富含H2O的流体和相对富含CO2的流体,Au在这种相分离的过程中与CO2一起沉淀下来,形成金矿.     

山东昌乐刚玉巨晶中的流体和熔融包裹体及其流体组分特征

山东昌乐第三纪玄武岩中产有刚玉巨晶,内含丰富的原生和假次生流体包裹体和熔融包裹体。流体包裹体可分为CO2单相包裹体、H2O-CO2两相和三相包裹体。熔融包裹体类型复杂,其中富流体相包裹体可分为含CO2收缩气泡两相熔融包裹体和气-液-固多相熔融包裹体。诸类包裹体主要赋含在刚玉晶核外的“主体”部分,以CO2单相流体包裹体和两相熔融包裹体最为发育,并且不同类型包裹体常密切伴生,表明它们形成时流体发生了不混溶作用:出现熔浆相(富含挥发分)、气相(CO2为主)和富水相(H2O-CO2为主)等多相体系。激光拉曼分析结果显示,各类包裹体中的气体组分主要是CO2,另有不等量的N2和H2S,据此划分为纯CO2、CO2-N2、CO2-H2S和CO2-N2-H2S等气体组合类型,没有发现O2、CH4和H2等组分。此外,拉曼分析也证实了流体包裹体和熔融包裹体中存在H2O。上述资料表明,昌乐地区深部流体以CO2为主,同时包含H2O、N2和H2S在内的多种组分,这些流体组分也是刚玉母浆系统的重要成分。     

张家口朱家洼钼矿床成矿流体特征及对成因指示

张家口朱家洼钼矿床是近年来华北地台北缘中段继内蒙古曹四夭特大型钼矿床之后发现的又一个规模可达大型的钼矿床。钼矿床主要呈半隐伏—隐伏状围绕分布于骆驼山岩体周边。本次对矿区2个钻孔中采集的11件富含辉钼矿的石英矿物,进行了包裹体岩相学、显微测温、包裹体气、液相成分及氢氧分析。结果显示:该矿床流体包裹体可分为4种类型:富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含子晶包裹体和富CO2三相包裹体。其中,富CO2三相包裹体分布较少,其余3种类型包裹体常见。含子矿物的包裹体均一温度、盐度分别在400℃和45%NaCl eqv左右;富液相包裹体均一温度平均值为277.43℃,盐度20%NaCl eqv左右;富气包裹体和富CO2包裹体均一温度分别为380℃和30℃;盐度较低,分别为6%NaCl eqv和2.04%NaCl eqv左右。气液相成分分析显示流体体系成分以H2O、Cl-、F-、Na+、K+离子为主,Ca2+,SO42-含量较低,特征离子比值暗示流体来源于岩浆流体。成矿流体总体上属于H2O-NaCl体系。氢氧同位素组成显示,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水。沸腾作用是辉钼矿沉淀的主要机制。     

四川阿坝州党坝伟晶岩型锂辉石矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

四川省阿坝州党坝伟晶岩型锂辉石矿床是可尔因稀有金属矿集区内的典型矿床。通过对党坝锂辉石矿物流体包裹体研究结果表明:1)锂辉石矿物中富集气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体,见少量含子矿物三相包裹体;流体包裹体均一温度为260℃-314℃,盐度为w(NaCl,eqv)=2.96%~9.08%,指示党坝矿床成矿流体具中温、低盐度特征。2)激光拉曼光谱分析气相成分主要为H2O,CO2次之,见少量的CH4、N2;液相成分以H2O为主,含少量CO2、CH4;含子矿物包裹体的子晶矿物为方解石。3)成矿流体应属H2O-NaCl±CO2±CaCl2±CH4±N2体系,流体密度为0.72~0.88g/cm3,认为在成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液。4)气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体以及含子矿物三相包裹体共存于同一视域中,且均一温度相近,表明流体发生沸腾或不混溶作用导致相分离并发生锂辉石聚集沉淀是党坝锂辉石矿床形成的主要原因。     

临清坳陷德南洼陷含油气性的流体包裹体分析

应用流体包裹体观察和激光拉曼探针等微观技术对临清坳陷东北部的德南洼陷流体包裹体特征及成分、压力等物理化学条件的研究表明,研究区共有6种类型的包裹体:单相盐水包裹体、富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含液态CO2三相包裹体、富液态烃有机包裹体、富气态烃有机包裹体,其中富液态烃有机包裹体的均一温度为100～140°C的较多.包裹体的液相成分主要为H2O和Cl-,气相成分主要为CO2、CH4以及微量的C2H6等,包裹体成分研究结果表明在古近系和新近系中主要为未成熟-低成熟的液态烃流体活动;在古生界及部分上部层段中主要为成熟、高成熟的气态烃流体活动.根据盐水溶液包裹体的均一温度和冷冻温度计算得出研究区的流体压力为10～95 MPa,其中,在烃类流体大量排出运移时期经历过压力由突破到释放的过程;初步评价了区内的油气有利远景区.     

白银厂铜多金属矿床——壳幔交代中的地幔流体成矿探讨

依据深部构造、火山岩建造与基性和钙碱性、中酸性、酸性火山岩的双峰式火山作用，确定白银厂矿田、矿床形成于切割硅铝层的古裂谷构造环境。其中小铁山、铜厂沟等矿床和折腰山、火焰山矿床两次成矿事件与双峰式火山活动同时发生，成矿作用与酸性火山岩具有时空上的一致性。矿石中CO2流体包裹体除H2O含量高外，与上地幔CO2流体包裹体成分一致；矿石富含大离子亲石元素和具富Mg、K的成矿蚀变元素组合，硫和铅来自下地壳或上地幔。喷气硅质岩锶同位素初始值表明，矿质来源于不均一地幔，S/Se、Co/Ni、Se/Te值亦指示矿质来源于深部。 本文提出矿床形成于强烈扩张的裂谷期，断裂的延深生长使地幔深部产生去挥发作用，释放大量CO2和含金属元素的地幔流体与上地幔基性岩浆向地壳侵入，导致下地壳熔融，形成酸性岩浆。与酸性岩浆喷发的同时，富含挥发份和金属元素的高盐度热卤水，沿断裂上升流入海底沉积成矿。     

黔西南灰家堡金矿田成矿流体来源及演化:流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据

为厘清滇黔桂地区卡林型金矿床成矿流体的特征,本文以灰家堡金矿田为代表,对太平洞、紫木凼、水银洞和簸箕田4个典型矿床中热液矿物的流体包裹体进行了系统研究,并对热液矿物进行了碳、氢、氧、硫同位素的分析测试。结果表明,灰家堡金矿田流体包裹体类型丰富,包括NaCl-H2O溶液包裹体、CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O包裹体、烃-H2O包裹体和烃类包裹体五大类。从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体组分大致经历了从H2O+NaCl→H2O+NaCl+CO2+CH4±N2→H2O+NaCl±CH4±CO2的演化,均一温度和盐度略有降低。流体包裹体及稳定同位素组成特征显示,成矿流体属于富含金属和碳氢化合物的盆地流体;沉积黄铁矿的硫主要来源于封闭海洋盆地中硫酸盐的细菌还原硫;热液硫化物与沉积黄铁矿的硫同位素特征相似,表明成矿流体中的硫来源于成岩黄铁矿的溶解作用,同时有机质热分解和硫酸盐有机质热还原作用亦提供了部分硫。成矿主阶段发生的H2O-NaCl-CO2流体不混溶作用是导致Au沉淀富集的重要机制。     

内蒙古柳坝沟金矿床流体包裹体研究

对柳坝沟金矿床的包裹体进行系统的岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱研究,结果表明:包裹体的主要类型有富液包裹体、富气包裹体、CO2-H2O和含子矿物多相包裹体。流体包裹体液相成分为水,气相成分主要为CO2及H2O,并含有少量或微量的N2、H2S、CH4等挥发份。成矿流体属中高温、中低盐度、中等密度的NaCl-H2O-CO2体系。矿床形成于中深成矿环境。矿床的成矿作用是一个温度退缩和盐度降低的过程,成矿过程中发生过多次流体沸腾作用,流体的沸腾和CO2流体在Au成矿过程中发挥着重要作用。     

长岭凹陷深层天然气藏中CO_2及CH_4充注次序的流体包裹体证据

对长岭凹陷深层天然气藏储层——营城组火山岩中发育的流体包裹体进行了详细研究,结果表明在火山岩发育的石英、方解石细网脉中均存在较多的碳质流体包裹体,单个包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明其主要为CO2及CH4两种类型的碳质包裹体。其中方解石细网脉体中发育有原生及次生CH4包裹体,而含CO2包裹体多以原生包裹体产于石英细网脉中。很多含CO2包裹体的石英细脉中发现了含CH4包裹体的方解石脉体的角砾,这就表明石英细脉形成晚于方解石细脉。营城组火山岩储层中CO2及CH4包裹体的产状特征研究表明,松辽盆地深层天然气藏的形成系火山岩成岩后CO2及CH4等气体不同期次充注的结果,CH4气的充注时间早于CO2气,火山岩中发育的原生孔隙及次生裂隙为上述气体的充注和聚集提供了重要通道。     

赣南西华山钨矿床流体包裹体研究

文章选取含矿石英脉石英中流体包裹体为研究对象,在详细岩相学观察的基础上,将西华山钨矿床流体包裹体分为NaCl-H2O包裹体(Ⅰ型)、NaCl-H2O-CO2包裹体(Ⅱ型)和纯液相CO2(Ⅲ型)包裹体三种类型,采用激光拉曼光谱测试技术对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型流体包裹体进行成分分析,对NaCl-H2O包裹体(Ⅰ型)利用流体包裹体组合(FIA)的方法进行重点研究。结果表明:西华山钨矿床成矿流体气相成分主要为CO2,存在少量的CH4和N2挥发分气体,成矿流体液相成分主要为H2O和CO2,部分CO2溶解于H2O;根据均一温度的特点将西华山钨矿床成矿流体分为四期,前三期为成矿期热液活动,形成原生包裹体;最后一期为成矿期后热液活动,形成次生包裹体。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861