虾头几丁质酶的研究

用中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ虾头经处理制得几丁质酶酶液，再经抽提、沉淀和精制几丁质亲和层析，纯化倍数达１０８倍，比活３４４ＩｍＵ·ｍｇ＾－１蛋白质。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定其纯度，测得分子量为４４７００，等电点为４．５，最适ｐＨ为５，最适温度５５℃。本法简单易行，可应用于大规模生产中。     

海洋弧菌Z010 产生几丁质酶的发酵条件研究

以海洋弧菌Ｚ０１０ 菌株为对象,研究了其产生几丁质酶的发酵条件。研究表明,其产酶的最佳发酵条件为：２２１６Ｅ液体培养基中含０．５％ （ｗ ／ｖ）的胶体几丁质,０．５％ （ｗ ／ｖ）的蛋白胨,培养起始ｐＨ值为７．０, ２５℃摇床２００ ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ 培养３６ｈ,几丁质酶产出最大。     

一株海洋几丁质酶产生菌的筛选及其产酶条件的初步研究

从胶州湾的海泥中分离到一株几丁质酶高产菌株。经16SrDNA序列分析,认为该菌属于假交替单胞菌(Pseudoaltermonas),并将其命名为SS01。对该菌产几丁质酶的最佳培养条件进行了研究,发现与其它几丁质酶产生菌相比,SS01菌株的最适产酶温度较低,酶活较高。在Zobell2216E培养基中,SS01菌株培养9h进入稳定期。胶体几丁质可诱导该菌几丁质酶的产生。在几丁质培养基中,SS01菌株产酶的适宜条件是:培养温度24℃,培养基起始pH7.0左右,蛋白胨为N源(5g/L),胶体几丁质为C源(5g/L),170r/min振荡培养130h,酶活可达116.2U/mL。     

南极产低温几丁质酶菌株的筛选及分子鉴定

从南极普里兹湾深海底泥样品中分离得到一批嗜冷细菌,对这些嗜冷细菌进行了产几丁质酶菌株的筛选,对其中一株具有较高产酶活性的菌株AC167所分泌的几丁质酶进行了性质分析,并通过16S rDNA序列分析进行了菌株的分子鉴定。该菌株最适生长温度为10℃,最高生长温度为25℃,是典型的嗜冷菌,经16S rDNA序列比较及系统发育分析鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。该菌株只在低于25℃的条件下分泌几丁质酶,酶的最适反应温度为30°C,属于低温酶。     

虾头透明质酸酶的研究

以中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ虾头经处理，得到虾头透明质酸酶酶液，再经沉淀、硫酸铵反抽提、ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素提取和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶层析。纯化倍数达７２０倍，比活８４０ｕ·ｍｇ－１蛋白。该酶最适ｐＨ为４．５，最适温度为５０℃。     

虾头透明质酸酶的研究

以中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ虾头经处理，得到虾头透明质酸酶酶液，再经沉淀、硫酸铵反抽提、ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素提取和Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ－Ｇ－７５凝胶层析。纯化倍数达７２０倍，比活８４０ｕ．ｍｇ＾－１蛋白。该酶最适ＰＨ为４．５，最适温度为５０℃。     

高效几丁质降解菌CB101的分离、鉴定及其几丁质酶系的研究

几丁质是海洋中居首位的多糖物质,它是虾、蟹壳的主要成分,同时广泛存在于昆虫外骨骼及真菌的细胞壁中.许多生物包括植物、细菌、真菌和一些无脊椎动物与脊椎动物都能够产生几丁质酶降解几丁质,其中细菌利用几丁质酶降解几丁质作为生活所需碳源和氮源.从生态角度来看,几丁质酶在自然界几丁质循环过程中扮演了重要角色,作为对环境的适应,多种微生物都带有完整的几丁质酶系.     

豚鼠气单胞菌CB101中几丁质酶的纯化、鉴定及其基因克隆

豚鼠气单胞菌CB101在胶体几丁质诱导下产生多种分子量不同的几丁质酶,其中分子量最大的一个几丁质酶Chi1(约91.5kDa)的编码基因已经被克隆.本文报道从CB101发酵液经硫酸铵盐析,DEAE-纤维素柱层析和MonoQ离子交换柱层析,分离纯化出其中的一个分子量约为60KDa的几丁质酶.N端测序的结果表明该酶是Chi1剪缺掉N末端信号肽部分、C末端A区和两个几丁结合区的产物.构建了CB101基因组的cosm id文库,从中筛选到9个产几丁质酶的克隆子,克隆子分析表明它们包含的几丁质酶基因都是chi1.蛋白分离、纯化和基因克隆的实验都暗示CB101的几丁质酶系统只包含一个几丁质酶基因.     

甲壳胺对作物几丁质酶诱导特性的研究

以甲壳胺处理玉米、大豆的种子或植株,植物体被诱导而产生几丁质酶。几丁质酶的活力随甲壳胺的浓度不同而变化,在100～400mg/L几浓度范围内诱导效果比较理想。酶的活力也随时间延续呈现先升后降的变化趋势;再次处理经过诱导的植株,酶活力随处理次数增加而有增加的趋势,且在植物体内存在时间也延长,表明植物几丁质酶基因的表达具有记忆性。植物几丁质酶产生的部位与处理部位的距离有关,越靠近处理部位,酶活越高。     

凡纳滨对虾内脏几丁质酶基因的克隆、序列分析与结构预测

几丁质酶是甲壳动物顺利完成生理性蜕壳的关键功能酶．已有研究表明几丁质酶是一个多基因家族．根据甲壳动物几丁质酶保守序列设计引物,应用反转录PCR方法从凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）内脏中扩增得到部分几丁质酶编码基因片段,进一步结合RACE法,克隆得到该几丁质酶完整编码序列．生物信息学分析表明其含有信号肽序列、几丁质酶催化中心序列、PEST连接区和几丁质底物结合部位序列．序列比对发现其与中国对虾（ABB85237．1）、斑节对虾（AF157503．1）和日本对虾几丁质酶（BAA12287．1）具有很高的相似度．     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.