实验矿物物理的发展现状与趋势:2.弹性和波速

弹性性质和波速是矿物重要物理性质. 实验测量的弹性性质和波速与地震学观测结果的对比,是确定地球内部物质组成、理解地球内部圈层结构形成机制和揭示地球内部物质分布不均一性最为直接和重要的手段. 在过去20年,伴随大腔体压机、金刚石压砧、同步辐射X光、激光加热等技术的快速发展,在地球内部相应温度和压力下测量主要构成矿物的弹性性质和波速取得了巨大进展. 综述了矿物物理在地球内部矿物弹性性质和波速实验测量的发展历史、近20年的研究现状与趋势,并展望了该学科未来发展的方向、关键科学问题与面临的主要挑战.      

矿物学文献中未定名矿物的编码系统:国际矿物学协会新矿物与命名和分类委员会“未定名矿物”小组报告

国际矿物学协会新矿物与命名和分类委员会(IMA-CNMMN)的未定名矿物小组(SUM),开发了一个编码系统,对已经发表但尚未定名的矿物进行编码。在文献中存在两类未定名矿物。一是"有效"未定名矿物,是指未定名矿物没有对应的已知矿物种,但如果它们有其他产地或能够在其他样品中被发现,那么已发表的相关矿物描述允许得到认可。二是"无效"未定名矿物,是指未定名矿物已经有对应的已知矿物种;或者相关矿物描述不足以获得认可。未定名矿物的名单是由IMA保管。该编码系统提供了一个永久的UM号码。中国的矿物学文献的数量和重要性有必要用中文阐述未定名矿物的编码系统。     

工艺矿物学的发展与研究中的问题

1矿物物理与矿物材料新工艺1995年中国矿物岩石地球化学学会成立工艺矿物学专业委员会,与此同时出版了我国第一部《矿物物理与矿物材料新工艺》专辑,极大地推动了我国工艺矿物学的新生长点——矿物材料的发展。矿物材料具有资源丰富,与过去大多数矿     

硅磷镍矿的高压状态方程与相变研究

硅磷镍矿(Ni,Fe)8(Si,P)3是一种4元陨石矿物,对探寻地核中轻元素的存在形式具有一定指示意义。采用同步辐射X射线衍射并结合金刚石压腔技术,笔者开展了硅磷镍矿的等温状态方程及其相变研究。实验结果表明常温下在0.0001~41.9 GPa内硅磷镍矿没有发生结构相变,但在34 GPa时其晶胞参数呈现不连续变化。这一异常变化可能与硅磷镍矿的磁性转变有关。对34 GPa前后的p-V实验数据分别进行拟合,得到了硅磷镍矿的状态方程参数V0=1.446(3)nm3、K0=231(8)GPa(p33 GPa)和V0=1.414(6)nm3、K0=343(18)GPa(p35 GPa)。而在高温高压条件下,硅磷镍矿会发生结构相变或者分解。     

The Eocene-Oligocene Climate Transition: Review of Recent Progress

始新世—渐新世(E-O)气候转变(34Ma前后)是新生代气候演化过程中最显著的变冷事件之一,标志着地球气候由“温室”进入“冰室”.这一转变伴随着地球环境的一系列重大变化,对于研究新生代气候变冷的驱动机制、区域气候对全球重大气候事件的响应方式、重大气候事件对生态环境及生物演替的影响等具有重要意义.近年来地质记录和气候模拟在E-O转变研究上取得了一系列重要进展:①不同纬度区的地质记录揭示出这一转变伴随着全球性的显著降温,指示其触发因素是全球性的;②气候模拟研究揭示出大气CO2浓度降低及与之联系的全球碳循环变化是导致这一转变的主因,否定了传统认为的环南极流形成导致E-O气候变冷的假说;③深海沉积记录揭示出这一转变过程持续400～500ka,表现为全球降温和南极冰盖形成先后两阶段变化;④海—陆气候记录的对比初步揭示出陆地区域的干旱化可能主要与全球降温(对应于E-O转变的第一阶段)相关.当前对E-O气候转变的研究还存在地质记录分辨率不够高、模拟结果与地质记录不完全吻合、陆地记录相对较少等方面的不足.更精确的大气CO2浓度和温度的重建、更多高分辨率海—陆气候记录的研究以及古气候数值模拟的改进有望进一步揭示出E-O转变过程中气候系统各要素的变化特征和相互关系,为更深入认识这一转变的驱动机制提供依据.     

Research Progress on Electrical Properties and Conductivity Measurement Technology of Ice Core

Ice core is an important object of the global climate change research, and can extract paleoclimate information by physical and chemical methods. As one of the major physical analysis technology, conductivity measurement technology mainly contains two methods and has been applied to many drilling project. The technology reflects the ice core electrical properties influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, impurities and changes, and the cause of these changes can be explained from the aspects of macroscopic and microscopic. What obtained from measurement can be used to the research of dating, volcanic events, accumulation rate, biomass burning, ion concentration recovery, which systematically help us to understand the quaternary evolution of Antarctic climate since late pleistocene. This paper summarized in detail the main research achievements on electrical properties and dielectric measurement technology of ice core, and also discussed the prospect of the technology in China deep ice core project further.     

桂东鹰扬关地区1∶5万区域地质矿产调查成果与主要进展

桂东鹰扬关地区位于钦杭结合带西南段,通过开展该区1∶5万区域地质调查,以国际地层表(2015)为指南,对调查区地层进行了多重地层划分与对比研究.从岩石学、构造学、地球化学角度,对鹰扬关岩群进行了详细研究,明确了其为一套构造混杂岩,通过获得的变质火山碎屑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄,认为其主要形成于新元古代.根据岩性特征、野外接触关系及同位素年龄等将区内岩浆岩划分为8个岩体,16个填图单位,获得了各岩体的高精度测年数据,确定了岩浆岩年龄格架;研究了其岩石成因,探讨了岩浆源区以及形成的大地构造背景.建立了调查区构造格架,阐明了构造形成演化历史,划分了构造变形阶段,通过构造解析,于鹰扬关构造混杂岩中识别出5期构造变形,结合区域构造演化确定了相对时序.通过1∶5万水系沉积物测量,查明了1∶5万太保圩幅水系沉积物地球化学特征,编制了元素地球化学图等系列图件.     

Experimental Study on the Electrical Conductivity of Orthopyroxene atHigh Temperature and High Pressure under Different Oxygen Fugacities

1 Introduction recognized and accepted by more and more experts engaged in experimental research at high temperature and In-situ laboratory measurement of the electricity of high pressure. This method has been regardedgeological materials at high temperature and high pressure internationally as the most advanced one for the in-situis an important approach to revealing the composition, laboratory measurement of the electric properties ofstructure and properties of materials in the deep interior…     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川雪坑中pH值和电导率的季节变化及淋溶过程

自2002年9月14日至2004年9月28日,在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区雪坑中连续观测取样,频率为1次/周。对表层雪样品和粒雪坑样品的pH值和电导率进行了分析。结果表明,表层雪的pH值和电导率具有明显的季节变化趋势,与本区域的主导山谷风风向NE和ENE密切相关。在春季,由于尘暴发生频率的增加,表层雪的pH值呈现较强碱性,电导率达到最大值;在冬季,由于原生气溶胶向次生气溶胶的转化,pH值呈现较弱碱性,电导率达到最小值。在后沉积过程中（2003年10月4日至2004年9月8日）,雪坑中不同时期的pH值和电导率呈现不同的季节变化特征和淋溶过程。电导率的峰值P1进入粒雪冰的时间比与它相对应的大粒径（直径>10 μm）微粒的浓度峰值提前40天左右;在有的雪坑中,pH值和电导率的峰值出现在污化层附近,与污化层的位置有较好的一致性,说明污化层对可溶性离子的淋溶作用可能有一定的影响。相关分析表明,Ca2+是影响表层雪中pH值和电导率变化的最主要离子。     

Experimental Petrology of the 1991-1995 Unzen Dacite, Japan. Part I: Phase Relations, Phase Composition and Pre-eruptive Conditions

Crystallization experiments were conducted on dry glasses fromthe Unzen 1992 dacite at 100–300 MPa, 775–875°C,various water activities, and fO₂ buffered by the Ni–NiObuffer. The compositions of the experimental products and naturalphases are used to constrain the temperature and water contentsof the low-temperature and high-temperature magmas prior tothe magma mixing event leading to the 1991–1995 eruption.A temperature of 1050 ± 75°C is determined for thehigh-temperature magma based on two-pyroxene thermometry. Theinvestigation of glass inclusions suggests that the water contentof the rhyolitic low-temperature magma could be as high as 8wt % H₂O. The phase relations at 300 MPa and in the temperaturerange 870–900°C, which are conditions assumed to berepresentative of the main magma chamber after mixing, showthat the main phenocrysts (orthopyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende)coexist only at reduced water activity; the water content ofthe post-mixing dacitic melt is estimated to be 6 ± 1wt % H₂O. Quartz and biotite, also present as phenocrysts inthe dacite, are observed only at low temperature (below 800–775°C).It is concluded that the erupted dacitic magma resulted fromthe mixing of c. 35 wt % of an almost aphyric pyroxene-bearingandesitic magma (1050 ± 75°C; 4 ± 1 wt % H₂Oin the melt) with 65 wt % of a phenocryst-rich low-temperaturemagma (760–780°C) in which the melt phase was rhyolitic,containing up to 8 ± 1 wt % H₂O. The proportions of rhyoliticmelt and phenocrysts in the low-temperature magma are estimatedto be 65% and 35%, respectively. It is emphasized that the strongvariations of phenocryst compositions, especially plagioclase,can be explained only if there were variations of temperatureand/or water activity (in time and/or space) in the low-temperaturemagma. KEY WORDS: Unzen volcano; magma mixing; experimental study     

Phase Petrology and Mineral Chemistry of Coexisting Amphiboles from Telemark, Norway

Electron microprobe analyses of coexisting amphiboles, garnet,and cordierite in specimens collected from a single outcropprovide the basis for phase diagrams thought to be representativeof fixed external conditions in the sillimanite zone. A projectionthrough the compositions of quartz and plagioclase is employedto characterize the mineral facies and to facilitate comparisonswith other metamorphic terrains. Limiting recalculations whichbracket the possible range of Fe⁺³ contents in calcic amphiboleanalyses by electron probe permit an additional projection throughthe composition of magnetite, a ubiquitous phase. From thesedata the apparent non-ideality exhibited by various combinationsof coexisting cumming-tonite, anthophyllite, gedrite, and calcicamphibole is explained by intracrystalline cation ordering.