中国南北过渡带东段样带植被序列与气候分界问题

国家科技基础资源调查专项"中国南北过渡带综合科学考察"将秦岭一大巴山定义为中国南北过渡带的主体,秦巴山地植被南北变化研究,对于揭示中国南北过渡带地域结构的过渡性、多样性和复杂性具有重要意义.基于植物群落实地调查数据,本文将中国南北过渡带东段分为:东秦岭北麓(EQMN)、东秦岭南麓(EQMS)、东大巴山北麓(EBMN)和...     

中国南北过渡带土壤碳氮空间特征及暖温带与亚热带界限

秦巴山区是中国南北过渡带的主体,过渡带分界划分在学界一直存在争议,确定和改进划分指标对构建中国生态地理格局有重要作用。土壤作为过渡带的核心部分,其关键指标的空间分布及变异机制对识别过渡效应和区域特征有指示作用。本文基于土壤二普资料,采用空间模拟和地统计方法分析土壤有机碳/全氮空间特征及与主要自然地理要素的关系。结果显示,秦巴山区有机碳/全氮含量空间分布趋势一致,存在3个高值区、1个次高值区和1个低值区。高值区分布在秦岭、大巴山高海拔区域和嘉陵江以西山地,含量分别为15.03~71.04 g/kg、1782.61~7710.00 mg/kg;低值区沿秦岭北坡的渭河谷地、南五台山和伏牛山分布,含量分别为0.64~6.50 g/kg、110.00~885.96 mg/kg;次高值区主要在汉江两侧、秦巴山地之间海拔< 1000 m及嘉陵江两侧略高于1000 m的山体,含量介于以上二者之间,自西向东呈南北向宽幅逐渐增大的“喇叭状”趋势。综合考虑地形—植被—气候作用,发现秦岭南坡—大巴山北坡有机碳/全氮次高值区分布范围与1000 m等高线、暖温带落叶阔叶林带（含常绿成分）和亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林带上限、1月0 ℃等温线、7月24 ℃等温线较一致,区内1月、7月、季节和全年气温变化较小,各季降雨变幅大,该区是亚热带向暖温带过渡的主体,北界大致沿都江堰—茂县—平武—文县和秦岭南坡1000 m等高线分布,南以都江堰—北川—青川和大巴山北坡1000 m等高线为界。有机碳/全氮空间变化为亚热带—暖温带的划界提供一定依据,进一步识别典型区土壤过程及生态效应,将全面揭示土壤多维过渡特征及其变异机理。     

秦巴山区马尾松林和油松林的空间分布及亚热带与暖温带界线划分

秦岭不仅是中国南北的地理分界线,也是中国亚热带和暖温带的气候分界线,在中国地理生态格局中占有重要的地位和作用。由于过渡带的复杂性、过渡性和异质性以及划分指标、研究目的的不同,学术界关于这一南北地理—生态分界线的具体位置一直有争论。为了进一步揭示秦巴山区过渡带的特征,明确中国南北地理—生态分界线的位置,本文选择马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林这两类分别代表中国南方亚热带针叶林和北方温带针叶林的植被,结合研究区SRTM地形数据、气温和降水数据等,以年降水、最冷月(1月)气温、最热月(7月)气温和年均温为气候指标,详细分析了这两类植被在秦巴山区的空间分布及二者分界线处的气候条件。结果表明:①马尾松林和油松林的分界线及相应位置的气候指标可以作为亚热带与暖温带界线划分的植被—气候指标之一。秦巴山区亚热带针叶林(马尾松林)与温带针叶林(油松林)的分界线位于伏牛山南坡至汉中盆地北缘一线(秦岭南坡)海拔1000～1200 m处;分界线处气候指标稳定:年降水750～1000 mm,年均温12～14℃,最冷月气温0～4℃,最热月气温22～26℃...     

1970-2015年秦岭南北气温时空变化及其气候分界意义

基于秦岭南北70个气象站点观测资料,辅以极点对称模态分解方法（ESMD）,对秦岭南北近期气温时空变化特征进行分析,进而以日平均温≥ 10 ℃积温天数为主要指标,以1月0 ℃等温线变化为辅助指标,探讨秦岭山脉的气候分界意义。结果表明：① 1970-2015年秦岭南北气温变化具有同步性,呈现出“非平稳、非线性、阶梯状”的增暖过程,变化阶段可分为：1970-1993年为低位波动期、1994-2002年为快速上升期、2003-2015年为增温停滞期;② ESMD信息分解结果表明,秦岭南北气温变化以年际波动为主导,并未呈现出明显的线性增暖趋势;③ 在空间上,秦岭南北气温趋势呈现“同步增温,南北分异”的响应特征,即秦岭以北地区空间增温具有一致性,秦岭以南地区则呈现“西乡—安康盆地交界”、“商丹盆地”两个低值中心;④ 在气候变暖背景下,秦岭作为气候分界线的作用依然明显,但是南北响应方式存在差异。其中,秦岭以南,北亚热带北界沿山地“垂直上升”,汉江谷地热量资源逐年增加;秦岭以北,尽管以城市带为中心的增温区不断延展,但是冷月气温偏低的格局并未改变。     

秦巴山地垂直带谱结构的空间分异与暖温带—亚热带界线问题

秦巴山地垂直带谱结构的空间分异对于揭示秦巴山地地域结构复杂性和过渡性、探索中国复杂的生态地理格局具有重要的意义。本文从文献中搜集了秦巴山地33个山地垂直带谱,建立了秦巴山地数字垂直带谱体系,从纬向、经向和坡向3个维度分析了山地垂直带谱的结构、特征、数量、高度以及分布模式。结果表明:①纬向上从南向北基带由亚热带常绿阔叶林带逐渐转变为暖温带落叶阔叶林带;垂直带结构由复杂逐渐变得简单;优势带由山地针阔混交林和山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林转变为山地落叶阔叶林带;②经向上山地垂直带结构呈现复杂—简单—复杂的特征;常绿落叶阔叶混交林带和山地落叶阔叶林带的海拔呈现了二次曲线分布模式;山地针阔混交林带的海拔则呈现显著的线性降低趋势;③坡向方面,秦岭北坡和南坡基带均为暖温带落叶阔叶林带,但南坡含有常绿成分;大巴山北坡为亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林带,大巴山南坡为亚热带常绿阔叶林带;秦岭和大巴山北坡优势带类似,均为山地针阔混交林带或山地落叶阔叶林带,但大巴山南坡具有独特的山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势带,这表明了大巴山比秦岭更适合作为暖温带和北亚热带的分界线,但是未来还需使用土壤和气候指标进行系统的分析。     

昼夜不对称性增温对秦巴山地植被NDVI的影响研究

通过收集1982—2020年秦巴山地94个气象站点逐日观测资料、2000—2020年MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及中国1100万植被数据集,利用Mann-Kendall检验、趋势分析以及二阶偏相关分析等方法,综合分析秦巴山地昼夜增温时序变化及增速差异,探讨秦巴山地植被NDVI对昼夜不对称增温的响应特征,分析昼夜不对称增温对不同植被类型生长的影响。结果表明：(1) 1982—2020年秦巴山地日最低气温和日最高气温存在明显上升趋势,夜间增温速率是白天增温速率的1.3倍,表明昼夜增温存在不对称性。(2)昼夜增温对秦巴山地植被生长促进作用更明显,显著性分析结果存在空间差异,但通过显著性检验的站点数量不多。(3)不同植被类型对昼夜增温响应特征有所差别,白天增温促进草丛、草甸、灌丛、阔叶林、农作物的生长,抑制了针叶林的生长,而夜间增温对植被生长的影响仅对草甸起积极影响,对其他植被类型均为消极影响。     

清代陕南秦巴山地的人类行为及其与环境的关系

对人类行为空间特征认识的不足,是地理学人地关系理论与实践研究的主要障碍。本文以文化、风俗、政策等影响人类行为的人文因素为切入点,运用时空剖面分析法,考察了清代陕南流民空间行为选择的基本取向。结果表明,人类空间选择行为遵循风俗相近原则,而不是地理环境最优原则。追求单位时间上效果最大化是流民行为选择的普遍趋势。人类空间行为的选择性强化了自然差异的等级和水平,不同区域人类行为结果的外部关联性,指出传统的仅从区域内部或某一种人类行为来寻求简单的"人—地"因果关系的缺陷。从系统或流域的观点来考察人类环境行为的相互影响关系,是认识和把握人地关系实质与机理的重要途径。     

基于MODIS的秦巴山地气温估算与山体效应分析

秦巴山地作为横亘在中国南北过渡带的巨大山脉,其山体效应对中国中部植被和气候的非地带性分布产生了重要的影响,山体内外同海拔的温差是表征山体效应大小较为理想的指标。本研究结合MODIS地表温度（LST）数据、STRM-1 DEM数据和秦巴山地的118个气象站点的观测数据,分别采用普通线性回归（OLS）和地理加权回归（GWR）两种分析方法对秦巴山地的气温进行估算,在此基础上将秦巴山地各月气温转换为同海拔（1500 m,秦巴山地平均海拔）气温,对比分析秦巴山地的山体效应。结果表明：① 相比OLS分析,GWR分析方法的精度更高,各月回归模型的R ²均在0.89以上,均方根误差（RMSE）在0.68~0.98 ℃之间。② 利用GWR估算得到的同海拔气温,从东向西随海拔升高呈现了明显的升高的趋势,秦岭西部山地比东段升高约6 ℃和4.5 ℃;大巴山西部山地年均和7月份同海拔的气温较东段升高约8 ℃和5 ℃。③ 从南向北,以汉江为分界,秦岭与大巴山的同海拔的气温均呈现出由山体边缘向内部升高的趋势。④ 秦巴山地西部大起伏高山,秦岭大起伏高中山和大巴山大起伏中山,相比豫西汉中中山谷地,各月均同海拔气温分别升高了约3.85~9.28 ℃、1.49~3.34 ℃和0.43~3.05 ℃,平均温差约为3.50 ℃,说明秦巴山地大起伏中高山的山体效应十分明显。     

沼生植物过渡金属元素含量季节变化特征——以三江平原典型湿地植物为例

三江平原沼泽湿地生态系统不同水文条件下(高、中、低位区),同种植物和不同植物不同器官中过渡金属元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu含量季节变化规律基本相似,亦表现出一定的时间分配差异。高、中和低位区小叶章茎、叶、根中Fe含量季节变化规律为幼苗时期最高,成熟后含量减少(高位区根除外);高、中和低位区茎、叶中Mn含量随季节分配趋势是先减少后增加,而根中Mn含量变化较复杂;高、中和低位区茎、叶和根中Zn含量随季节变化呈初期含量高,后期含量低(低位区茎、根除外)的趋势,而中期变化复杂;各区植物茎、叶和根中Cu含量基本呈随时间变化含量逐渐下降,高位区根和低位区的叶含量变化趋势较特殊;从元素含量水平比较,高、中小叶章和低位区毛果苔草表现为茎、叶Mn含量>Fe含量,根中Fe>Mn;茎、叶、根中Zn>Cu。     

North-south vegetation transition in the eastern Qinling-Daba Mountains

The Qinling-Daba Mountains are the main body of China's North-South Transitional Zone.Analysis of the north-south gradual variation of vegetation components is significant for understanding the structural diversity and complexity of this transitional zone.In this study,based on survey data of plant communities,the eastern Qinling-Daba Mountains is divided into four geographic units:the north flank of eastern Qinling Mts.,south flank of eastern Qinling Mts.,north flank of eastern Daba Mts.and south flank of eastern Daba Mts.We also explore division of regional climate according to areal differentiation of plant-species,com-munity structure and species-richness,respectively.The results show that,(1)at plant-species level,there are mainly northern plants in north flank of eastern Qinling Mts.with evergreen species and fewer northern plants in south flank of eastern Qinling Mts.;there are mainly southern plants in eastern Daba Mts.(2)At community structure level,there are 4 formations(3 northern formations and 1 widespread formation)in north flank of eastern Qinling,6 formations(3 northern formations,1 southern formation,and 2 widespread forma-tions)in south flank of eastern Qinling,4 formations(2 southern formations and 2 widespread formations)in north flank of eastern Daba Mts.,and 3 formations(3 southern formations)in south flank of eastern Daba Mts.In terms of the numbers and properties of formations,there is a mixture of northern and southern formations only in the south flank of eastern Qinling Mts.(3)At species-richness level,the diversity of families,genera and species decreased with increasing latitude,but the mixing of northern plants and the southern plants began to occur in south flank of eastern Qinling Mts.This means that the south flank of the eastern Qinling Mts.serves more suitably as the dividing line between China's warm temperate and sub-tropical zones.     

Spatial patterns of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus massoniana forests in Qinling-Daba Mountains and the boundary of subtropical and warm temperate zones

The Qinling Mountains is not only the geographical boundary between North and South China,but also the boundary between subtropical and warm temperate zones.It plays an important role in the geo-ecological pattern of China.However,there is controversy about the specific location of this geographical boundary in academic community due to the complexity,transition and heterogeneity of the transitional zone,as well as the differences in the delimitation indicators and research purposes.To further reveal the characteristics of the North-South transitional zone and clarify the specific location of the geo-ecological boundary between North and South China,combined with SRTM topographic data,temperature and precipitation data,Pinus massoniana forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest,which represent subtropical coniferous forest in South China and temperate coniferous forest in North China respectively,were chosen to analyze their spatial distributions in the Qinling-Daba Mountains and the climatic conditions at their boundary with the climatic indexes of annual precipitation,the coldest month(January) average temperature,the warmest month(July) average temperature and the annual average temperature.The results show that:(1) Pinus massoniana and Pinus tabulaeformis forests and the climate indicators of their boundary can be used as one of the vegetation-climate indexes for the delimitation of subtropical and warm temperate zones.The boundary between the subtropical coniferous forest(Pinus massoniana forest) and temperate coniferous forest(Pinus tabulaeformis forest) is located along the south slope of Funiu Mountain to the north edge of Hanzhong Basin(the south slope of Qinling Mountains) at an altitude of 1000–1200 m,where the climatic indictors are stable:the annual precipitation is about 750–1000 mm,the annual average temperature is about 12–14℃,the coldest monthly average temperature is 0–4℃,and the warmest monthly average temperature is about 22–26℃.(2) It can be more scientifically to delimitate the boundary of subtropical and warm temperate zones in China by comprehensively considering the vegetation-climate indicators.Additionally,the boundary between subtropical and warm temperate zones in Qinling-Daba Mountains should be a transitional zone consisting of the boundaries of coniferous forests,broad-leaved forests and shrubs between subtropical and warm temperate zones.The results provide a scientific basis for the selection of delimitation index of subtropical and warm temperate zones.     

2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因

利用MODIS-NDVI数据,辅以趋势分析、Hurst指数及偏相关分析等方法,本文探讨了2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及未来趋势,并对其驱动因素进行分析。研究发现:1近15年秦巴山区植被覆盖呈显著增加趋势,增速为2.8%/10a,其中2010年之前植被覆盖呈持续增加趋势,增速为4.32%/10a,而2010年之后呈连续下降态势,降速为-6.59%/10a;2空间上,植被覆盖格局呈现"中间高、四周低"的分布特征,高值区主要分布在陕西境内的秦岭山地和大巴山山地;3秦巴山区植被覆盖呈增加和减少趋势的面积分别占81.32%和18.68%;然而,分段结果表明,2010-2014年有71.61%的区域植被覆盖呈下降趋势;4秦巴山区植被覆盖变化的反向特征强于同向特征,其中46.89%的区域将由改善转为退化,而持续改善地区仅占34.44%;5植被覆盖变化主要归因于降水的减少,同时拉尼娜年的植被覆盖整体好于厄尔尼诺年;6人类活动对植被覆盖造成双重影响,是植被覆盖变化的另一重要影响因素。     

Spatial variation of altitudinal belts as dividing index between warm temperate and subtropical zones in the Qinling-Daba Mountains

To determine the dividing index between warm temperate and subtropical zones based on the spectra of altitudinal belts,this paper collected 33 spectra of altitudinal belts in the Qinling-Daba Mountains from published literatures and then analyzed the structures and the spatial patterns from south to north,from west to east and based on exposure directions.The results show that:1)From south to north,the basal belt gradually changes from subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest to warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest;the spectra of altitudinal belts change from complex to simple;the dominant belt changes from montane broadleaf-conifer mixed forest and evergreen-deciduous broadleaf mixed forest to deciduous broadleaf forest.2)From west to east,the structures of the altitudinal belt spectra show complexity in the east and west but simplicity in the middle section;the upper limits of both the evergreen-deciduous broadleaf mixed forest belt and montane deciduous broadleaf forest belt present a quadratic curve distribution pattern in the longitudinal direction.However,the upper limit of the montane broadleaf-conifer mixed forest belt exhibits a nearly linear decrease in the west-east direction.3)Both the north and south slopes in the Qinling Mountains have the similar basal belt,whereas it varies greatly between the north and south slopes in the Daba Mountains.Comparably,dominant belts are very similar in the Qinling Mountains and the north slope of the Daba Mountains,but the south slope of the Daba Mountains has its own unique dominant belt:evergreen-deciduous broadleaf mixed forest.This implies that the Daba Mountains are more appropriate than the Qinling Mountains to act as the boundary between subtropical and warm-temperate zones in central China.     

Vegetation dynamics in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to climate factors between 2000 and 2014

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset, we investigated the patterns of spatiotemporal variation in vegetation coverage and its associated driving forces in the Qinling-Daba (Qinba) Mountains in 2000–2014. The Sen and Mann–Kendall models and partial correlation analysis were used to analyze the data, followed by calculation of the Hurst index to analyze future trends in vegetation coverage. The results of the study showed that (1) NDVI of the study area exhibited a significant increase in 2000–2014 (linear tendency, 2.8%/10a). During this period, a stable increase was detected before 2010 (linear tendency, 4.32%/10a), followed by a sharp decline after 2010 (linear tendency,–6.59%/10a). (2) Spatially, vegetation cover showed a “high in the middle and a low in the surroundings” pattern. High values of vegetation coverage were mainly found in the Qinba Mountains of Shaanxi Province. (3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area, being 81.32% and 18.68%, respectively, during the study period. Piecewise analysis revealed that 71.61% of the total study area showed a decreasing trend in vegetation coverage in 2010–2014. (4) Reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change were stronger than the same characteristics on the Qinba Mountains. About 46.89% of the entire study area is predicted to decrease in the future, while 34.44% of the total area will follow a continuously increasing trend. (5) The change of vegetation coverage was mainly attributed to the deficit in precipitation. Moreover, vegetation coverage during La Nina years was higher than that during El Nino years. (6) Human activities can induce ambiguous effects on vegetation coverage: both positive effects (through implementation of ecological restoration projects) and negative effects (through urbanization) were observed.     

陕南秦巴山区植被生态功能的价值测评

根据秦巴山区20世纪末植被类型及覆盖度的分布,在GIS支持下测定秦巴山区植被生产和生态调节的物质量。利用生态经济学方法,测定各类植被生态功能的价值,建立秦巴山区植被生态数据库及植被生态账户。生态服务功能价值测评中,充分考虑了不同类型的覆盖度差异,并结合能量平衡、水量平衡和区域蒸散模式,测评结果表明：陕南秦巴山区植被生态系统有机质生产价值为199.6×108 元/a;植被保持土壤经济价值为22.64×108元/a;植被涵养水源的经济价值为22.66×108 元/a;植被固定CO2价值为352.24×108元/a;释放O₂价值为374.19×108 元/a;陕南秦巴山区植被有机物生产、保持土壤、涵养水源、固定CO₂和释放O₂ 5种生态服务功能价值共968.33×108 元/a。其中温带落叶阔叶林贡献率最高占29.35%,亚热带竹林、亚高山灌丛、草甸草原、山麓果树生态服务价值比重均在1%以下。     

1959年来中国天山冰川资源时空变化

基于两期冰川编目数据与气象数据,对天山1959年来冰川资源的时空变化特征进行研究。研究发现：① 天山地区现有冰川7934条,面积7179.77 km²,冰储量756.48 km³。冰川数量以面积< 1 km²的冰川居多,面积以1~10 km²和≥ 20 km²的冰川为主,冰川集中分布在海拔3800~4800 m之间。② 在四级流域中,阿克苏河流域冰川面积最大为1721.75 km²,面积最小的是伊吾河流域,为56.03 km²。在各市（州）中,阿克苏地区冰川资源量最多,其面积和储量分别占天山总量的43.28%和68.85%;冰川资源量最少的市（州）是吐鲁番地区,面积和储量仅占天山总量的0.23%和0.07%。③ 1959年来,天山地区冰川面积减少了1619.82 km²（-18.41%）,储量亏损了104.78 km³（-12.16%）,其中数量以< 1 km²的冰川减少最多,面积减少以< 5 km²的冰川最为严重。④ 冰川变化呈现明显的区域差异,变化速度最快的是天山东段博格达北坡流域,变化最慢的是中部的渭干河流域。初步分析认为夏季气温显著上升带来的消融大于年内降水带来的积累是天山冰川退缩的主要原因。