Ecosystem Service Value Assessment for National Key Eco-function Zones for Water and Soil Conservation

National key eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are exceptionally fragile areas in terms of their eco-environments and are also severely affected by water and soil loss. They have been a focus of attention from all sectors of society. This research assesses important ecosystem service functions and their values using such indexes as NPP, soil conservation quantity and water conservation quantity. The result indicates that the ecosystem services of China’s eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are worth 3268.90×10⁸ CNY in total, of which organic matter production accounts for 530.96×10⁸ CNY, nutrient substance circulation and storage 301.91×10⁸ CNY, carbon fixation and oxygen release 1616.16×10⁸ CNY, soil conservation 442.70×10⁸ CNY and water source conservation 816.20×10⁸ CNY. Of the four functional zones, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area registers the highest value of 1551.30×10⁸ CNY, and the Three Gorges Reservoir Area the lowest value of 448.15×10⁸ CNY. In terms of ecosystem service value per unit of area, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area takes the first place, followed by Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Dabie Mountain Area, which are roughly equivalent, and finally the Loess Plateau Area is at the bottom.     

Assessment of Changes in the Value of Ecosystem Services in the Koshi River Basin,Central High Himalayas Based on Land Cover Changes and the CA-Markov Model

Climate warming and economic developments have created pressures on the ecological systems that human populations rely on, and this process has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of ecosystem services. In this study, Landsat satellite data were chosen as the data source and the Koshi River Basin (KB) in the central high Himalayas as the study area. Changes in land cover and changes in the value of ecosystem services between 1990 and 2010 were analyzed and the land cover pattern of the KB in 2030 and 2050 was modeled using the CA-Markov model. Changes in land cover and in the value of ecosystem services in the KB for the period 2010-2050 were then analyzed. The value of ecosystem services in the KB was found to decrease by 2.05×10⁸ USD y^-1 between 1990 and 2010. Among these results, the services value of forest, snow/glacier and barren area decreased, while that of cropland increased. From 1990 to 2050, forest showed the largest reduction in ecosystem services value, as much as 11.87×10⁸ USD y^-1, while cropland showed the greatest increase, by 3.05×10⁸ USD y^-1. Deforestation and reclamation in Nepal contributed to a reduction in the value of ecosystem services in the KB. Barren areas that were transformed into water bodies brought about an increase in ecosystem services value in the lower reaches of the Koshi River. In general, this process is likely to be related to increasing human activity in the KB.     

The Population Carrying Capacity of Waters Ecosystem in China

The study of waters ecosystem and their population carrying capacity demonstrates the role of these ecosystems in economic and social development and provides a theoretical basis for the management and allocation of aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the concept of waters ecosystem population carrying capacity was defined and developmental trends in the population carrying capacity of waters ecosystem in China were evaluated. Results show that waters ecosystem population carrying capacity in China increased from 0.176×10⁹ person year^-1 in 2000 to 0.255 ×10⁹ person year^-1 in 2010; the population carrying capacity of the standard sea remained at 0.2-0.3 person ha^-1; and the standard inland waters population carrying capacity increased from 1.8 to 3.2 person ha^-1. This analysis indicates notable regional difference in waters population carrying capacity. In southeastern coastal China and Yangtze River drainage areas where inland waters are widely distributed and aquaculture is developed, the population carrying capacity is higher; however, in northwest China where water resource are deficient and the distribution is relatively small, the waters population carrying capacity is low. The waters ecosystem population carrying capacity of China in 2030 was predicted and results indicate strong potential for increasing waters population carrying capacity.     

基于物质量评估的贵州南部地区生态系统服务及其县域差异比较

以贵州南部地区为例,对涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、保育土壤和生物多样性保护5个功能类别共14项指标的生态系统服务物质量进行了区域尺度和县域尺度上的估算。结果表明：① 贵州南部地区林草生态系统年调节水量145.41×10⁸m³,年固碳量和年释氧量分别为819.96×10⁴t和1 538.48×10⁴t,年提供负离子达2.32×10²⁵个,年吸收二氧化硫(SO₂)、氟化物(F)、氮氧化物(NO_X)分别达到58.07×10⁴t、1.29×10⁴t和7.76×10⁴t,年滞尘量1.04×10⁸t,年固土总量9.07×10⁸t,年保育N、P、K以及有机质量分别为184.81×10⁴t、59.26×10⁴t、1 138.80×10⁴t以及4 045.85×10⁴t,平均生物多样性综合评价指数为54.87;② 各类生态系统服务物质量均表现出明显的空间分布趋势,整体表现为东高西低,南高北低;③ 县域尺度上,黎平县、榕江县、从江县和望谟县提供的生态系统服务物质量最多,普定县、三穗县、长顺县和丹寨县则最少;就生态系统服务供给能力而言,雷山县、望谟县、榕江县和从江县最强,兴仁县、普定县、长顺县和贞丰县则最弱。     

Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China

Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km² of paddy fields and 1.01×10⁵ km² irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×10⁴ km² urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×10⁴ km² of rural settlements and formed 6.64×10⁴ km² of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×10⁴ km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.     

陕北地区土地生态系统固碳释氧价值量动态测评

基于1980-2010年的遥感数据和气象台站实测数据,利用光能利用模型对陕北地区植被净第一生产力进行了测评,从而计算得到植被固碳释氧价值量,并分析了其变化特征。不同土地利用类型固碳释氧物质总量排序为：草地>林地>耕地>未利用地>建设用地。空间分布上,陕北地区南部和北部府谷县和神木县固碳释氧价值总量变化的波动性较强,陕北西北部碳释氧价值总量的年际变化较为平缓。近30年来,陕北地区固碳释氧价值总量总体上呈持续增加趋势,固碳释氧价值总量增加的区域主要分布在榆林中北部地区,且大部分呈可持续增加趋势;减小区主要分布在陕北西南部的甘泉县、富县、黄陵县、志丹县的南部以及延安市南部的富县与宜川县的交界处,且呈强烈的持续减小趋势。生态固碳释氧价值量与月降水量整体上呈正相关,与月均温呈负相关。固碳释氧价值量的变化对降水量的变化响应较敏感,气温需要通过与其他气候系统进行耦合,从而协同对固碳释氧价值量产生影响。陕北地区生态系统固碳释氧价值总量受降水量的影响较强,两者在空间上呈现出正相关,且由南向北、由东南向西北呈减小的趋势;价值总量与气温的相关系数由南向北逐渐增加,中南部呈负相关,北部呈正相关。     

基于格点数据的1961-2012年祁连山面雨量特征分析

基于国家气象信息中心发布的全国0.5°×0.5°逐日降水量数据集和气象站点日降水量实测资料,利用主成分分析（PCA）和回归分析,研究了1961-2012年祁连山面雨量年际变化以及面雨量距平与干旱累计强度的关系。结果表明,该套格点数据能够很好地反映出祁连山及其周边区域降水的时空分布格局,山区降水量大于平原区降水量,山区东段降水量大于西段降水量。1961-2012年祁连山面雨量的多年平均值为724.9×10⁸ m³,其中,春、夏、秋、冬的面雨量分别为118.9×10⁸ m³、469.4×10⁸ m³、122.5×10⁸ m³、14.1×10⁸ m³,夏季面雨量最大,占全年的64.76%。除春季外,其他季节面雨量都呈现逐年增加趋势,夏季增幅最大,平均每年增加1.7×10⁸ m³。山区面雨量与祁连山及其周边区域的干湿程度表现出较好的相关性,干旱累计强度与面雨量表现出负相关性,山区面雨量较多时这一地区的干旱强度也较弱。     

中国旅游交通的能源效率及其影响因素（英文）

交通是旅游过程中能源消耗和碳排放的主要环节,认识旅游交通能源效率变化及其影响因素对推动旅游低碳化发展具有重要意义。基于中国旅游交通及相关数据,在测算不同类型旅游交通工具能源消耗系数的基础上,遵循"自上而下"原则构建新的研究方法,分析考察1994-2013年旅游交通的能源消耗、碳排放、能源效率及其影响因素。结果显示,1)中国旅游交通能源消耗由178.21PJ增长至565.82PJ,年均增长率为6.27%,相应的CO_2排放由14.96×10~6 t增长至47.94×10~6 t,主要由旅游出游人次数快速增长和旅游出行距离增加引起;2)中国旅游交通能源服务效率由3.22×10~6人次PJ~(-1)提高至5.99×10~6人次PJ~(-1),能源生态效率由26.07 kg人次~(-1)提升至14.01 kg人次~(-1);3)单位交通能耗降低、规模效应、政策推动等成为能源效率提高的主导推动因素,但旅游出行方式变化、享受型交通工具的发展等阻碍了能源效率的提升。基于分析结果,提出了中国旅游交通降低能源消耗、提高能源效率的建议措施。     

生态系统服务权衡与协同视角下的重点生态功能区保护特征

重点生态功能区提供着源源不断的生态系统服务,在保障国家生态安全和社会可持续发展方面,有着不可或缺的基础作用。但是,以生态系统服务权衡与协同关系为视角,进而探讨分析重点生态功能区保护特征的研究案例相对较少。本文以秦巴重点生态功能区为评估分析区域,选择自然地理条件相似度极高的秦巴山区为参照单元,以生态系统供给服务与调节服务为核心内容,在定量分析2000—2019年期间的生态空间变化特征基础上,分析评估生态系统服务权衡与协同关系。结果表明：秦巴山区生态状况逐渐变好,重点生态功能区划定之后,生态系统趋于稳定;重点生态功能区服务能力呈逐渐增强的趋势,平均净初级生产力、土壤保持总量和水源涵养总量比重点生态功能区外分别高出了25.95 gC/m²、5.81亿t和24.95亿m³;土壤保持服务和生态系统供给服务的协同关系与生态状况改善呈正相关;由于受到降水的影响,2010年之后的水源涵养服务与生态系统供给服务的协同关系变差。总体来看,秦巴重点生态功能区的划定带动了区域生态空间“量的增长”和生态系统服务“质的提升”,但生态系统服务之间关系的“协调性”仍然不足,甚至从“协同”转为“权衡”关系,这要求未来国家需要制定更有针对性的生态系统保护管理决策,提高生态系统总体效益,支撑区域生态系统服务的可持续供给。     

人与自然和谐共生新格局下评估干旱区林果业生产的生态功能价值——以新疆南疆地区为例

量化评估干旱区林果业生产的生态功能价值,可以使人们尤其是林果种植户更充分认识林果业生产在改善当地生态环境方面的作用和效果,促使其生产决策时不只考虑经济因素,还更注重生态因素,实现环境保护、林果经济发展和种植户增收协同增效。以干旱区新疆南疆地区为例,运用影子工程法、造林成本法、机会成本法和成本替代法测算林果业生产所提供的各项生态功能价值。结果表明：（1） 南疆地区总的生态功能价值从2003年的41.22×10⁸~45.11×10⁸元增长至2018年的110.86×10⁸~121.05×10⁸元,2010年达最高水平141.02×10⁸元;就具体生态功能价值而言,固碳释氧>保护生物多样性>保育土壤>涵养水源>净化环境;各地州林果业生产总的生态功能价值排序固定不变（2003年除外）,即喀什地区>阿克苏地区>巴音郭楞蒙古自治州>和田地区>克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州;克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州与喀什地区发展趋势相似,波动幅度大且与整体发展趋势最接近;和田地区以11.10%增幅稳定增长。（2） 由于种植规模的不稳定性,南疆地区林果业生产总的生态功能价值水平波动发展,于2010年达最高水平后呈现出下降趋势。（3） 对于集干旱、风沙于一体的地区,林果种植在净化环境和涵养水源方面的作用持续性强、意义更深远。建议政府大力宣传林果种植的生态效益并制定生态林果生产支持政策,以部分补贴林果种植户;同时,考虑空间邻近效应,各地州要统一合理规划林果业生产布局。     

地表岩石侵蚀速率对宇生核素暴露测年影响的研究

利用原地生宇生核素测定暴露年代时,通常会假设地貌体侵蚀速率为0。研究表明,该假设会低估地貌体的真实暴露年代。搜集2009~2012年全球不同区域56个岩石样品的宇生核素¹⁰Be测年数据,探讨侵蚀速率为0对于侵蚀速率为0.5、1以及2 mm/ka的样品,在不同暴露尺度上对暴露年代计算的影响幅度。结果表明,对于1×10⁴a尺度的样品暴露年代可能低估约0.5%,1%,2%;对于10×10⁴a尺度的样品可能低估约5%,7%,20%;对于50×10⁴a尺度的样品可能低估约40%,70%甚至100%以上。     

黑河下游绿洲植被优势种生物量空间分布及蒸腾耗水估算

基于典型样点试验,建立了研究区植被优势种柽柳、胡杨与苦豆子地上生物量与其生态参数关系模型;利用高分辨率遥感影像Geoeye-1对植被优势种进行分类得到生态参数,实现了其地上部分生物量空间分布估算;最后利用生物量与蒸腾系数关系,估算植被优势种蒸腾耗水。结果显示：植被优势种总生物量为2.53×10⁶t,河流距离对生物量影响显著。根据试验测得的植被优势种蒸腾系数估算出总蒸腾耗水量为10.89×10⁸t,柽柳、胡杨与苦豆子所占比例分别为12.94%,82.93%与4.13%。     

Trade-off and Synergy Relationships of Ecosystem Services and Driving Force Analysis based on Land Cover Change in Altay Prefecture

Altay Prefecture plays a vital role as an ecological barrier in Northwest China. Studying the ecosystem service value is of great significance for promoting regional green high-quality development and maintaining ecological security. Based on Global ESA land cover data from 2000 to 2015, the trade-off and synergy relationships and driving force factors between ecosystem services in Altay Prefecture were analyzed in this study. The analysis produced four main results. (1) The ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture continued to increase from 113.521Ⅹ10⁹ yuan in 2000 to 115.777Ⅹ10⁹ yuan in 2015, for an increase of about 1.98%. (2) The distribution of ecosystem service value had obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, with hot spot areas mainly concentrated in the "two rivers and one lake" and the mountainous areas in the northwest, while the cold spot areas were mainly the forest and grass-covered areas in the northern mountainous areas and within Jimunai County. (3) The trade-off and synergy relationship among ecosystem services was mainly synergistic, with a total of 77.78% of ecosystem service relative relationships showing a significant positive correlation at the 0.01 level. (4) Economic factors and industrial structure are important factors affecting ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture. Ecosystem service value is positively correlated with per capita GDP and the output value of the tertiary industry, but negatively correlated with the output value of the secondary industry.     

1980s-2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量及其变化

以我国内蒙古草原为研究区域,结合1982-1988年第二次土壤普查资料以及2011-2012年实地考察数据,构建了基于遥感数据和土壤数据的区域表层土壤有机碳储量估算方法,对研究区1980s和2010s表层土壤有机碳储量、空间分布特征及其变化进行研究,结果表明：(1) 1980s、2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤 (0~20 cm) 有机碳储量分别为2.05 Pg C、2.17 Pg C,土壤有机碳密度约为3.48 kg C·m^-2、3.69 kg C·m^-2,其空间分布上呈现从草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原逐渐降低的特征;(2) 1982-2012年间,内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量略有增加,但增加幅度较小,其中草甸草原和典型草原表层土壤有机碳储量增加,荒漠草原则表现为减少。研究结果将为研究区因地制宜地采取固碳措施,实现草地可持续管理提供科学参考。     

基于土地利用变化情景的生态系统碳储量评估——以太行山淇河流域为例

区域土地利用变化是导致生态系统碳储量变化的主要原因,影响其碳源、碳汇效应,但以往结合时空尺度探讨流域未来土地利用变化对生态系统碳储量影响的研究尚不多见。以太行山淇河流域为例,分析2005-2015年土地利用变化,采用Markov-CLUE-S复合模型预测2025年自然增长、耕地保护及生态保护情景下的土地利用格局,并基于土地利用数据,运用InVEST模型的碳储量模块评估2005-2015年及未来不同情景下的生态系统碳储量。结果表明：① 2015年淇河流域生态系统碳储量和平均碳密度分别为3.16×10⁷ t和141.9 t/hm²,自2005年以来分别下降0.07×10⁷ t和2.89 t/hm²。② 2005-2015年碳密度在低海拔区域以减少为主,在高海拔区域增加区与减少区比例相当,淇河中下游地区建设用地的大肆扩张以及上游林地的退化是导致碳密度下降的主要原因。③ 2015-2025年自然增长情景下碳储量和碳密度下降仍较明显,主要是低海拔区域固碳能力的减弱;耕地保护情景减缓了碳储量和碳密度的下降幅度,主要是由于低海拔区固碳能力的增强;生态保护情景下,碳储量和碳密度显著增加,分别达到3.19×10⁷ t和143.26 t/hm²,主要发生在海拔高于1100 m的区域。生态保护情景能够增强固碳能力,但不能有效控制耕地面积的减小。因此,研究区土地利用规划可统筹考虑生态保护和耕地保护情景,既能增加碳汇,又能保障耕地质量和粮食安全。     

基于第二次冰川编目的中国冰川现状

以2004年之后的Landsat TM/ETM+和ASTER遥感影像为基础,参考第一次中国冰川目录及其他文献资料,经过影像校正、自动解译、野外考察、人工修订、交互检查和成果审定等技术环节,完成占全国冰川总面积85.5%的现状冰川编目,确定中国目前共有冰川48571条,总面积约5.18×10⁴βkm²,约占全国国土面积的0.54%,冰川储量约4.3~4.7×10³βkm³。中国冰川数量和面积分别以面积<0.5βkm²的冰川和面积介于1.0~50.0βkm²的冰川为主,面积最大的冰川是音苏盖提冰川（359.05βkm²）。中国西部14座山系（高原）均有冰川分布,其中昆仑山冰川数量最多,其次是天山、念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和喀喇昆仑山,这5座山系冰川数量占全国冰川总数量的72.3%;冰川面积和冰储量位列前3位的山系分别为昆仑山、念青唐古拉山和天山,尽管喀喇昆仑山冰川数量和面积均小于喜马拉雅山,但前者冰储量高于后者。从冰川海拔分布来看,海拔4500~6500βm之间是冰川集中发育区域,约占全国冰川总面积的4/5以上。冰川资源在各流域分布差异显著,东亚内流区（5Y）是中国冰川分布数量最多、面积最大的一级流域,约占全国冰川总量的2/5以上;黄河流域（5J）是冰川数量最少、规模最小的一级流域,仅有冰川164条,面积126.72βkm²。新疆和西藏的冰川面积和冰储量约占全国冰川总面积的9/10。     

山东埠西黄土剖面沉积特征及古气候环境意义

对山东济南章丘埠西黄土剖面进行了系统的野外调查,并对山东章丘埠西黄土剖面进行了粒度、磁化率以及光释光测年等指标研究分析,结果表明：① 根据粒度测量数据和粒度参数变化特征,并运用萨胡判别公式对其沉积环境进行判别,可知山东埠西剖面黄土沉积主要为风成沉积。通过粒级—标准偏差方法提取的环境敏感粒级分别为7.08~8.91 µm和39.81~50.12 µm;② 磁化率变化与不同粒级百分含量的变化之间具有明显的相关性,其中低频磁化率变化范围为32.38×10^-8~138.46×10^-8m³kg^-1,高频磁化率在 30.62×10^-8~123.31×10^-8m³kg^-1 之间变化,其变化特征一定程度上反映了埠西黄土剖面形成时的古气候环境信息;③ 结合光释光年代的测量数据与前人的研究成果,可将该黄土剖面划分为3个黄土层和3个古土壤层,该剖面记录了末次冰期以来该区域古气候环境的变化历史过程。     

生态政策驱动下的内蒙古自治区杭锦旗土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化

基于1989、2001、2013年的遥感影像解译数据,采用生态系统服务价值评估方法,对生态政策实施前(1989—2001年)及实施后(2001—2013年)的内蒙古自治区杭锦旗土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化进行了对比分析。结果表明:生态政策实施后杭锦旗林地面积变化量为12.84×10⁴ hm²,高于实施前的0.24×10⁴ hm²;沙地面积变化量为-7.20×10⁴ hm²,高于实施前的-0.27×10⁴ hm²。生态政策实施后土壤形成与保护功能的生态系统服务价值增加4.22亿元,高于实施前的0.20亿元;水源涵养功能的生态系统服务价值增加3.43亿元,高于实施前的2.19亿元;总生态系统服务价值增加23.82亿元,高于实施前的5.61亿元。通过实施生态政策,杭锦旗土地利用结构得以优化,生态系统服务价值得以提高,水土保持能力得以增强。但水域退化、耕地转换合理度较低等问题仍有待解决,论文对此也提出了相应的对策建议。     

内蒙古半干旱区蒸散估算和归因分析

蒸散(Evapotranspiration,ET)是生态系统水循环中的重要一环,决定了生态系统水分和热量传输。从区域尺度对蒸散及其蒸腾(Transpiration,T)和蒸发(Evaporation,E)组分进行量化,认识环境因素对其的影响机制,有助于合理利用、分配水资源,为研究气候变化对区域生态系统水文循环的影响提供参考。基于生态系统生产力模拟(Boreal ecosystem productivity simulator,BEPS)模型,验证模型在研究区域的适用性,量化1981—2018年内蒙古半干旱区的ET及其组分的变化情况,并对其进行归因分析。结果表明：经不同数据验证,BEPS模型计算结果能够精确反应研究区域ET及其组分的分布情况和变化趋势。1981—2018年研究区草地、农田和森林多年平均ET分别为278.22 mm、362.50 mm和308.81 mm。E、T和ET多年呈显著上升趋势,上升速率分别为0.42mm·a^-1、0.63 mm·a^-1和1.05 mm·a^-1。ET与T在全区域内空间分布格局相似,与E...     

Net Horizontal Payments for Ecosystem Services: An Application in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are one kind of important tool for environmental protection, and have been widely studied by international scholars and conservationists. Based various definitions of PES from recent articles, we have outlined four principles for PES: parity, measurability, additionality and conditionality, and then have used these principles to develop a formula to calculate a standard for PES. Finding a way to use PES to achieve a win-win relationship between economic growth and environmental protection in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTHR) is a key task for Chinese government. Synergetic development of BTHR has become a national strategy, like The Belt and Road Initiative. This article employed the formula we developed to calculate the net horizontal PES amounts that each provincial government within BTHR should pay. Our findings show that Beijing should have paid 10.44×10⁹ Yuan (0.4% of Beijing’s GRP) and Tianjin 16.56×10⁹ Yuan (0.93% of Tianjin’s GRP) to Hebei in 2016.