广播星历下多系统卫星位置、速度计算及精度分析

目前GNSS空间部分主要由GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、BDS 4系统构成,在利用广播星历进行多星组合导航时,需要根据不同卫星星座广播星历精度信息实现多系统定位信息的组合。现有研究对GPS、GLONASS广播星历精度进行了充分分析,但对由Galileo、BDS广播星历计算卫星位置、速度及其精度的研究相对较少。本文利用精密星历对GNSS广播星历计算的卫星位置、速度精度进行了分析。结果表明,GPS广播星历解算的卫星位置误差小于2 m,GLONASS广播星历解算的卫星位置误差最大在4 m左右,Galileo广播星历解算的卫星位置误差最大在3 m左右,BDS广播星历解算的GEO卫星位置误差最大在40 m左右,IGSO卫星位置误差最大在9 m左右,MEO卫星位置误差最大在5 m左右。GPS、Galileo、BDS速度误差在1 mm/s内,GLONASS速度误差在2 mm/s内。     

北斗三号全球卫星导航系统空间信号精度评估

针对北斗三号 (BDS-3)正式开通后的空间信号精度情况,选取2020-08-01—2021-07-31共 1 a的混合广播星历数据,以德国波茨坦地学研究中心(GFZ)和武汉大学国际GNSS服务(IGS)数据中心(WHU)提供的精密星历为参考分别从轨道精度、钟差精度和空间信号测距误差(SISRE)来进行BDS-3的空间信号精度评估. 结果表明:BDS-3的轨道精度在径向(R)、切向(A)、法向(C)三个方向上分别优于0.100 m、0.405 m、0.547 m,钟差精度优于1.926 ns,仅受轨道影响的SISRE (orb)为0.134 m,SISRE为0.612 m. 地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星的SISRE为1.137 m,倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星和中圆地球轨道(MEO)卫星的SISRE相比GEO卫星分别减少36.3%、51.3%.      

北斗卫星导航系统的空间信号精度评估

针对卫星导航定位系统空间信号精度能否满足用户需求的问题,该文基于IGS MGEX发布的2016年连续100d的实测数据以及GBM分析中心的精密卫星轨道及钟差产品对北斗卫星广播星历误差、轨道精度以及空间信号距离误差进行统计分析。结果表明:北斗系统的IGSO和MEO卫星广播星历的均方根优于3m,GEO卫星广播星历误差RMSE优于5m;IGSO和MEO卫星广播星历轨道精度优于GEO卫星,且轨道误差在径向R精度最好;空间信号距离误差中,GEO卫星的SISRE均值优于1.5m,IGSO卫星的SISRE均值优于1.0m,MEO卫星的SISRE均值优于0.5m。由此反映出北斗空间信号稳定且精度逐渐提升。     

GPS/BeiDou/Galileo/GLONASS实时精密卫星钟差估计

基于GNSS(global navigation satellite system)非差观测量,利用双线程钟差加密的方法,本文实现了导航卫星实时钟差的逐秒更新。通过选取全球均匀分布的76个参考站对四系统钟差进行联合估计,并从实时轨道精度,解算效率,钟差精度和精密单点定位(precision point positioning,PPP)定位结果对该系统进行分析和评估。结果表明,GPS预报轨道径向精度为2.3 cm,GLONASS和Galileo预报轨道径向精度为3 cm和3.5 cm,北斗GEO、IGSO、MEO卫星预报轨道径向精度分别为31 cm,17 cm和5.3 cm;钟差统计结果表明,GPS实时钟差精度优于0.2 ns,GLONASS钟差精度优于0.4 ns,Galileo钟差精度优于0.3 ns,受轨道影响,北斗GEO实时钟差精度为0.6～1.0 ns,IGSO钟差精度为0.4～0.7 ns,MEO钟差精度为0.3～0.4 ns;PPP定位结果表明,解算钟差定位精度与事后钟差定位结果相当,平面精度在3 cm以下,高程精度在5 cm以下。     

北斗二号对北斗三号伪距单点定位精度影响分析

针对当前BDS-2/BDS-3组合定位性能,基于国际GNSS服务(IGS)跟踪站对BDS-2/BDS-3的组合定位实测数据,分析了北斗二号(BDS-2)不同类型卫星对北斗三号(BDS-3)卫星B1I、B3I与B1I/B3I双频组合伪距单点定位精度的影响. 经研究发现,BDS-2不同类型星座卫星都能有效改善BDS-3卫星可见数与卫星空间几何构型,地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星、倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星、中圆地球轨道(MEO)卫星使BDS-3单频和双频伪距单点定位精度的提升在20%以内,而全部BDS-2卫星使BDS-3单频和双频伪距单点定位精度的提升在30%以内,整体提升关系为:BDS-2全部卫星>IGSO卫星>GEO卫星>MEO卫星.      

星蚀期北斗卫星轨道性能分析——SLR检核结果

星蚀期北斗卫星的轨道性能是北斗卫星导航系统性能分析的重要部分。了解北斗卫星导航系统星历中星蚀期轨道的精度,不仅可为系统服务性能评估提供支持,还有助于了解星蚀期精密定轨中相关模型可能存在的问题,进而为精密定轨函数模型改进提供参考。本文基于2014年1月至2015年7月的卫星激光测距资料,重点分析了星蚀期对北斗不同类型卫星轨道的影响,同时也对北斗广播星历和精密星历中整体轨道径向精度进行检核。结果表明:星蚀期内(尤其是偏航机动期间),IGSO/MEO卫星的广播星历和精密星历轨道均存在明显的精度下降;广播星历轨道径向误差达1.5~2.0m,精密星历轨道径向误差超过10.0cm。但仅从轨道径向残差序列中难以发现星蚀期对GEO卫星轨道是否有显著影响。非星蚀期间,IGSO/MEO卫星和GEO卫星的广播星历轨道径向精度分别优于0.5 m和0.9 m。IGSO/MEO卫星的精密星历轨道径向精度优于10.0cm,GEO卫星的轨道径向精度约50.0cm,且存在40.0cm左右的系统性偏差。     

亚太地区BDS-3/GNSS组合系统单频单点定位性能分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)向全球提供定位、导航和授时(PNT)服务后的定位性能评估问题,基于MGEX (Multi-GNSS Experiment) WHU2站7天实测数据,从可视卫星数、几何精度衰减因子(GDOP)、定位精度、定位成功率和伪距残差方面分析了BDS-3及BDS/GNSS组合伪距单点定位(SPP)性能. 结果表明:在亚太地区,BDS-3具有比美国的GPS、俄罗斯的GLONASS、欧洲的Galileo更优的SPP性能,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为1.19 m、2.34 m、2.38 m,三维精度比北斗二号卫星导航系统(BDS-2)、GPS、GLONASS和Galileo 的SPP精度分别提升了54.8%、27.2%、86.4%和1.2%. 此外,BDS/GPS/Galileo组合能获得最优的SPP精度,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为0.96 m、1.66 m、1.77 m,相较于BDS-2/BDS-3 SPP分别提升了18.6%、19.4%和17.3%.      

BDS不同星座组合对亚太地区相对定位的影响

针对北斗卫星轨道的特殊性,该文选取2020年1月1日-10日均匀分布在全国的34个GNSS基准站数据,进行北斗GEO/IGSO/MEO星座组合精密定位研究,通过对标准化均方根误差(NRMS)、不同长度的基线标准差值(STD)、点位精度等方面进行分析,并与GPS静态基线解算结果进行对比.结果 表明:GEO+ MEO的基线...     

低轨卫星对导航卫星星座轨道测定的增强作用

首先分析了GRACE-A、GRACE-B、FY3C 3颗低地球轨道(low earth orbit,LEO)卫星对于提升北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS)卫星和GPS卫星可见性的影响,其中BDS中圆地球轨道(medium earth orbit,MEO)卫星的提高最为显著,一重覆盖弧段提高了45.7%,四重覆盖弧段提高了10.7%,与GPS卫星相当。然后利用卫星位置精度衰减因子(satellite position dilution of precision,SPDOP)分析了LEO卫星对导航卫星定轨观测几何结构的增强作用。加入LEO卫星后,BDS地球静止轨道(geostationary earth orbit,GEO)卫星SPDOP值下降了49%;倾斜地球同步轨道(inclined geosynchronous orbit,IGSO)卫星SPDOP值下降了39.8%;MEO卫星SPDOP值下降了34.9%;GPS卫星SPDOP值下降了41.2%。最后利用7个区域监测站和3颗LEO卫星的实测数据分析了LEO卫星对导航卫星轨道精度的提升,GPS卫星轨道的外符合一维均方根(one-dimensional root mean square,1D RMS)由14.4 cm提高到10.2 cm,提高了29.1%;BDS的GEO卫星轨道重叠弧段1D RMS由359.8 cm提高到90.5 cm,提高了74.8%;IGSO卫星由175.6 cm提高到52.1 cm,提高了70.3%;MEO卫星由90.5 cm提高到30.4 cm,提高了66%。     

多GNSS融合精密轨道确定与精度分析

采用MGEX和IGS跟踪网数据,基于PANDA软件实现了同一时空基准框架下的GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo四系统融合精密定轨,采用单天解边界不符值评定轨道精度。对2014年7月至12月6个多月的GNSS融合精密定轨精度、各单系统独立定轨精度进行比较,结果表明:GPS轨道精度与单系统定轨精度基本相当;GLONASS和BDS轨道精度均优于各单系统定轨精度,尤其是BDS卫星,其GEO、IGSO、MEO卫星平均三维轨道精度分别提高了24%、42%、63%;在多GNSS融合精密定轨中,Galileo卫星径向、法向、切向平均精度分别为9.53、8.20、20.17 cm。动态PPP验证结果表明:相比于单系统解算,多系统组合解可以显著加快收敛速度,同时提高了定位精度。     

Improving BeiDou precise orbit determination using observations of onboard MEO satellite receivers

In recent years, the precise orbit determination (POD) of the regional Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been a hot spot because of its special constellation consisting of five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites and five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites besides four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites since the end of 2012. GEO and IGSO satellites play an important role in regional BDS applications. However, this brings a great challenge to the POD, especially for the GEO satellites due to their geostationary orbiting. Though a number of studies have been carried out to improve the POD performance of GEO satellites, the result is still much worse than that of IGSO and MEO, particularly in the along-track direction. The major reason is that the geostationary characteristic of a GEO satellite results in a bad geometry with respect to the ground tracking network. In order to improve the tracking geometry of the GEO satellites, a possible strategy is to mount global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers on MEO satellites to collect the signals from GEO/IGSO GNSS satellites so as that these observations can be used to improve GEO/IGSO POD. We extended our POD software package to simulate all the related observations and to assimilate the MEO-onboard GNSS observations in orbit determination. Based on GPS and BDS constellations, simulated studies are undertaken for various tracking scenarios. The impact of the onboard GNSS observations is investigated carefully and presented in detail. The results show that MEO-onboard observations can significantly improve the orbit precision of GEO satellites from metres to decimetres, especially in the along-track direction. The POD results of IGSO satellites also benefit from the MEO-onboard data and the precision can be improved by more than 50% in 3D direction.     

北斗混合星座分层约束下的精密定轨方法

针对北斗导航卫星系统首创的GEO+IGSO+MEO混合星座设计,本文研究了根据不同星座,采取不同约束条件和数据处理策略的北斗卫星精密定轨方法,提出了一种针对北斗系统混合星座的分层约束精密定轨方案.该方案首先将北斗卫星分为非GEO(IGSO/MEO)和GEO两部分进行解算,利用GPS解算的公共参数对北斗IGSO/MEO精...     

北斗卫星导航系统广播星历精度分析

针对系统地评估我国北斗卫星导航系统广播星历精度与保障实时导航定位服务的需求,对BDS广播星历提供的卫星轨道、钟差以及用户测距误差(URE)的精度性能进行分析,统计了2015年连续4周全部BDS在轨健康卫星的广播星历各项精度指标值。分析结果表明:BDS的MEO和IGSO卫星轨道精度优于GEO卫星结果,且径向精度优于法向和切向精度;BDS搭载的国产星载铷钟卫星钟差序列相对比较稳定,其均方根误差优于4ns;GEO/IGSO卫星的用户距离误差(URE)在6m以内,MEO的URE优于20m。研究结果对北斗系统的建设、后期的发展和用户市场的拓展,都具有重要的参考价值。     

利用SLR数据进行北斗卫星广播星历精度分析

卫星激光测距（satellite laser ranging,SLR）作为一种完全独立于微波测量的测距方法,为GNSS（global navigation satellite system）广播星历精度评估提供了独立的外部检核手段。基于2013年4月~2014年7月的北斗卫星SLR数据,对北斗卫星导航系统正式提供服务后的广播星历精度进行了评估,推导了北斗地球静止轨道卫星激光残差近似表达式,分析了不同姿态模式下北斗倾斜地球同步轨道卫星、中圆地球轨道卫星激光残差特性。检核结果表明了参与国际激光联测的北斗卫星C01星广播星历精度为0.97 m、C08星为0.43 m、C10星为0.41 m、C11星为0.41 m。     

北斗卫星导航系统单星授时精度分析

为研究北斗卫星导航系统单星授时精度,本文基于GPS单星授时原理,结合北斗卫星多种类型星座特点,编写了BDS单星授时软件。利用iGMAS站数据进行了试验,在对原始数据进行监测并将异常信息剔除后,将授时结果与中国测绘科学研究院北斗分析中心（CGS）钟差文件进行比对,分析了BDS不同轨道卫星（GEO/IGSO/MEO）下的BDS单星授时精度。结果表明,GEO卫星的授时精度为27.39 ns,IGSO卫星的授时精度为18.37 ns,MEO卫星的授时精度为18.62 ns。     

GNSS satellite transmit power and its impact on orbit determination

Antenna thrust is a small acceleration acting on Global Navigation Satellite System satellites caused by the transmission of radio navigation signals. Knowledge about the transmit power and the mass of the satellites is required for the computation of this effect. The actual transmit power can be obtained from measurements with a high-gain antenna and knowledge about the properties of the transmit and receive antennas as well as losses along the propagation path. Transmit power measurements for different types of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou-2 satellites were taken with a 30-m dish antenna of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) located at its ground station in Weilheim. For GPS, total L-band transmit power levels of 50–240 W were obtained, 20–135 W for GLONASS, 95–265 W for Galileo, and 130–185 W for BeiDou-2. The transmit power differs usually only slightly for individual spacecraft within one satellite block. An exception are the GLONASS-M satellites where six subgroups with different transmit power levels could be identified. Considering the antenna thrust in precise orbit determination of GNSS satellites decreases the orbital radius by 1–27 mm depending on the transmit power, the satellite mass, and the orbital period.     

Precision real-time navigation of LEO satellites using global positioning system measurements

Continued advancements in remote sensing technology along with a trend towards highly autonomous spacecraft provide a strong motivation for accurate real-time navigation of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO). Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors nowadays enable a continuous tracking and provide low-noise radiometric measurements onboard a user spacecraft. Following the deactivation of Selective Availability a representative real-time positioning accuracy of 10 m is presently achieved by spaceborne global positioning system (GPS) receivers on LEO satellites. This accuracy can notably be improved by use of dynamic orbit determination techniques. Besides a filtering of measurement noise and other short-term errors, these techniques enable the processing of ambiguous measurements such as carrier phase or code-carrier combinations. In this paper a reference algorithm for real-time onboard orbit determination is described and tested with GPS measurements from various ongoing space missions covering an altitude range of 400–800 km. A trade-off between modeling effort and achievable accuracy is performed, which takes into account the limitations of available onboard processors and the restricted upload capabilities. Furthermore, the benefits of different measurements types and the available real-time ephemeris products are assessed. Using GPS broadcast ephemerides a real-time position accuracy of about 0.5 m (3D rms) is feasible with dual-frequency carrier phase measurements. Slightly inferior results (0.6–1 m) are achieved with single-frequency code-carrier combinations or dual-frequency code. For further performance improvements the use of more accurate real-time GPS ephemeris products is mandatory. By way of example, it is shown that the TDRSS Augmentation Service for Satellites (TASS) offers the potential for 0.1–0.2 m real-time navigation accuracies onboard LEO satellites.     

Precise orbit determination of BeiDou constellation: method comparison

Chinese BeiDou navigation satellite system is in official service as a regional constellation with five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites, five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites and four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. There are mainly two methods for precise orbit determination of the BeiDou constellation found in the current literatures. One is the independent single-system method, where only BeiDou observations are used without help from other GNSS systems. The other is the two-step GPS-assisted method where in the first step, GPS data are used to resolve some common parameters, such as station coordinates, receiver clocks and zenith tropospheric delay parameters, which are then introduced as known quantities in BeiDou processing in the second step. We conduct a thorough performance comparison between the two methods. Observations from the BeiDou experimental tracking stations and the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment network from January 1 to March 31, 2013, are processed with the Positioning and Navigation Data Analyst (PANDA) software. The results show that for BeiDou IGSO and MEO satellites, the two-step GPS-assisted method outperforms the independent single-system method in both internal orbit overlap precision and external satellite laser ranging validation. For BeiDou GEO satellites, the two methods show close performances. Zenith tropospheric delays estimated from the first method are very close to those estimated from GPS precise point positioning in the second method, with differences of several millimeters. Satellite clock estimates from the two methods show similar performances when assessing the stability of the BeiDou on board clocks.