斜坡平台波浪破碎数值模拟

波浪在斜坡地形上破碎,破波后稳定波高多采用物理模型试验方法进行研究,利用近岸波浪传播变形的抛物型缓坡方程和波能流平衡方程,导出了适用于斜坡上波浪破碎的数值模拟方法。首先根据波能流平衡方程和缓坡方程基本型式分析波浪在破波带内的波能变化和衰减率,推导了波浪传播模型中波能衰减因子和破波能量流衰减因子之间的关系;其次,利用陡坡地形上的高阶抛物型缓坡方程建立了波浪传播和波浪破碎数学模型;最后,根据物理模型试验实测数据对数值模拟的效果进行验证。数值计算与试验资料比较表明,该模型可以较好地模拟斜坡地形的波浪传播波高变化。     

粤东后江湾近岸长重力波特征分析

利用粤东后江湾近岸有限水深(包括碎波带)4个测点的压力波数据,依据波谱分析方法对4个测点的入射波有效波高、长重力有效波高、有效波陡、波面谱、谱宽度和谱尖度参量进行了统计和对比分析.分析认为,在近岸有限水深条件下,波浪由近岸(相对水深0.201)到破、碎波带运动过程中,(1)长重力波有效波高呈增大趋势,至破、碎波带位置增幅最为明显;(2)入射波有效波高至破、碎波带区域达到最大,在破波带外有限水深区域呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;(3)有效波陡、谱宽度参数呈增大趋势;(4)波浪内部能量向高、低频段发生转移,至破、碎波带区域转移程度最为明显,在峰值频率的高、低频段形成谱峰;长重力波谱强度在破、碎波带区域明显高于对应有限水深测点.     

海滩碎波带波能振荡的多尺度分析

对不同波况条件下实测的一岬间海滩碎波带两个上的波面数据,通过小波变换方法计算了小波谱,并作了显性检验。结果表明：（１）碎波带波能存在典型的多尺度振荡特性;（２）在正常波况下,波能主要分布于风浪频域,入射波自外测站向内测站传播过程中,能量具有向低频方向转移的趋势;（３）在高能波况下,能量均向长重力波频带增加,在长力波显尺度,二测站之间存在良好的位相一致关系。     

波控中等潮差海滩剖面时空变化过程研究

通过对一波控中等潮差海湾切线段 16个月海滩剖面数据,采用 EOF 分析提取了占数据总方差 91. 32 % 的前 3个空 间特征函数研究海滩剖面空间变化。结果发现第一空间特征函数指示了滩肩顶至碎波带海滩剖面变动逐渐增强的特征,是海 滩剖面变化的主要模式;第二空间特征函数指示了滩肩形成与消亡;第三空间特征函数指示了大潮高潮位的巨型滩角的存 在。通过对 EOF 分析得到的时间特征函数作连续功率谱分析,反映该海滩剖面波能在大小潮汐约半月潮周期、近塑望月潮 频率周期和大小潮汐约 2个月潮周期内对这些空间过程的控制,体现了这一波控中等潮差海岸近岸区,叠加在周期性潮汐之 上的波浪是海滩演变的主要动力因素,这在以前的研究中所忽略。     

中强潮海滩剖面冲淤过程研究——以北海银滩为例

揭示中、强潮砂质海滩在波浪和潮汐作用下的剖面冲淤变化过程是理解海岸演变及沿海防护工程设计与旅游资源规划的核心内容。以北部湾北海银滩为例,基于GIS-RTK获取区域2014年7月—2018年2月逐月剖面高程实测数据,结合水文资料分析银滩剖面在外在驱动作用下的变化特征及冲淤机制。结果表明:(1)银滩内滨区域处于净侵蚀状态,低潮带及其以浅区破波带以弱淤积为主,冲流带展现持续、恒定净淤积特征。(2)一年中有263天波浪可引起银滩-3.41 m水深以浅的泥沙频繁扰动,由此造成内滨剖面快速变化,波高0.3～0.5 m的波浪引起的泥沙扰动水深控制冲流带、破波带和低潮带的淤积过程。(3)潮位波动导致波浪作用下海床泥沙活动的范围出现差异,由此引起海滩由陆向海出现"强淤积-弱淤积-弱侵蚀"特征。(4)造成区域较大增水的台风可大幅度提高各级别波浪扰动范围,对银滩整体剖面造成侵蚀。     

冲流带海滩高频振动探讨

在粤东汕尾寮嘴口岬间海滩冲流带设置两条剖面,利用2003年10月13日一个潮周期实测高频剖面数据(采样间隔为1min和6min),分析了海滩的高频振动特征。并结合同期实测碎波带水位波动,探讨了海滩高频振动的动力原因。分析表明,此海滩过程主要以堆积为主,并表现有显著周期的振动：其日内变化受潮汐控制,表现为涨潮堆积、落潮侵蚀;波能对海滩高频振动过程有着重要的影响。     

海滩碎波带波能振荡的多尺度分析

对不同波况条件下实测的一岬间海滩碎波带两个测站的波面数据 ,通过小波变换方法计算了小波能谱 ,并作了显著性检验。结果表明 :( 1 )碎波带波能存在典型的多尺度振荡特性 ;( 2 )在正常波况下 ,波能主要分布于风浪频域 ,入射波自外测站向内测站传播过程中 ,能量具有向低频方向转移的趋势 ;( 3)在高能波况下 ,能量均向长重力波频带增加 ,在长重力波显著尺度 ,二测站之间存在良好的位相一致关系     

钦州湾人工海滩剖面变化过程

波浪和潮汐作用下的海滩剖面动态变化过程是海岸演变及沿海防护工程设计与旅游资源规划的核心内容。本文以广西钦州湾沙井半岛人工海滩为研究区, 基于GPS-RTK采集的2018年1月—2019年12月的逐月剖面高程实测数据, 通过分析剖面冲淤和单宽体积变化, 利用EOF(Empirical Orthogonal Function)函数揭示剖面的高程变化模式, 进而探讨海滩剖面的动态演变过程。研究的主要结果表明: 1) 在观测期间, 人工海滩剖面的冲淤情况整体展现出冬春季淤积、夏秋季侵蚀的变化特征; 2) 人工海滩剖面因泥沙横向输移而导致不同横向分带的单宽体积变化趋势呈差异性, 不同横向分带具有侵蚀与淤积交替出现的情况; 3) 人工海滩剖面的变化模式可划分为由强降雨及台风导致剖面高程明显降低的主要模式、波潮影响下的剖面高程经历强降雨及台风后逐渐淤积和恢复的次要模式、波浪破碎形成卷流引起滩面冲淤变化的其他模式。     

预测护岸海滩的波浪增水、沿岸流及沉积物搬运的分析模型

假定条件为浅水 ,波倾角小 ,并具有崩顶破浪现象。在破浪带由于反射波的能量增强而使入射波发生分散 ,使反射波能能够保存 ,在护岸前面形成部分持续波 ,引起辐射应力和底部应力的调制 ,从而导致波浪增水、沿岸流及沿岸沉积物的搬运。在较宽的破浪带形成的大量持续波会导致海滩坡度变缓 ,使调制的影响增强。总的水深坡度 (包括波浪增水 ) ,有护岸海滩比没有护岸的海滩要陡 ,沿岸流和沿岸的沉积物搬运受海堤垂岸位置的影响强烈 ,在坡度较陡的海滩上 ,总的沉积物的运移要小于自然海滩 ,而坡度较缓的海滩由部分持续浪造成的调制将非常重要 ,其输…     

沉积特征和波浪高度对描述海滩平衡剖面的形状参数的影响

形状参数可根据离岸距离和水深来确定海滩平衡剖面的形状。因此,形状参数应描绘所有环境因素对海滩剖面的影响,包括波浪气候和沉积物的特征。然而,所有的前人研究在定义形状参数时所考虑的只是沉积物的特征。本文研究的主要目的是在对海滩剖面定义时加上波浪气候因素,通过海浪波能在破波带上每单位体积的衰减速率来获取其对形状参数的影响。通过研究平衡状态下波浪衰减速率,形成了包括波浪气候和沙滩颗粒大小两种参数的海滩平衡剖面的新的定义理论。研究发现,沉积物的颗粒大小和波浪高度对海滩的形状参数的值有着显著的影响,而波浪周期的影响可忽略不计。通过能量守恒,也可获取在宏观尺度上波浪能量的强度对不同粒度大小的海滩剖面的影响。研究结果可用来解释两个任意拥有相同的沉积粒度海滩剖面,却有着不同的海滩剖面的组成结构。总之,本文通过增加波浪高度因素来定义形状参数,发展了Moore（1982）给出的海滩剖面的描述参数。     

崇明岛南侧盐沼潮滩消能状态研究

沿海盐沼潮滩可以有效降低波浪高度,耗散波浪能量,在海岸防护和沿海城市安全中扮演着重要角色。以长江河口崇明岛南侧盐沼潮滩为对象,基于不同潮间带实测波浪变化数据,采用波能衰减模型对波浪横向沿潮滩衰减状态进行定量分析,由此探讨波浪衰减主控要素。结果表明:波浪沿盐沼潮滩向岸传播过程中,波高以及波能大幅下降,其中光滩—芦苇前部区域波能平均下降19%,芦苇区域波能平均下降71%,有植被覆盖区域对波浪的衰减效应更为显著。同时,水深、入射波高及阻力是影响盐沼潮滩波浪衰减的主要因素,波浪衰减强度随水深增大而减小,入射波高增加以及阻力的增大而增强。     

Non-hydrostatic modeling of surf zone wave dynamics

Non-hydrostatic models such as Surface WAves till SHore (SWASH) resolve many of the relevant physics in coastal wave propagation such as dispersion, shoaling, refraction, dissipation and nonlinearity. However, for efficiency, they assume a single-valued surface and therefore do not resolve some aspects of breaking waves such as wave overturning, turbulence generation, and air entrainment. To study the ability of such models to represent nonlinear wave dynamics and statistics in a dissipative surf zone, we compare simulations with SWASH to flume observations of random, unidirectional waves, incident on a 1:30 planar beach. The experimental data includes a wide variation in the incident wave fields, so that model performance can be studied over a large range of wave conditions. Our results show that, without specific calibration, the model accurately predicts second-order bulk parameters such as wave height and period, the details of the spectral evolution, and higher-order statistics, such as skewness and asymmetry of the waves. Monte Carlo simulations show that the model can capture the principal features of the wave probability density function in the surf zone, and that the spectral distribution of dissipation in SWASH is proportional to the frequency squared, which is consistent with observations reported by earlier studies. These results show that relatively efficient non-hydrostatic models such as SWASH can be successfully used to parametrize surf zone wave processes.     

On low-frequency waves in the surf and swash

Low-frequency waves in the surf and swash zones on various beach slopes are discussed using numerical simulations. Simulated surface elevations of both primary waves and low-frequency waves across the surf zone were first compared with experimental data and good agreement found. Low-frequency wave characteristics are then discussed in terms of their physical nature and their relationship to the primary wave field on a series of sea bottom slopes. Unlike primary waves, low-frequency wave energy increases towards the shoreline. Low-frequency waves in the surf and swash are a function of incident waves and the sea bottom slope and hence the saturation level of the surf zone. Wave energy on a gently sloping beach is dominated by low-frequency waves while primary waves play a significant role on a steep beach. Low-frequency wave radiation from the surf zone on a given beach depends on primary wave frequency and beach slope. However, a very poor correlation was found between surf similarity parameter and low-frequency wave radiation.     

粤东后江湾冲流带滩面高频振动及动力作用分析

利用涌浪影响下短时段内的冲流带滩面高频高程数据和碎波带波流资料,在奇异谱分析(SSA)的基础上,对比研究了不同形态滩面的冲淤变化趋势、趋势分布形状、冲淤变化周期和冲淤变化强度,以及同一条剖面不同桩点间各因素间的变化关系;用交叉谱方法探索了每分钟滩面高频冲淤变化与碎波带长重力波间的作用关系。分析结果表明,滩角韵律地形引起的冲流分流作用促进了滩脊向滩谷的泥沙转运,冲流带滩面存在明显的长重力波频段的周期性冲淤振动,滩面冲淤振动强度由滩面下部向上部递减,碎波带长重力波对滩面高频冲淤变化起重要作用。     

长江河口潮波特征的年内变化分析

对于径流变化明显的大型河口,其入射潮波受到径流季节性变化的显著影响。以往多关注洪枯季的特征对比,对年内变化过程的讨论还不充分。本文以长江河口潮波为例,基于潮区界以下多站位年内连续的实测逐时潮位资料,分析了潮差及其衰减速率、涨落潮历时等参数的时空变化特征,认识到长江河口潮波沿程特征除洪枯季差异外,还存在显著的逐月变化差异,重点关注镇江到江阴的过渡段,认识到三江营到魏村闸段在低径流月份的平均潮差衰减速率远低于其相邻上下段,仅为其三分之一。涨潮历时从河口段向近口段的递减存在拐点,到了江阴附近后,不再线性减小。并从典型径流量、沿程差异、河宽束窄等角度分析原因。     

珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化实验研究

通过波浪水槽实验对珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演变规律开展研究,实验采用了概化的岸礁模型,测试了4种礁坪水深、4种礁前斜坡坡度和一系列入射波高的组合工况。对破碎带宽度和破碎带附近波浪的入射、反射、透射以及能量耗散进行了测量分析,透射波的计算考虑了礁坪上高次谐波的影响。结果表明:礁坪水深和入射深水波高的比值(即礁坪相对水深)是影响岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化的关键参数,而礁前斜坡坡度的影响在本文测量的范围内可以忽略不计。破碎带宽度与礁坪上浅水波波长为同一数量级,并与礁坪相对水深成反比;透射系数随礁坪相对水深的增大呈线性增长,而反射系数的变化却无类似规律;岸礁能够削弱超过50%入射波能,礁坪相对水深越小,波浪破碎造成的能量耗散越大。     

Tidal asymmetry in suspended sand transport on a macrotidal intermediate beach

Time-series of nearbed horizontal flow velocities and suspended sediment concentrations obtained from a colocated electromagnetic current meter (EMCM) and optical backscatter sensor (OBS), respectively, are used to examine the relative importance of steady and fluctuating components to the total sediment transport over a full tidal cycle on a macrotidal, intermediate beach (Spurn Head, UK). Fluctuating sediment fluxes are decomposed into gravity and infragravity contributions using co-spectral techniques. The relative importance of the oscillatory (gravity and infragravity) and steady (mean) transport components to the total sediment transport is analysed throughout the tidal cycle.

A continuum of 34 discrete suspended sediment-cross-shore velocity co-spectra are computed over a full tidal cycle for the OBS and EMCM measurements 0.10 m above the bed. These net transport spectra vary greatly both with cross-shore location and tidal state. In particular, a marked asymmetry in transport processes is evident between the flood and ebb tides, with high levels of sediment resuspension and transport occurring on the ebbing tide approximately two hours after high water (just seaward of the breakpoint). At this time the dominant transport was directed offshore (co-spectral peak, 0.04 kg/m²/s) at incident wave frequency.

Typical patterns are observed in transport spectra outside the surf zone and within the inner surf zone. Outside the narrow surf zone cross-shore transport spectra show weak offshore transport (co-spectral peak = 0.002 kg/m²/s) associated with bound long waves and stronger onshore transport (co-spectral peak = 0.006 kg/m²/s) at incident wave frequencies. Conversely, co-spectra computed within the inner surf zone show the offshore sediment fluxes (spectral peak = 0.010 kg/m²/s) at infragravity frequencies to be greater in magnitude than the corresponding onshore transport (co-spectral peak = 0.008 kg/m²/s) occurring at incident wave frequencies.     

Morphodynamics of a bar-trough surf zone

A field study was made of the distinguishing morphodynamic processes operating in a surf zone which perennially exhibits accentuated bar-trough topography (the “longshore-bar-trough” and “rhytmic-bar-and-beach” states as described by Wright and Short, 1984). Characteristic features of the morphology include a shallow bar with a steep shoreward face, a deep trough, and a steep beach face. This morphology, which is favored by moderate breaker heights and small tidal ranges, strongly controls the coupled suite of hydrodynamic processes. In contrast to fully dissipative surf zones, the bar-trough surf zone is not at all saturated and oscillations at incident wave frequency remain dominant from the break point to the subaerial beach. The degree of incident wave groupiness does not change appreciably across the surf zone. Infragravity standing waves which, in dissipative surf zones, dominate the inshore energy, remain energetically secondary and occur at higher frequencies in the bar trough surf zone. Analyses of the field data combined with numerical simulations of leaky mode and edge wave nodal—antinodal positions over observed surf-zone profiles, indicate that the frequencies which prevail are favored by the resonant condition of antinodes over the bar and nodes in the trough. Standing waves which would have nodes over the bar are suppressed. Sediment resuspension in the surf zone appears to be largely attributable to the incident waves which are the main source of bed shear stress. In addition, the extra near-bottom eddy viscosity provided by the reformed, non-breaking waves traversing the trough significantly affects the vertical velocity profile of the longshore current. Whereas the bar is highly mobile in terms of onshore—offshore migration rates, the beach face and inner regions of the trough are remarkably stable over time.