Ecological Carrying Capacity and Green Development in the “Belt and Road” Initiative Region

Since the 1970s, resource crisis, environmental pollution and ecological degradation have become prominent globally, and the limits to growth have always been an important theoretical and policy issue. The technological system of early warning and regulation based on carrying capacity evaluation has great potential in natural resource utilization, environmental management and ecosystem conservation. In this paper, the evolution of carrying capacity research and the concept of ecological carrying capacity are summarized, and the existing evaluation methods of ecological carrying capacity are classified into ecological footprint method, comprehensive index system method, ecosystem service analysis method and human appropriation of net primary productivity method. The current problems in ecological carrying capacity study were analyzed and the trend was outlooked. Combined with the special issue, the recent proceeding of ecological carrying capacity study in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) region was narrated, from the aspects of ecological carrying capacity evaluation method and application, the supply and consumption of ecosystem services, and the resources use and environment change. Some suggestions have been proposed to improve the accuracy and reliability of ecological carrying capacity evaluation: 1) the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamic change of ecological carrying capacity should be explored furtherly; 2) the interaction between ecological process and human activities should be simulated; 3) factors such as climate change, human activities and ecological products and ecological service flows should be integrated into the evaluation system of ecological carrying capacity.     

Characteristics of Agricultural and Livestock Products Trade Flows between China and the “Belt and Road” Initiative Region: From the Perspective of Biocapacity

In the context of global ecological overload, international trade has become one of the most important ways to make up for the ecological deficit. This study takes the “Belt and Road” Initiative as the study area to analyze the biocapacity and ecological footprint characteristics between China and other countries along the “Belt and Road” Initiative. Trade flow characteristics were explored from the perspective of biocapacity. The import and export of virtual land was used to assess the effect of trade on compensating for the resource gaps in crop and grazing land. The main results show that: 1) In 2005-2014, the majority of “Belt and Road” countries were experiencing increasing degrees of overload. In China, cropland takes up the largest proportion of biocapacity, while the ecological footprint is dominated by the carbon footprint. 2) The trade flow of agricultural and livestock products in the mainland of China shows a trend of increasing imports and decreasing exports, which increases dependence on specific regions. 3) In 2005-2014, China’s trade in cereals and oil crops along the “Belt and Road” Initiative were generally net imports, and the share of cereals traded along the “Belt and Road” Initiative is increasing gradually, but that of oil crops decreased rapidly. 4) The import trade has alleviated ecological deficit, as the selected products compensated for 1.03 times of the cropland deficit and 0.65 times of the grazing land deficit in China. This study is helpful to understand the relationship between the land use and trade deeply, and provide decision-making references for reducing ecological deficits, optimizing land resource allocation, and promoting win-win cooperation among China and other countries in the “Belt and Road” Initiative.     

“一带一路”沿线跨境技术并购网络格局演化特征——以高科技企业标的为例

技术并购是企业获取先进知识和培育新兴市场的重要方式,对“一带一路”创新之路的建设具有重要影响。论文基于高科技企业标的数据,借助社会网络分析、GIS技术以及零膨胀负二项模型等方法,对“一带一路”沿线跨境技术并购网络格局演化特征进行探讨。结果表明：①沿线跨境技术并购网络联系有增强增密趋势,但网络化水平不高,参与国家（地区）数量、并购路径、网络密度等指标均有待提升。②以电子信息业为主导的网络行业格局趋向多元化,归属非高科技行业的企业也逐渐广泛参与到网络建构中,特别是中国香港、新加坡的金融业并购方的数量大幅增多。③网络空间格局异质性显著,中国、印度、东南亚是发起/接收跨境技术并购联系的核心地与增长区,相比之下中东欧在网络中的优势地位未能保持,中亚及里海周边地区发出联系的能力仍旧较弱。④研究期内,国家（地区）间地理、宗教以及历史的邻近性是驱动网络演化的积极因素,而国家（地区）的经济市场规模与和平稳定程度在2013—2017年只对跨境技术并购联系的接收产生积极影响,科技发展水平只对联系的发出产生积极影响。     

Research on Ecological Restoration Technology in Arid or Semi-arid Areas from the Perspective of the Belt and Road Initiative

In the new era of the rapid development of economic globalization and the community of human destiny, the implementation of the “One Belt and One Road” (OBOR) construction model is designed to coordinate environmental protection and economic development. Most of the countries along the Silk Road in the 21st century are developing countries, and the majority of them are facing the same ecological and developmental difficulties as China. In this paper, under the background of the “OBOR” strategy and on the basis of the distribution of global climate types, we selected Central Asia and Northwest China, which have temperate continental climates, as the research objects. We sorted out and summarized the main ecological problems faced by Western China and Central Asia during the development of the “Belt and Road” initiative. At the same time, in combination with the major ecological governance projects implemented in recent years, we proposed key ecological governance technologies that have a certain degree of scalability, such as key technologies for water resource utilization and protection, sand prevention and control, and saline-alkali land governance. The aim was to offer the experiences and a reference for providing technological models for the “one belt along the road” region and the country to build an effective ecological governance system. Two suggestions are then proposed for improving the feasibility and rationality of ecological governance technology in the construction of the “One Belt, One Road”. 1) With the implementation of the strategy of “OBOR” construction, the ecological threats the OBOR countries are facing cannot be ignored. Every country needs to jointly act to build an “OBOR” ecological civilization. 2) The participants must pay attention to the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of ecological carrying capacity, and provide data reference and support for the reasonable allocation of ecological governance technology.     

历史地理视角下丝绸之路空间格局及影响研究

已有的“一带一路”相关研究已逐步引起了学界对历史文化资源于今日发展影响的关注,然而作为“一带一路”倡议的历史依托和出发点,丝绸之路相关量化研究仍处于起步阶段。从文明的角度来说,如何认识丝绸之路是当代中国理解全球的关键。运用OLS、Logistic回归等手段,定量探讨了丝绸之路路线的形成动因以及其对历史及当代的影响。结果表明：① 丝绸之路道路密度分布总体处于波动状态,在以罗马、长安、大都为代表的交通网络起始点以及撒马尔罕、塔什干为代表的内线重要中转枢纽处密度数值大幅提高。② 作为商业贸易通道,丝绸之路路线选择影响最大的因素是地理因子,主要倾向于低坡度、高起伏度的地区,这一点在中亚复杂山地地形中表现得尤为明显。③ 丝绸之路的开辟与通畅,对当时社会经济、城市发展起到了显著的作用。丝绸之路道路密度同距最近海岸距离、纬度、历史文明指数等指标一道构成了古代城市分布的主要影响因素。④ 丝绸之路对区域经济发展的正面影响具有一定的持续性,其对今日经济的发展仍起着难以否认的支撑作用。丝绸之路道路密度每增加1%,所在区域夜间灯光指数增加0.373。本文通过横跨历史学、地理学、经济学的探索能够很好地提供差异化理论视角和技术手段助益,为相关研究的开展起到一定的参考与启发作用,同时也为“一带一路”相关理论的完善提供理论支撑与历史证明。     

Analysis of Water Resources Carrying Capacity of the “Belt and Road” Initiative Countries based on Virtual Water Theory

Most countries along the route of the “Belt and Road” initiative are faced with a shortage of water resources. However, successful implementation of the initiative depends on water availability to support economic and social development. We designed a water resources carrying capacity evaluation index system, assigned grades and weights to each evaluation index and calculated a water resources carrying index for the 65 countries along the route. We used virtual water theory to analyze China’s net virtual water import from key bulk agricultural products through international trade. For more than half of the countries along the route, their water resources will be unable to support the economic development that will be necessary for fulfilling the goals of the Initiative. As a country with insufficient water resources carrying capacity, China is a net virtual water importer in the virtual water trade. This virtual water trade can improve China’s water resources support capacity, and ensure China’s water and food security for the future.     

天山北坡城市群城市综合承载力评价

天山北坡城市群是新疆打造丝绸之路经济带核心区的重要载体和节点。以新疆“十二五”规划中天山北坡经济带所覆盖的12个城市为研究对象,从人口、生态环境、资源、经济、公共服务、交通等6个维度构建评价体系,运用改进的熵值法、变异系数等对2011-2013年天山北坡城市群城市综合承载力进行分析。结果表明:天山北坡城市群城市综合承载力空间分异明显且呈固化趋势;资源和经济是造成各城市综合承载力差距的主要原因;生态环境与资源为承载力首要制约因素且二者均超载严重;城市群生态-生产-生活承载力耦合协调度整体有所改善,但情况依旧较差。     

“一带一路”倡议背景下亚投行设立对中国海外投资的影响研究

2008年全球金融危机以来,中国对外直接投资迅速增长;近年来“一带一路”倡议进一步推动了中国企业的海外投资。在此背景下,很多研究探讨了中国对外直接投资的影响因素。然而,鲜有研究关注亚投行对中国海外投资区位选择的叠加影响。本文基于全球130个国家的数据,运用面板回归和双重差分等模型,考察中国对“一带一路”沿线国家和非“一带一路”沿线国家投资的影响因素,着重分析亚投行设立对中国海外投资的影响。研究发现,亚投行对于中国对“一带一路”沿线国家和非“一带一路”沿线国家投资的影响有所差异——在“一带一路”沿线国家中,中国海外投资更多集中在亚投行成员国;在非“一带一路”沿线国家中,中国向亚投行国家和非亚投行国家的对外直接投资没有显著差异。这表明,“一带一路”沿线的亚投行成员国是中国“一带一路”沿线海外投资的主要目的地。这可能是由于亚投行国家作为出资方,其金融和投资环境更为优越、对中国投资更为友好,因此对于推动“一带一路”建设更为积极,对中国海外投资的吸引力更强。此外,东道国GDP和制度环境对中国在“一带一路”沿线国家的投资也有重要影响,而地理距离、技术水平、自然资源和贸易联系的影响不大。     

大敦煌旅游圈生态消耗与承载力评估（英文）

大敦煌地区过去百年经历过因耕地扩张、生态移民和修建水库等人为因素导致的生态退化,目前通过各类生态工程的恢复,生态恶化趋势有所减缓。保障大敦煌文化旅游经济圈的开发建设不威胁生态安全,是区域可持续发展规划的重中之重。本研究基于生态系统的供给与消耗的平衡关系,评估大敦煌地区生态消耗的压力,分析生态承载状态的格局及变化趋势。研究结果表明：（1）2000年之后,大敦煌生态供给量呈波动增长的趋势。在整个生态系统当中,农田生态系统提供了超过55%的生态供给量,供给能力相对较高的地区集中在少量的河谷地带。（2）大敦煌地区生产消耗压力较大,生产消耗强度已在2014年超过生态供给量。大敦煌生产消耗结构以畜牧业生产消耗为主,占生产消耗总量的65%以上。（3）大敦煌地区2000–2017年生态承载力一直处于富余的状态,由于快速增长的旅游人口敦煌市在2017年承载压力状态转变为盈余。这意味着大敦煌地区亟待通过生态友好型产业缓解牧业生产对生态系统的压力,注重开发以牧区生态文化服务功能为主的旅游资源也有助于消除由于旅游人口高度集中于敦煌市导致的局域性生态资源供需不平衡。     

基于生态足迹的天山北坡经济带生态承载力评价与预测

生态承载力是测度区域社会经济发展对资源与环境系统压力程度的重要标尺。基于生态足迹法,构建生态承载力的评价与预测模型,分别评价和预测了2010年与2015年天山北坡经济带的生态足迹和承载力。结果表明：2010年天山北坡经济带生态足迹组分以草地和能源用地为主,约占足迹总量的93%,人均生态承载力总体高于人均生态足迹;2015年生态承载状况仍然总体盈余。但随着人口快速增长以及人均消费能力提高,2015年人均生态承载力已经低于2010年水平,城镇化对未利用地的开发形成用地总量供给的增加可能是维持生态盈余的主要原因之一。经济发展与城镇化进程对区域可持续发展造成一定压力,需要对资源环境承载能力加强监测预警。     

中国西北“水三线”空间格局与水资源配置方略

水是西北地区可持续发展的生命线,中国西北地区占国土总面积35.9%,水资源约占全国水资源总量的5.7%。从水文气象、生态景观与社会经济的演变角度,面向水资源优化配置、生态环境与社会经济协调发展,探索提出西北“水三线”的划分格局,即“胡焕庸线”“阳关线”和“奇策线”。“水三线”是西北水资源合理开发利用的优化配置线、西北生态文明与环境保护的特征分区线、“一带一路”建设的战略制导线和边疆长治久安、社会稳定的国家安全线。针对西北地区水资源开发利用存在的问题、面临的挑战以及西北稳定发展的地理与历史之忧,本文通过对西北调水方案的初步分析,提出了西北“水三线”建设的空间格局与水资源配置方略,即通过建设南水北调大西线这一重大的基础工程,跨越“胡焕庸线”,促进中国东西部地区间适度均衡发展;跨越“阳关线”,促进河西走廊社会经济发展;跨越“奇策线”,增强新疆水资源及环境承载能力,建设和谐美丽、长治久安的西北边疆,形成以西北“水三线”建设为构架的水资源梯度配置格局,支撑西北地区经济社会稳定发展、生态文明建设,促进国土资源、人口分布、产业经济的空间均衡、优化布局、协调发展,为“一带一路”建设提供水资源保障。     

“一带一路”背景下的中国与伊朗贸易结构与潜力分析

“一带一路”倡议为中国与沿线国家的贸易提供了一个新的平台。伊朗是“一带一路”倡议的节点国家,研究中伊贸易结构与潜力不仅可以深化两国经贸合作,更有助于推动我国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易往来。基于此,该文利用2010—2016年中伊双边贸易数据,结合比较优势指数、互补性指数以及劳伦斯指数,从多个角度深入分析两国贸易的结构;其次通过建立引力模型,评估中伊双边贸易潜力。研究结果表明：1）2010—2016年中国对伊朗出口贸易额增加48.01%,促使双边贸易逐渐趋于平衡;2）伊朗较好地发挥了对中贸易的互补优势,而中国未能发挥对伊贸易中石料等产品的互补优势;3）中伊双边贸易产品出口结构年际变化呈明显不规律性;4）中伊贸易潜力缩小16.89%,双边商品贸易发展空间有限,需要开拓新的贸易类型。研究认为未来中伊两国需要建立贸易应急备案,增强贸易互信,加大文化交流,借助“一带一路”平台实现创新驱动,寻求双边贸易新的增长点。     

内蒙古草地资源的生态足迹及其可持续利用分析

可持续性可通过区域生态足迹水平进行衡量。采用净初级生产力构建了内蒙古各盟(市)草地资源的均衡因子和产量因子。以每5 a为一期,测算了内蒙古草地1990—2020年的生态足迹,并结合人口分布数据刻画了生态足迹的空间分布状况;在此基础上应用土地可持续模型评价了内蒙古草地资源的可持续性。结果表明:(1)内蒙古各盟(市)草地的产量因子差异较大,整体呈东高西低的特点。(2)生态承载力在空间上也呈东高西低特点,30 a人均生态承载力整体呈小幅度下降趋势。(3)人均生态足迹逐期上升,2000—2005年由生态盈余转变为生态赤字。生态足迹较高的区域集中在通辽市、锡林浩特市、二连浩特市、乌兰察布市南部和鄂尔多斯市东部地区。(4)内蒙古草地资源可持续性逐期下降,由1990年的中度可持续性退化为2020年的弱不可持续性。可持续性退化严重的区域集中在呼和浩特市、包头市和乌海市。研究结果旨在为内蒙古草地资源的可持续利用提供可靠的理论基础。     

Research on the Patterns and Evolution of Ecosystem Service Consumption in the “Belt and Road”

With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development, the study of ecosystem service consumption (ESC) has become a hot topic in ecological research. Based on FAOSTAT data, in this study the patterns, composition and evolution of ESC and ecosystem service consumption patterns (ESCP) in the “Belt and Road” were revealed on the total and regional scales, taking consumed-biomass as a main indicator. Three main conclusions were reached. 1) The total ESC was mainly contributed from farmland ecosystems along the “Belt and Road” , followed by grassland ecosystems. The ESC indicators on the whole system scale fluctuated, but increased from year 2000 to year 2016. The total ESC increased from 12911.89 Tg yr ^-1 to 16810.00 Tg yr ^-1, and the annual per capita consumption of ecosystem services increased from 3.3228 million g p ^-1 yr ^-1 to 3.6392 million g p ^-1 yr ^-1. 2) The ESC, composition and evolution varied significantly among countries, zones and ecosystems. The annual per capita ESC was highest in Mongolia on the national scale, and highest in Central and Eastern Europe and lowest in Southeast Asia on zone scale, which represented the results from the joint effects of regional resource endowments, consumption habits, levels of productive forces, and other factors. 3) Higher farmland ESC was the dominant ESCP, which accounted for about 76.7% of the total area along the “Belt and Road”, followed by higher farmland + higher grassland ESC, which accounted for about 19.0% of the total area. The other consumption patterns (i.e., those of higher grassland ESC, higher forestland ESC or higher farmland + higher forest + higher grassland ESC) were found in only a few countries. The ESCP may be related to higher regional population density or the higher proportions of developing countries. Therefore, to realize sustainable social, economic and ecological development, and to improve people's well-being, countries along the “Belt and Road” should take advantage of their own resources in developing industries, actively expand trade, achieve mutual benefits and win-win situations, and adjust and optimize consumption patterns of ecosystem services. This study can provide data support for further research on the mechanism of ESCP formation this area.     

基于生态足迹模型的南宁市生态承载力分析

生态足迹模型是用于计算人类生态消费、衡量生态可持续性发展的一种定量方法。本文运用此方法对广西南宁市2009年生态足迹和生态承载力进行了测算,并将之与其他区域进行对比分析,得出了南宁市当前社会资源的供给与需求存在严峻的矛盾,进而提出了减轻生态赤字、加强可持续发展的措施和建议,试为该区可持续发展战略的实施提供科学决策依据。     

甘肃省水资源生态足迹和生态承载力时空特征

基于水资源生态足迹模型,核算了甘肃全省及14个市(州)2003—2017年的水资源生态足迹和生态承载力,在此基础上计算出其生态盈亏和生态足迹强度,并对其时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)2003—2017年甘肃省水资源生态足迹远大于生态承载力,导致水资源处于生态赤字状态,但水资源生态足迹总体上呈缓慢下降趋势,水资源生态承载力呈波动上升态势,生态赤字的变化趋势与生态承载力基本一致,而水资源生态足迹强度呈逐年下降趋势,说明甘肃省水资源利用效率不断提高,供需矛盾有所缓解;(2)生产用水尤其是农业用水是最大的足迹账户,且呈下降趋势;生态用水足迹虽然占比很低,但呈快速增长态势,用水结构趋向合理;(3)水资源生态足迹的区域差异明显,整体上呈现从西北向东南递减的分布趋势。水资源生态足迹强度的区域差异也较大,但呈缩小的态势;(4)水资源生态承载力的区域差异也十分显著,其高水平区和较高水平区空间分布相对稳定,呈现出向低值区发展的趋势;(5)水土资源匹配不合理,土地资源少而分散的甘南高原和陇南山地水资源生态盈余较大,而土地资源丰富的河西地区水资源生态赤字严重。     

邵阳市生态足迹的动态变化研究

生态足迹是近年来测度生态可持续发展的一种定量方法,也是一种用来度量人类活动对生态系统压力和响应的一条新途径。通过对邵阳市2000—2004年的生态足迹进行了定量计算,结论为：邵阳市2000～2004年人均生态足迹均高于期间的人均生态承载力且每年的生态赤字平均为-0．331hm^2;从生态足迹结构组成来看,邵阳市消费集中在粮食和能源消费上;从时间变化来看,邵阳市的人均生态足迹、人均生态承载力、总生态足迹、总生态承载力、生态赤字均呈减少趋势。并利用GM（1,1）模型对邵阳市的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了建模预测,试图为邵阳市相关部门进行人口增长的控制、自然资源利用等决策提供参考。     

2001~2013年中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易网络分析

采用社会网络的分析方法分析了“一带一路”沿线国家贸易网络的基本特征以及贸易网络组团的结构变化,贸易网络的核心边缘及其演化情况,并在最后对中国与东南亚国家的子贸易网络进行了核心边缘分析。结果表明：“一带一路”沿线国家贸易网络密度增强,中国在“一带一路”沿线国家贸易网络中的核心度在逐渐提高,在2013年已经成为最核心的国家,且在中国与东南亚国家构成的子贸易网络中,中国也成为了最核心的国家。     

长江经济带绿色生态廊道建设研究

长江及其流域生态环境保护是长江经济带建设的基础和重要的支撑保障。长江横贯中国东中西三大地带,水量丰沛、水生态系统服务价值巨大。长江经济带生态区位重要,生态系统类型多样,生物多样性丰富,自然与人为因素影响下的生态环境变化呈现明显的区域差异。本文在系统分析长江经济带生态环境现状特征的基础上,总结了长江经济带面临的灾害威胁大、环境污染重和生态退化快等主要生态环境问题与威胁,提出了建设长江经济带绿色生态保障工程体系,加快形成开发集约集中、生态自然开敞的国土空间开发格局,加大生态系统完整性和连通性建设与保护力度,强化节能减排和流域环境综合治理,以及率先建立和完善生态文明制度体系等生态环境保护总体策略,确保长江经济带成为“水清地绿天蓝”的绿色生态走廊。     

“一带一路”下旅游文化产业的大数据体系架构与实施途径研究

本文探究“一带一路”旅游大数据的产业创新体系架构,明确“旅游文化建设、旅游消费习性培育、跨域资源协作”等产业创新路径,明晰沿线各国的文化融合途径,构建以“文化通”为内涵的旅游大数据体系。通过文献梳理、质化研究和实时数据分析,建构适用性旅游大数据架构,解决“一带一路”旅游文化产业中的信息稀疏、习性碎片化和诚信不足等现实困难,助力沿线各国的旅游发展新局面。借鉴应用系统工程中霍尔三维支撑理论,从知识、时间和逻辑三个维度,搭建新时代条件下旅游业态的以价值集聚、诚信保护和旅游文化传承为核心的创新途径支持体系,为旅游经济管理理论,提供了一个全新的研究视角。