水力内割刀与可退式捞矛在打捞深孔事故钻杆中的应用

采用水力式割刀分段割断事故钻杆,可退式捞矛捞取事故钻杆的处理方法,快捷、安全、经济地处理了招远栾家河金矿区47ZK3孔深孔跑钻事故。结合该工程实例,介绍了水压式割刀和可退式捞矛的使用方法,并与传统的反丝钻杆和丝锥锥捞处理方法进行了比较。     

煤矿井下钻孔内瓦斯浓度监测传感器研制

当前,煤矿井下钻孔作业时,瓦斯监测系统只能反映钻孔孔口处瓦斯抽采量,无法获得钻孔内某个区段的瓦斯抽采效果, 随着煤矿井下瓦斯抽采钻孔孔深增加,沿钻孔长度方向瓦斯抽采效果出现明显分区,不同孔深处有效抽采半径出现较大差异,导致煤矿井下瓦斯抽采钻孔布置难度较大,不确定性增加。针对此问题,设计一种煤矿井下钻孔内瓦斯浓度监测传感器,该传感器基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy,TDLAS)原理,可实现钻孔内多点同时在线监测,保证了孔内无源,实现了本质安全。首先,分析TDLAS瓦斯测量基本原理,从气体分子吸收光谱原理出发,介绍了激光光源的选择,并根据比尔?朗伯定律推算瓦斯气体浓度解算公式。然后,在此基础上进行瓦斯浓度监测传感器设计,包括光程设计、结构设计、保护工艺设计和孔中操作流程4方面。最后,从性能和可靠性2方面出发,进行相对误差测试、稳定性测试、响应时间测试、与非色散红外传感器性能对比和防水防尘测试。设计的瓦斯浓度监测传感器直径40 mm,长度80 mm,传感器本质安全,结构上能够很好地适用于煤矿井下钻孔内应用。性能测试中,传感器全量程最大相对误差2.8%,小于孔内瓦斯浓度±6%的监测标准;稳定性测试中,传感器数据的波动范围在0.015%,稳定性为0.28%,满足稳定性小于1%的要求;传感器的响应时间约为8 s,满足响应时间小于10 s的要求;与非色散红外传感器对比测试中,设计的TDLAS瓦斯浓度监测传感器的相对误差和响应时间都明显优于非色散红外传感器。可靠性测试中,传感器长时间处于高湿度环境中,其测量精度并未受到影响,保护工艺可有效防水。性能测试和可靠性测试结果表明,瓦斯浓度监测传感器能够很好地满足孔内瓦斯浓度监测需求,在煤矿井下孔中监测方面具有很好的应用前景。      

钢缆投捞式一把抓打捞器的研制与应用

通过对传统的一把抓打捞器在打捞井下“落鱼”过程中存在的问题进行分析,研制出了一种能够高效打捞井底小件落物的钢缆投捞式一把抓打捞器,在现场应用中取得了良好的效果。介绍了钢缆投捞式一把抓打捞器的设计思路、结构原理、操作技术及现场应用效果等。     

可退式捞矛在深孔钻探事故处理中的应用

随着钻探孔深不断加深,复杂钻孔工作量不断加大,孔内卡钻断钻杆事故时有发生。在断钻杆断口不规则、常规锥子打捞不成功的情况下,采用可退式捞矛能快捷、有效地处理好该类事故。结合2起工程实例,介绍了可退式捞矛的使用方法及优点,针对使用过程中出现的问题提出了一些建议,为该类孔内事故处理提供借鉴及参考。     

可退式捞矛在重庆鱼泉锰矿ZK1010号孔孔内事故处理中的应用

重庆市秀山县鱼泉锰矿深部勘查ZK1010钻孔,钻进过程中常出现断杆事故,用常规公锥打捞,起钻中途常出现跑钻事故,使事故复杂化。最后采用可退式捞矛多次成功地处理了钻杆折断事故。结合该工程实例,介绍了可退式捞矛的工作原理及优点。     

煤矿井下定向钻进钻孔事故的预防及处理

钻孔事故是煤矿井下定向钻孔安全、高效施工的巨大威胁。介绍了定向钻进常见卡钻、钻具断落和喷孔事故;分析了其成因、预防措施和处理工艺经验。认为对待钻孔事故应坚持“预防为主,处理为辅”的原则;结合装备现状,应开展适用于煤矿井下定向钻进事故处理的专用技术及装备研究。     

煤矿井下硬煤层顺层长钻孔分段压裂强化瓦斯抽采技术及应用

针对硬煤层瓦斯抽采衰减快,抽采周期长、效率低等问题,提出了中硬煤层顺层长钻孔分段压裂增加煤层透气性瓦斯强化抽采技术。以陕西彬长矿区4号煤层为研究对象,在实验室采用SEM高分辨率电子显微镜对比分析了水力压裂前后煤体微观孔隙结构变化特征;利用Abaqus软件模拟了封隔器受力特征及钻孔的稳定性;在彬长矿区大佛寺煤矿井下4号煤层进行水力压裂工业性试验。结果表明：煤层在加载压力15 MPa,保压48 h,煤体的孔隙、裂隙数量增多,孔径尺寸增大,且连通性增强,裂隙间的连通性明显提升。压裂过程中,封隔器同时受到内压和外压载荷产生膨胀变形,内压15 MPa、外压10 MPa时,可保持硬煤钻孔结构完整同时,产生最大的封隔摩擦力。工程试验完成3个顺煤层定向长钻孔分段压裂施工,孔深540～568 m,每孔分8段压裂,单孔注液量910～1 154 m³,累计注液量3 011 m3;压裂后,利用孔内瞬变电磁测试确定压裂影响半径34～46 m。压裂钻孔平均瓦斯抽采纯量0.72～1.73 m³/min,平均抽采瓦斯体积分数42.60%～67.48%;对比试验区常规钻孔,瓦...     

石油钻井用可钻式浮箍浮鞋在煤矿回灌井中的应用

将石油专用的可钻式浮箍浮鞋用于煤矿大口径钻孔下套管及固井工作中,替代传统的打水泥座或焊钢板浮力塞加单向注浆阀下套管固井工艺,简化了下套管和固井施工程序,节约工程成本,保证了成井质量。介绍了这种方法在冀中能源峰峰集团梧桐庄矿回灌1号孔和2号孔的应用情况及效果。     

煤矿井下用φ73 mm高韧性高强度钻杆的研制及应用

针对常规外平钻杆在施工大直径定向长钻孔易发生断裂、弯曲黏扣等问题,分析其失效原因,优选了钻杆材料,研制出φ73 mm高韧性高强度钻杆（High Toughness and High Strength Drilling Pipe,HHDP）。通过性能检测和现场试验:钻杆整体抗扭能力达到20 kN·m,抗弯能力达到2°/3 m,施工大直径定向长钻孔时,千米扩孔进尺钻具事故率约0.26次/km,约为其他同规格钻杆的18%。      

Floor design in underground coal mines

Summary Floor failure and excessive heave in underground coal mines can jeopardize the stability of the whole structure, including the roof and pillars, due to differential settlements and redistribution of stress concentrations. Besides, floor failure is detrimental to haulageway operation and can lead to unacceptable conditions of high deformation. Thus, the design of any underground opening must consider roof/pillar and floor as one structural system.This paper presents guidelines for the design of mine floors, including the necessary field and laboratory investigations and the determination of the bearing capacity of floor strata. The design methodology is based essentially on a modified Hoek-Brown rock mass strength criterion. The main modifications are the introduction of the concept of the point of critical energy release to account for the long term strength, the inclusion of tensile strength and the adoption of a lithostatic state of stress in the rock mass. The determination of the dimensionless parametersm ands result from correlations with the RMR (rock mass rating) of the Geomechanics Clasification. Nine case histories, both in longwall and room and pillar coal mining, were analyzed with the proposed methodology.     

煤矿井下智能化钻探装备发展现状及展望

经过近60年的发展,煤矿坑道钻探装备已经形成满足多种用途、适用于多种钻进孔深要求的多规格、多系列产品,但现有成熟钻探装备主要以全液压驱动和人工操作为主。随着我国煤矿企业在智能化方面建设的大力投入,传统全液压驱动的坑道钻探装备已无法满足当前煤矿智能化发展需要。结合坑道钻探的施工特点,分析了国外典型坑道钻探装备的技术现状和功能特点,以及存在的问题,重点针对国内坑道钻探装备不同施工需求的智能化方面的进展情况进行概述,分别介绍了常规自动化钻机、钻孔机器人、大功率自动化定向钻机、自动化防冲击钻机等方面的研究进展,提出了我国煤矿井下钻探装备智能化建设方面还需解决的关键问题,并通过分步实施方式,加快推进煤矿井下钻探装备的智能化水平。     

Control of gas emissions in underground coal mines

A high level of knowledge is now available in the extremely relevant field of underground gas emissions from coal mines. However, there are still tasks seeking improved solutions, such as prediction of gas emissions, choice of the most suitable panel design, extension of predrainage systems, further optimization of postdrainage systems, options for the control of gas emissions during retreat mining operations, and prevention of gas outbursts. Research results on these most important topics are presented and critically evaluated. Methods to predict gas emissions for disturbed and undisturbed longwall faces are presented. Prediction of the worked seam gas emission and the gas emission from headings are also mentioned but not examined in detail. The ventilation requirements are derived from the prediction results and in combination with gas drainage the best distribution of available air currents is planned. The drainage of the gas from the worked coal seam, also referred to as predrainage, can be performed without application of suction only by over or underworking the seam. But in cases where this simple method is not applicable or not effective enough, inseam-boreholes are needed to which suction is applied for a relatively long time. The reason for this is the low permeability of deep coal seams in Europe. The main influences on the efficiency of the different degasing methods are explained. Conventional gas drainage employing cross measure boreholes is still capable of improvement, in terms of drilling and equipment as well as the geometrical borehole parameters and the operation of the overall system. Improved control of gas emissions at the return end of retreating faces can be achieved by installation of gas drainage systems based on drainage roadways or with long and large diameter boreholes. The back-return method can be operated safely only with great difficulty, if at all. Another method is lean-gas drainage from the goaf. The gas outburst situation in Germany is characterized by events predominantly in the form of ‘nonclassical' outbursts categorized as ‘sudden liberation of significant quantities of gas'. Recent research results in this field led to a classification of these phenomena into five categories, for which suitable early detection and prevention measures are mentioned.     

Gas emission prediction and recovery in underground coal mines

Strata gas can be released and captured from non-active and active gas resources either from virgin or relaxed strata, both prior to and when mining activities take place. The high and irregular gas emissions associated with high production longwall mining have provided a need to optimise the methods used to predict these gas levels and the ventilation requirements for gas dilution. A forecast of gas emissions during development drivage and longwall mining indicated possible gas and ventilation problems requiring the introduction of various gas drainage techniques and in maintaining the necessary air quantities in ventilation systems to satisfy the statutory gas limitations for various coal production rates. Although there are sound principles used in world-recognised methods of gas emission prediction, a new approach developed from long-term practical experience in underground gassy coal mine practices and gas-rock mechanics studies appear most suitable for local conditions and mining systems in use. The Lunagas ‘Floorgas' and ‘Roofgas' geomechanical and gas emission models offer an effective solution to these problems. Both programs are the most advanced engineering, numerical tools available to calculate gas source contributions to total gassiness and improve the accuracy and quality of gas control, gas capture technologies and ventilation system design.     

新型煤矿井下单分量无缆地震仪研制

槽波地震勘探技术具有探测范围广、准确率高的特点,在煤层地质构造的精细化勘探中作用越来越重要,但当前地震勘探装备多数体积笨重、施工布设大量线缆,效率低下,施工成本较高,严重制约了煤矿井下高精度槽波地震勘探技术的发展。针对上述问题,借鉴节点式地震仪的设计理念,将动圈检波器与采集控制电路、时间精度保持电路以及电源电路一同集成在一个完整的腔体中,省去大线传输,观测系统灵活、无约束,解决煤矿井下复杂工况环境下多道数地震数据采集的问题。并设计授时同步装置,通过GPS授时与温补晶振相结合的时钟机制,解决各个采集单元间的时间同步性问题,实现采集系统的小型化、轻量化、高集成度化。经过实验室及现场测试,各项性能指标均满足设计要求。      

我国煤矿井下智能化钻探技术装备发展与展望

煤矿井下智能化钻探技术装备是煤矿智能化建设的重要组成部分,也是当前煤矿企业深入推进减人增效工作所急需的先进技术装备。系统总结了“十三五”期间我国煤矿井下智能化钻探技术装备所取得的阶段性成果,重点介绍了自动化钻机、随钻参数监测系统和旋转导向系统等关键技术装备的发展现状。全面分析了制约井下智能化钻探技术装备研发与应用的关键因素:钻机智能化水平较低、随钻探测数据类型少、多系统集成控制难。在此基础上提出深入推进数字化、网络化、智能化技术与传统坑道钻探技术结合,强化多学科融合和协同创新能力;并不断加强智能化钻探技术装备研发与应用人才的培养力度,以技术装备为支撑、以数字化平台为保障、以人才队伍建设为基础;在智能化钻机、高精度数据获取与传输技术、钻孔轨迹智能优化与控制技术、辅助关联设备集成控制技术、数字化钻进平台开展攻关,以实现煤矿井下钻孔全流程智能化施工作业。      

煤矿井下保直钻进技术现状及展望

煤矿井下钻孔轨迹偏斜易导致治理盲区的出现,严重威胁煤矿安全高效开采。通过对导致钻孔偏斜的地质因素、技术因素和工艺因素的系统分析,得到了钻孔偏斜的根本原因。对现有保直技术的原理及其适用性进行了分析总结。钻孔保直是影响钻孔施工质量的因素,但目前钻孔保直技术或多或少都存在技术上的问题,不能在煤矿大范围推广使用,故在钻孔保直方面需要不断发展,研发出适用性强、易于现场实施的保直技术。应加强偏斜因素的深层次的研究、钻孔保直机具设备的研发等工作。     

煤矿井下随采地震探测技术发展综述

煤矿井下地震勘探的炸药震源受火工品管控影响大,且无法实现煤矿开采动力地质灾害的监测预警;随采地震是以采煤机为震源的地震探测新技术。本文回顾了国内外随采地震技术的研究现状,介绍了随采地震的方法原理和独特优势,并开展了一些先导性的试验研究利用。结果表明：采煤机震源具有激发能量强、频带宽、安全绿色经济、可重复等特点,可以作为随采地震探测的被动震源;采煤机震源与炸药震源的地震炮集记录接近,后者单炮信噪比相对较高;随采地震数值模拟、大数据动态处理等关键技术急需协同攻关。尽管随采地震尚处于试验研究阶段,但是它将成为未来透明工作面三维动态地质建模、开采动力地质灾害监测预警等重要手段,代表了今后煤矿智能探测技术的发展方向。     

煤矿井下定向钻孔超长套管下放技术

针对煤矿井下定向钻孔超长套管下放成功率低、速度慢的问题,提出开孔段保直钻进、造斜段曲率控制、钻机驱动主动钻杆下放及套管导正等改进技术措施。在阳泉新景矿进行了现场试验,完成了3个满足煤矿井下水力压裂要求的定向钻孔超长套管下放,最大下深达到168 m,套管下放成功率达到100%,下套管平均工效由5.5 m/h最大提高至13.1 m/h,有效地解决了定向钻孔超长套管下放受限的难题。