长白山区植被生长季NDVI时空变化及其对气候因子敏感性

本文利用长白山区SPOT/VGT NDVI 数据和气象数据,分析该区不同植被类型NDVI时空变化特征以及与气候因子的相关关系,并探讨了植被对气候变化响应的滞后性。结果表明：①2000-2009 年,长白山区植被NDVI 逐年变化总体呈增长趋势,增长区域的面积占全区面积的83.91%,在空间上主要集中在北坡和西坡,NDVI减少区域集中在南坡;②NDVI变化率随季节和植被类型变化而不同,NDVI增长主要集中在5 月和9 月,而7 月NDVI变化较小,甚至出现下降趋势;③植被NDVI与温度和降水存在着显著的正相关性（p<0.01）,且NDVI与温度的相关性高于与降水的相关性,且随海拔升高,NDVI与温度相关性增强;④NDVI对气温和降水变化的响应存在滞后期, 不同植被类型,滞后期存在差异。苔原NDVI对温度和降水响应的滞后期大约10 天,而针阔混交林和针叶林NDVI 对温度和降水响应的滞后期约为20 天。     

横断山区植被绿度的时空变化特征及其成因

科学认识植被绿度变化的时空格局及驱动因子是生态系统管理的基础。横断山是我国西南地区的重要生态屏障,对我国中西部地区的气候及生态环境有着深远影响。本文基于MODIS NDVI数据,采用趋势分析法、偏相关分析及复相关分析等方法,系统分析了2001—2016年横断山区植被NDVI的变化特征及其驱动因子。研究结果显示:2001—2016年横断山区NDVI年均值呈增加趋势,年均增长率为4.4×10~(-4) a~(-1)。除夏季NDVI均值表现为降低趋势外,其它季节NDVI均值均为增长趋势,增速冬季春季秋季。海拔4000 m以下植被NDVI年均值介于0.45～0.55,其增速的海拔梯度差异较小(±0.001 a~(-1));海拔4000 m以上随海拔梯度的增加,NDVI年均值降低而其增速升高。横断山区植被NDVI变化受气候因子影响的面积仅为16%,大部分地区NDVI变化受CO_2浓度增加及土地利用变化等人类活动的影响。研究结果为横断山区生态保护和可持续发展提供参考依据。     

质变和量变两种维度下新疆山区土地覆盖变化分析

山区是新疆主要的产流区,山区土地覆被变化对新疆经济发展和生态环境安全具有重要意义,但新疆山区的土地利用整体变化情况尚不太清楚。该文基于新疆1∶10万土地覆被类型数据和GIMMS 3 g植被指数数据,综合运用GIS空间分析和月平均、距平和趋势保留预置白处理方法及Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法,提取与分析了新疆三大山区在1990—2010年土地覆盖类型转化和1982—2013年的植被覆盖变化情况,尝试从2个维度分析新疆山区土地覆被变化情况,探讨了植被覆盖的显著变化与土地覆盖类型之间的空间关系。结果表明:1)以土地覆盖类型转化为标志的新疆土地覆被质变情况发生比例很小,99%的土地覆被类型没有发生变化;2)新疆三大山区中均有大于35%的面积植被状态发生了不同方向上的显著变化,阿勒泰山区植被退化30.38%,植被改善4.07%,天山山区植被退化25.27%,植被改善18.26%,昆仑山山区植被退化33.69%,植被改善19.83%;3)发生退化的区域主要分布于人类活动干扰较强的低海拔及山前地区,且主要以草地和稀疏草地为主,阿勒泰山区草地退化面积占到总面积22.18%,天山山区稀疏草地和草地退化面积占到总面积18.88%;昆仑山区植被稀疏草地和草地退化面积占到总面积10.74%。研究结果说明从质变和量变二种角度的分析能够提供对山区土地覆被变化提供更全面的认识,在分析土地覆被变化的生态水文响应时应当给予综合考虑。     

生态保护工程和气候变化对长江源区植被变化的影响量化

分析长江源区生态保护工程和气候变化对植被变化的影响程度,对于长江源区生态工程的生态效益评估,以及区域植被适应性生态管理政策的制定具有重要意义。因此,本文基于1982-2015年的归一化植被指数数据(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)和气象数据,分析长江源区植被NDVI的时空变化规律,构建预测植被NDVI对气候因子响应的人工神经网络模型,在此基础上,在年和季节尺度上量化气候变化和生态保护工程对长江源区植被变化的影响程度。结果表明:①在长江源区气候条件变化和生态保护工程影响下,长江源区植被退化得到遏制,植被生长呈好转趋势;②海拔相对较低的通天河附近植被NDVI增加幅度较大,高海拔的沱沱河和当曲流域的植被NDVI增加幅度相对较小;③长江源区植被NDVI对气候因子响应存在1～2月的滞后性。构建的人工神经网络模型的拟合优度参数人工神经网模型具有较高的预测精度,可以用来模拟植被NDVI对气候因子的响应;④年尺度的植被NDVI增加受到生态保护工程的影响程度(58.5%)大于气候变化的影响程度(41.5%)。生长季生态保护工程对NDVI的影响程度(63.3%)大于气候变化对NDVI的影响程度(36.7%),而非生长季气候变化是影响长江源区植被生长的关键要素(52.8%)。研究结果有助于为长江源区植被生态系统恢复、管理和利用战略的科学制定提供决策依据。     

黄土高原植被覆盖度变化的地形分异及土地利用/覆被变化的影响

基于16 d合成MODIS NDVI数据提取的时间序列植被覆盖度数据,采用一元线性回归趋势分析,对黄土高原2000-2008年植被覆盖度的时空变化及其地形分异、土地利用/覆被变化的影响进行了定量分析。结果表明：（1）研究时段黄土高原植被覆盖度整体呈快速上升趋势,局部下降;（2）黄土高原植被覆盖度变化存在明显的地形分异,陡坡等植被恢复、重建和保育的主要区域植被覆盖度增速显著;（3）土地利用/覆被变化对植被覆盖度的增加影响突出,土地利用/覆被类型变更区植被覆盖度增速显著高于未变化区域,退耕还林还草区增速尤其突出;（4）土地利用/覆被类型未变化区域植被覆盖度总体上也呈增加趋势,但因植被覆盖度水平相对较高,增速明显低于土地利用/覆被类型变化区。上述结果表明,黄土高原植被保育、植被恢复和重建在植被覆盖度提升方面取得了明显成效。     

2000—2019年中国西北地区植被覆盖变化及其影响因子

中国西北地区土地荒漠化问题严重,生态环境脆弱。厘清该地区植被覆盖时空变化特征及影响因子,对生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于MOD13A3数据,通过最大值合成法处理获得2000—2019年归一化差值植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）时序数据,采用趋势分析、Hurst指数法及地理探测器对研究区植被覆盖的时空变化特征及影响因子进行分析。结果表明：（1）2000—2019年,研究区植被覆盖整体呈增长趋势,NDVI年增长速率为0.0027（P<0.05）,均值为0.252。空间分区年增长速率有差异,黄河流域片区（0.0062）>半干旱草原片区（0.0026）>内陆干旱片区（0.0018）。（2）研究区植被覆盖呈增长趋势的面积占55.77%,退化区域占3.76%,增长的土地利用类型以耕、林、草地为主。植被覆盖变化趋势具有持续性的区域面积占总面积的31.87%,其中持续性改善面积（17.04%）大于持续性退化面积（1.27%）,黄河流域片区增长情况及持续性增长情况最优。（3）影响植被覆盖空间分布的主要因子按影响力依次为降水、气温、日照、相对湿度,但对各分区的影响程度略有差异。黄河流域片区、内陆干旱片区空间分布受降水影响最大,半干旱草原区受日照影响最大。（4）研究区植被覆盖变化以自然因子与人类活动共同驱动为主,自然因子对植被生长的促进作用大于人类活动,且自然因子对植被覆盖变化的贡献率更高。本研究结果可为评估气候变化背景下西北地区生态环境变化提供参考。     

中亚区域陆表植被物候时空变化特征分析

植物叶物候是反映环境条件对气候变化响应的最直观、最敏感的指标之一。在中亚干旱区开展区域物候研究有助于理解陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应。基于1982-2006年GIMMS长序列归一化植被指数数据,采用阈值法反演得到中亚地区植被过去25 a的物候数据集;然后利用Man-Kendall趋势检验和TheilSen斜率方法,定量分析了中亚地区植被物候的时空变化格局,并且评价了不同土地覆被类型中植被物候变化的特征。结果表明:(1)过去25 a来,中亚干旱区的植被生长季的开始期和终止期在区域尺度整体上没有发生显著提前或者延迟,但在局部地区发生了较为明显的变化,表现出一定的空间差异;(2)各种土地覆被类型的物候动态明显不同:农用地的生长季开始期提前最明显,混合林的生长季终止期推迟最显著。各种植被类型中,除灌丛外均表现出生长期延长的趋势。     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化及其与气候变化的关系

近几十年来,全球气候变化对青藏高原植被覆盖产生了重要影响。基于青藏高原1981—2005年遥感影像及同期气象数据,结合生态学模型,分析了青藏高原植被覆盖度变化趋势及其与气候变化的关系。结果显示,25 a间,青藏高原温度升高、降水量增加,植被覆盖度呈"整体升高、局部退化"趋势;地表植被改善区主要位于植被低覆盖区,退化区主要位于高覆盖区;从不同植被类型看,除针叶林、阔叶林受采伐影响覆盖度下降外,其他植被覆盖度均不同程度的上升;植被覆盖度变化与同期降水量变化、温度变化均呈正相关,且具有明显的区域差异。     

横断山区干旱河谷植被类型

横断山区干旱河谷植被,按植物群落的生态外貌、种类组成与结构特点,可分为4个类型(即:稀树灌木草丛,肉质刺灌丛,扭曲云南松疏林,小叶刺灌丛)15个群落。按干旱河谷的区域分异、水热状况、山地植被垂直带和利用方向,将本区干旱河谷分为4个类型(即:干热、干暖、干温、干凉)7个区。     

近30a台特玛湖地区土地利用/土地覆被变化及其影响因素

土地利用/土地覆被变化对干旱区生态环境变化有明确的指示意义。基于台特玛湖地区1988—2017年Landsat遥感数据、土地利用数据和气象站观测数据,运用均值法、线性趋势分析法、Pearson相关性分析法、主成分分析法等,分析了近30 a来台特玛湖地区土地利用/土地覆被类型、植被NDVI(Normalized difference vegetation index)变化及其影响因素。结果表明:土地利用/土地覆被以草地为主,草地和耕地面积均呈下降趋势,林地呈上升趋势;植被NDVI总体呈上升趋势,但上升趋势较缓;植被NDVI整体偏低,仅在台特玛湖湖区周围水分条件比较好的地区稍高;植被NDVI与气温和降水具有一定相关性;生态输水对该地区的植被状况改善起到了促进作用。     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Vegetation Ecological Quality and Its Response to Climate Change in Rocky Desertification Areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020

Vegetation restoration is the primary task of ecological reconstruction and rocky desertification control in Karst areas. With vegetation net primary productivity and coverage as two key indicators, a vegetation ecological quality evaluation model was built based on meteorological and remote sensing data. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation ecological quality index and its response to climate change in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020 were also analyzed by using the difference method and linear trend method. The results showed that: (1) Vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China showed a fluctuating upward trend during 2000-2020. In 2020, the vegetation ecological quality index reached 69.7, which was 19.9% and 9.3% higher than the averaged values for 2000 and 2000-2019, respectively, ranking the fourth highest since 2000. (2) Vegetation ecological quality of the rocky desertification areas in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces have been improved by 89.2%, 99.2% and 98.5%, respectively, from 2000 to 2020, with their vegetation ecological quality index values increasing by 0.5-0.75 per year in southeast Yunnan, most areas in Guizhou and northwest Guangxi. (3) Precipitation was an important meteorological factor affecting the vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas. The vegetation ecological quality index in the northwest and central Yunnan rocky desertification areas has been rising slowly, but with localized declines at a yearly rate of nearly 0.25 caused by climatic warming and drying.     

Vegetation dynamics in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to climate factors between 2000 and 2014

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset, we investigated the patterns of spatiotemporal variation in vegetation coverage and its associated driving forces in the Qinling-Daba (Qinba) Mountains in 2000–2014. The Sen and Mann–Kendall models and partial correlation analysis were used to analyze the data, followed by calculation of the Hurst index to analyze future trends in vegetation coverage. The results of the study showed that (1) NDVI of the study area exhibited a significant increase in 2000–2014 (linear tendency, 2.8%/10a). During this period, a stable increase was detected before 2010 (linear tendency, 4.32%/10a), followed by a sharp decline after 2010 (linear tendency,–6.59%/10a). (2) Spatially, vegetation cover showed a “high in the middle and a low in the surroundings” pattern. High values of vegetation coverage were mainly found in the Qinba Mountains of Shaanxi Province. (3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area, being 81.32% and 18.68%, respectively, during the study period. Piecewise analysis revealed that 71.61% of the total study area showed a decreasing trend in vegetation coverage in 2010–2014. (4) Reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change were stronger than the same characteristics on the Qinba Mountains. About 46.89% of the entire study area is predicted to decrease in the future, while 34.44% of the total area will follow a continuously increasing trend. (5) The change of vegetation coverage was mainly attributed to the deficit in precipitation. Moreover, vegetation coverage during La Nina years was higher than that during El Nino years. (6) Human activities can induce ambiguous effects on vegetation coverage: both positive effects (through implementation of ecological restoration projects) and negative effects (through urbanization) were observed.     

2000—2018年塔里木河流域植被覆盖时空格局

选取2000—2018年MODIS-NDVI数据,采用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析、变异系数法、Hurst指数、偏相关分析及残差分析等方法,分析塔里木河流域植被覆盖时空格局及气候因子和人类活动对植被变化的影响。结果表明：(1) 塔里木河流域植被覆盖总体呈明显增加趋势,以2008年为转折存在明显阶段变化。(2) 植被分布存在明显地域差异,“北高南低,西高东低”,植被覆盖高区分布于山体多的地带、绿洲及绿洲荒漠交错带。(3) 全区植被覆盖趋势以基本不变居多。山体等植被覆盖高区,植被活动响应显著。全区大部分区域将保持现有的稳定趋势。(4) 气温和降水量对[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]的综合影响从东北向西南逐渐增强,且降水量对NDVI的影响更为明显。人类活动对植被变化产生积极影响的区域主要分布于绿洲、绿洲荒漠过渡带以及塔里木河下游附近。     

Spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the Three-River Headwaters Region during 2000–2011简

The Three-River Headwaters Region （TRHR）, which is the source area of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang River, is of key importance to the ecological secu- rity of China. Because of climate changes and human activities, ecological degradation oc- curred in this region. Therefore, ＂The nature reserve of Three-River Sou,＇ce Regions＂ was established, and ＂The project of ecological protection and construction for the Three-River Headwaters Nature Reserve＂ was implemented by the Chinese government. This study, based on MODIS-NDVI and climate data, aims to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the TRHR between 2000 and 2011, from three dimensions. Linear regression, Hurst index analysis, and partial correlation analysis were employed. The results showed the following： （1） In the past 12 years （2000-2011）, the NDVI of the study area increased, with a linear tendency being 1.2%/10a, of which the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions presented an increasing trend, while the Lancang River source region showed a decreasing trend. （2） Vegetation coverage presented an obvious spatial difference in the TRHR, and the NDVI frequency was featured by a bimodal structure. （3） The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area, being 64.06% and 35.94%, respectively during the study period, and presented an increasing trend in the north and a decreasing trend in the south. （4） The reverse characteristics of vegetation cov- erage change are significant. In the future, degradation trends will be mainly found in the Yangtze River Basin and to the north of the Yellow River, while areas with improving trends are mainly distributed in the Lancang River Basin. （5） The response of vegetation coverage to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration has a time lag, while there is no such lag in the case of temperature. （6） The increased vegetation coverage is mainly attributed to the warm-wet climate change and the implementation of the ecological protection project.     

Spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the Three-River Headwaters Region during 2000-2011

The Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR),which is the source area of the Yangtze River,Yellow River,and Lancang River,is of key importance to the ecological security of China. Because of climate changes and human activities,ecological degradation occurred in this region. Therefore,"The nature reserve of Three-River Source Regions" was established,and "The project of ecological protection and construction for the Three-River Headwaters Nature Reserve" was implemented by the Chinese government. This study,based on MODIS-NDVI and climate data,aims to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the TRHR between 2000 and 2011,from three dimensions. Linear regression,Hurst index analysis,and partial correlation analysis were employed. The results showed the following:(1) In the past 12 years (2000-2011),the NDVI of the study area increased,with a linear tendency being 1.2%/10a,of which the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions presented an increasing trend,while the Lancang River source region showed a decreasing trend. (2) Vegetation coverage presented an obvious spatial difference in the TRHR,and the NDVI frequency was featured by a bimodal structure. (3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area,being 64.06% and 35.94%,respectively during the study period,and presented an increasing trend in the north and a decreasing trend in the south. (4) The reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change are significant. In the future,degradation trends will be mainly found in the Yangtze River Basin and to the north of the Yellow River,while areas with improving trends are mainly distributed in the Lancang River Basin. (5) The response of vegetation coverage to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration has a time lag,while there is no such lag in the case of temperature. (6) The increased vegetation coverage is mainly attributed to the warm-wet climate change and the implementation of the ecological protection project.     

2000-2011 年三江源区植被覆盖时空变化特征

基于MODIS-NDVI 数据,辅以线性趋势分析、Hurst 指数及偏相关系数等方法,本文从三个尺度分析了近12 年三江源区植被覆盖时空变化特征、未来趋势及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1) 近12 年三江源区植被覆盖呈现增加趋势,增速为1.2%/10a,其中长江源区、黄河源区植被均呈增加趋势,而澜沧江源区植被呈下降趋势。(2) 三江源区植被覆盖具有显著的区域差异,且NDVI频度呈现“双峰”结构。(3) 近12 年三江源区植被覆盖呈增加趋势和减少趋势的面积分别占64.06%和35.94%,且表现为源区北部增加、南部减少的空间格局。(4) 三江源区植被变化的反向特征显著,植被变化由改善趋势转为退化趋势的区域主要分布在长江源区和黄河源区的北部,而由退化趋势转为改善趋势的区域主要分布在澜沧江源区。(5) 三江源区植被对降水和潜在蒸散的响应存在时滞现象,而对气温的响应不存在时滞现象。(6) 三江源区植被覆盖的增加主要归因于气候暖湿化以及生态保护工程的实施。     

1999—2010年中国西北地区植被覆盖对气候变化和人类活动的响应

中国西北地区气候干旱,频繁出现沙尘天气,属于生态脆弱区域,而植被变化是生态系统对气候变化响应的指示器,研究其变化对改善西北生态环境具有重要意义.本文利用1999—2010年归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及气象数据研究中国西北地区植被覆盖时空变化,以Sen趋势度结合Mann-Kendall检验、相关和偏相关分析以及残差法分析人类活动和气候变化对植被覆盖变化的影响.结果表明:西北地区植被覆盖整体呈增加趋势,但在局部地区气候干旱少雨和人类活动抑制植被生长.植被变化强度空间差异是人类活动和气候要素共同作用的结果:气温高,降水少,大部分地区植被覆盖与气候要素相关显著,并且植被变化对气温和降水的响应存在一定滞后时间;蒸发量大于降水量,人类引水灌溉弥补降水不足,使得农业植被呈增长趋势.新疆北部地区植被覆盖呈下降趋势,原因是气候干旱、沙漠化严重会抑制植被生长,人类活动频繁、城市扩建同样会破坏植被生长.     

2000—2015 年伊犁河谷植被覆盖时空变化特征

利用 2000—2015 年的 EOS／MODIS 数据,采用趋势分析、Hurst 指数、变异系数法对伊犁河 谷植被时空变化及未来趋势进行分析,结果显示：空间分布上,伊犁河谷植被覆盖度呈北部、南部、 东部偏高,西部、中部偏低的分布特征;时间变化上,2000—2015 年,伊犁河谷植被覆盖度波动减 小,减速为 6.25%·(10 a)^-1;区域分布上,伊犁河谷植被表现为低波动变化,波动程度中等以及下占 73.16%,波动程度高的区域占 26.84%。未来预测表明,伊犁河谷植被覆盖呈退化趋势,其中,持续 退化的面积占 57.55%,持续改善的面积占 13.51%。     

Vegetation greenness modeling in response to climate change for Northeast Thailand

In Northeast Thailand, the climate change has resulted in erratic rainfall and tem- perature patterns. The region has experienced both periods of drought and seasonal floods with the increasing severity. This study investigated the seasonal variation of vegetation greenness based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） in major land cover types in the region. An assessment of the relationship between climate patterns and vegeta- tion conditions observed from NDVI was made. NDVI data were collected from year 2001 to 2009 using multi-temporal Terra MODIS Vegetation Indices Product （MOD13Q1）. NDVI pro- files were developed to measure vegetation dynamics and variation according to land cover types. Meteorological information, i.e. rainfall and temperature, for a 30 year time span from 1980 to 2009 was analyzed for their patterns. Furthermore, the data taken from the period of 2001-2009, were digitally encoded into GIS database and the spatial patterns of monthly rainfall and temperature maps were generated based on kriging technique. The results showed a decreasing trend in NDVI values for both deciduous and evergreen forests. The highest productivity and biomass were observed in dry evergreen forests and the lowest in paddy fields. Temperature was found to be increasing slightly from 1980 to 2009 while no significant trends in rainfall amounts were observed. In dry evergreen forest, NDVI was not correlated with rainfall but was significant negatively correlated with temperature. These re- sults indicated that the overall productivity in dry evergreen forest was affected by increasing temperatures. A vegetation greenness model was developed from correlations between NDVI and meteorological data using linear regression. The model could be used to observe the change in vegetation greenness and dynamics affected by temperature and rainfall.     

1982-2015年全球植被变化及其与温度和降水的关系

采用1982-2015年的GLASS-LAI (Global Land Surface Satellite-Leaf Area Index )遥感数据和CRU(Climatic Research Unit)气象数据,利用Mann-Kendall趋势法分析了过去34 a全球9种植被的叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)时空变化特征;使用相关分析和逐步线性回归分别探讨了全球9种植被LAI与降水、温度的年际与月关系。结果表明：① 全球植被总体呈现绿化趋势,其中变化较大的是草原、稀树草原、常绿阔叶林和多树草原;在植被生长的绿化和褐化趋势中,面积占比最大的植被类型均为草原,说明草原生态系统易受环境因素的影响。② 从年际关系看,草原和开放灌丛的LAI与年均降水多呈正相关关系,而温度对不同纬度植被的LAI存在正负2种影响。其原因为温度升高对中低纬度的植被生长有抑制作用,而对高纬度地区植被生长有促进作用。③ 从年内关系看,南半球降水和温度共同作用于植被的生长;而北半球除常绿阔叶林的生长与温度关系更为紧密外,其它类型植被的生长主要受降水影响。④ 逐步线性回归结果表明,当月温度的升高对常绿阔叶林、混交林和农作物的生长具有促进作用,而多树草原和草原2种植被的生长受当月降水的影响最为显著。