西部地区生态状况变化及生态系统服务权衡与协同

西部大开发战略实施20年以来,一系列重大生态建设工程使得西部地区的生态状况和生态服务发生了重要变化,本文分析西部地区生态状况变化及其生态服务时空变化特征,并运用相关分析法研究其服务功能权衡协同关系。研究发现西部地区2000—2019年间：① 聚落和湿地生态系统面积显著增加,草地有逐年下降趋势。② 植被覆盖度呈波动上升趋势,存在年际差异且空间差异较大。③ 水源涵养服务有轻微下降趋势,下降区域主要分布在藏东南地区、三江源西部地区、喀斯特石漠化地区等;土壤保持服务波动中呈上升趋势,上升区域主要黄土高原地区、川滇西部地区、藏西北地区、藏东南地区等;防风固沙服务呈下降趋势,大幅下降区域主要位于内蒙古中西部地区、西藏和北疆部分地区。④ 生态系统供给与水源涵养、土壤保持主要为协同关系,与防风固沙主要为权衡关系且分布在农牧交错带地区。⑤ 生态工程区内生态系统服务协同程度大于非工程区。定量评估生态系统服务变化及其权衡协同关系有助于进行科学化生态管理,最大化生态效益。     

生态系统服务权衡与协同视角下的重点生态功能区保护特征

重点生态功能区提供着源源不断的生态系统服务,在保障国家生态安全和社会可持续发展方面,有着不可或缺的基础作用。但是,以生态系统服务权衡与协同关系为视角,进而探讨分析重点生态功能区保护特征的研究案例相对较少。本文以秦巴重点生态功能区为评估分析区域,选择自然地理条件相似度极高的秦巴山区为参照单元,以生态系统供给服务与调节服务为核心内容,在定量分析2000—2019年期间的生态空间变化特征基础上,分析评估生态系统服务权衡与协同关系。结果表明：秦巴山区生态状况逐渐变好,重点生态功能区划定之后,生态系统趋于稳定;重点生态功能区服务能力呈逐渐增强的趋势,平均净初级生产力、土壤保持总量和水源涵养总量比重点生态功能区外分别高出了25.95 gC/m²、5.81亿t和24.95亿m³;土壤保持服务和生态系统供给服务的协同关系与生态状况改善呈正相关;由于受到降水的影响,2010年之后的水源涵养服务与生态系统供给服务的协同关系变差。总体来看,秦巴重点生态功能区的划定带动了区域生态空间“量的增长”和生态系统服务“质的提升”,但生态系统服务之间关系的“协调性”仍然不足,甚至从“协同”转为“权衡”关系,这要求未来国家需要制定更有针对性的生态系统保护管理决策,提高生态系统总体效益,支撑区域生态系统服务的可持续供给。     

Do protected areas networks ensure the supply of ecosystem services? Spatial patterns of two nature reserve systems in semi-arid Spain

Protected areas are essential for conserving biodiversity, and these lands have traditionally been set aside for this purpose alone. However, the increasing global demand for agricultural and forestry commodities creates conflict and tradeoffs between dedicating land for conservation versus food production. Efforts to set aside new lands for biodiversity conservation are compromised by the globally rising demand, creating trade-offs between lands dedicated to conservation versus food production. Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that protected areas provide social and economic benefits that can be used to build political support and raise funds for conservation. We analyzed the capability of current protected area networks in the semi-arid region of Spain to provide intermediate regulating services (habitat preservation for threatened species, climate regulation, erosion control and water flow maintenance) to support the final provisioning service of cultivated crops to support local communities. We found that existing networks of protected lands supply considerable quantities of ecosystem services, in particular carbon stocks and groundwater recharge. Our results demonstrate that the integration of systematic analyses of ecosystem services gaps in protected area planning could contribute substantially to safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity jointly. However, our study also reveals substantial differences in intermediate ecosystem services supplied by different of protected areas networks, with category VI areas (Natura-2000 sites) generally showing the highest potential for ecosystem services supply. This demonstrates the important role of Natura-2000 sites for preserving regulating services in the European semi-arid region.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区村域生态系统服务簇的时空分异及其地形梯度分析

探究村域生态系统服务簇对于厘清黄土丘陵沟壑区农业生态系统复杂特征、从多重服务供给角度提高服务的福祉贡献具有重要意义。论文以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为例,基于高斯混合模型识别2009年和2019年村域生态系统服务簇并分析其时空分布,同时,结合地形分布指数探究服务簇在地形梯度上的分布模式。结果如下： ① 各类服务空间分异明显,且服务之间空间分布差异较大;近10 a间各类服务水平均有不同程度提高,其中调节服务有较大改善,而食物供给与文化服务增幅较小;各类服务空间变化格局存在较大差异,这与土地利用的空间演变关系密切。② 利用高斯混合模型识别4类服务簇,包括农业生产簇、农业美学簇、生态保育簇与城镇休闲簇;各类服务簇空间分异明显,且研究期间存在明显数量和空间转移变化;农业美学簇与生态保育簇是当地主导服务簇,且主导性增强,而农业生产簇与城镇休闲簇比重下降。③ 地形起伏度与服务簇的空间关联密切。随起伏度上升,农业生产簇与农业美学簇呈倒U型,生态保育簇优势分布增加,城镇休闲簇优势分布减弱;研究期间农业生产簇与城镇休闲簇向低起伏度的转移趋势明显,而农业美学簇与生态保育簇趋向于向高起伏度转移。     

粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务价值的时空演化及其影响机制

生态系统服务是生态要素、结构、功能和产品造福于人类社会的媒介和通道。根据生态系统服务价值（ESV）及其影响机制调节人类社会对生态系统的利用强度和保护方式,对于实现人地和谐的可持续发展目标具有重要意义。本文以粤港澳大湾区作为研究对象,依托遥感数据修订ESV核算结果,更加准确地揭示2000—2015年粤港澳大湾区ESV的时空演变特征,并引入面板分位数回归深入探索生态系统服务影响因素的分段效应,增加对生态系统服务影响机制的认识。结果显示：① 2000—2015年粤港澳大湾区ESV减速下降,下降区域主要分布在粤港澳大湾区中部和珠江入海口两岸等城市快速扩张区。② 在城市交界处,土地利用变化会带来更为强烈的ESV变化。③ 在ESV水平不同的区域,影响因素具有不同的影响效果。用地完整度仅在ESV的低值区可以促进生态系统服务能力提升。气温对生态系统服务能力的正向作用随ESV的提高而增强,经济密度对生态系统服务能力的负向作用随ESV的提高而减弱,二者均会导致ESV高值区与低值区间的差距增大,形成“自然马太效应”。     

Trade-off and Synergy Relationships of Ecosystem Services and Driving Force Analysis based on Land Cover Change in Altay Prefecture

Altay Prefecture plays a vital role as an ecological barrier in Northwest China. Studying the ecosystem service value is of great significance for promoting regional green high-quality development and maintaining ecological security. Based on Global ESA land cover data from 2000 to 2015, the trade-off and synergy relationships and driving force factors between ecosystem services in Altay Prefecture were analyzed in this study. The analysis produced four main results. (1) The ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture continued to increase from 113.521Ⅹ10⁹ yuan in 2000 to 115.777Ⅹ10⁹ yuan in 2015, for an increase of about 1.98%. (2) The distribution of ecosystem service value had obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, with hot spot areas mainly concentrated in the "two rivers and one lake" and the mountainous areas in the northwest, while the cold spot areas were mainly the forest and grass-covered areas in the northern mountainous areas and within Jimunai County. (3) The trade-off and synergy relationship among ecosystem services was mainly synergistic, with a total of 77.78% of ecosystem service relative relationships showing a significant positive correlation at the 0.01 level. (4) Economic factors and industrial structure are important factors affecting ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture. Ecosystem service value is positively correlated with per capita GDP and the output value of the tertiary industry, but negatively correlated with the output value of the secondary industry.     

采伐影响下人工林木材生产与固碳功能权衡特征——以湖南会同森林生态实验站为例

中国人工林面积居世界首位,在全球气候变暖背景下,人工林在提供木材和固定CO₂等方面同时具有重要意义。然而木材生产与碳储量之间存在此消彼长的权衡关系,如何综合考虑二者权衡过程,实现区域森林综合效益最大化,是中国森林生态建设中亟待解决的问题。选择会同森林生态实验站磨哨林场作为研究区,采用人工林固定样地多年观测数据以及InVEST模型,定量评估木材生产与碳储量,构建了不同管理模式下的权衡分析方法,提出了研究区森林生态系统综合效益最佳的权衡对策。研究发现：① 在采伐活动的影响下,木材生产与碳储量显著负相关（R = -0.907, P < 0.001）,表现出强权衡关系;② 随着采伐强度增加,木材生产与碳储量的综合效益逐渐增加,权衡值先下降后上升;每10年采伐总面积10%~20%的管理模式下,收获木材量和碳储量的综合效益相对较高且权衡值最低,是最佳森林管理模式;③ 研究区当前采伐强度略高于最佳采伐强度,适当降低采伐强度能够使森林获取更多的综合效益。因此,在明确森林管理目标的基础上,可借助基于标准差的权衡分析方法,提出中国南方人工林生态系统服务提升与可持续经营的权衡对策。     

滇东南喀斯特山区生态系统服务时空格局及功能分区

明晰生态系统服务时空格局,划分生态系统服务功能区,将有助于实现土地资源精细化管理。本文以滇东南喀斯特山区典型区域文山市为例,分析2000—2017年食物供给、产水量、植被净初级生产力、土壤保持、生境质量和旅游文化6项生态系统服务的时空格局及其分异特征;运用K-means聚类法识别生态系统服务簇,划分生态系统服务功能区,并提出差异化生态管控措施。结果表明：① 2000—2017年间,除生境质量服务下降外,文山市其他5项服务均呈上升趋势。② 空间分布上,文山市6项生态系统服务高值区集中分布在西部和南部,低值区集中分布在北部和中部;6项服务的冷热点区域空间分布有差异,但整体上具有重叠性。除旅游文化服务的热点和冷点区分布面积占比分别为2.56%和0以外,其他5项服务的冷热点区面积占比均在21%~32%;能够同时提供3项及以上高值生态系统服务功能的区域较少,85.50%的区域只能同时提供2项及以下高值服务功能。③ 根据服务簇聚类结果,文山市划分为生态保护区、生态过渡区、农业主产区和人类生产生活区4类功能区,针对各分区提出差异化生态管控建议。研究结果可为喀斯特山区城市资源利用和国土空间管控提供参考。     

Characteristic of tradeoffs between timber production and carbon storage for plantation under harvesting impact: A case study of Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem

The tradeoffs and optimizations of ecosystem services are the key research fields of ecology and geography. It is necessary to maximize the overall benefit of timber production and carbon storage for forest ecological development in China. We selected the Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem as our study area, and used InVEST model to evaluate timber production and carbon storage quantitatively. The results showed that: (1) While timber production increased with harvesting intensity over the planning horizon, carbon storage decreased. There were tradeoffs between timber production and carbon storage according to the significant negative relationship. (2) While the overall benefit of timber production and carbon storage increased with harvesting intensity, the value of tradeoffs decreased. T1 and T2 scenarios, with harvesting intensity of 10%–20% every 10 years, are the optimum management regimes for the two ecosystem services to gain more benefit and less tradeoffs. (3) The current harvesting intensity in Huitong County was slightly higher than the optimum harvesting intensity. On practical dimension, these findings suggested that obvious objectives are needed to formulate the corresponding countermeasures of tradeoffs, in order to realize the improvement of ecosystem services and the optimization of ecosystem structures.     

多情景模拟下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务评估与权衡研究

城镇化快速发展导致区域的生态系统服务衰减,威胁城市的生态安全;掌握城市群地区生态系统服务权衡/协同关系量化,对提升生态系统服务总体效益和维护区域生态安全至关重要。以粤港澳大湾区为研究区域,利用InVEST模型对粤港澳大湾区1995—2018年间产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务、食物供给服务共4项生态系统服务进行评估,设定历史趋势情景、规划情景和生态保护情景,借助GeoSOS-FLUS模型进行2030年生态系统服务情景分析,探讨各种生态系统服务之间的权衡/协同关系。结果表明：① 1995—2018年间,粤港澳大湾区产水服务出现增加趋势,固碳服务、土壤保持服务和食物供给服务出现下降趋势。② 不同类型生态系统服务变化存在明显的区域异质性,产水服务高值区域其值增大,低值区域其值减小;固碳服务低值区域,其值下降更大;除香港外,土壤保持量减小的区域呈零星状分布;食物供给高值及减小的最大值位于东莞、佛山、中山和深圳等中部区域。③ 产水服务在规划情景下达到最佳,固碳服务和土壤保持服务在生态保护情景下最佳,历史趋势情景下食物供给服务最佳,生态系统服务综合效益在生态保护情景下达到最佳。④ 历史趋势情景下生态系统服务之间的权衡程度最大,生态保护情景下各项生态系统服务之间的协同程度较高。基于生态耦合模型进行粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务估算,揭示生态系统服务权衡或协同的变化关系及作用机理,可为区域生态系统服务管理和社会经济发展规划提供参考。     

Consumption of Ecosystem Services in Laos

The exponential increase of ecosystem utilization has instigated a serious conflict between ecosystem services and residents’ needs. The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly influenced Laotian production and living, and the scientific assessment of the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos is important for exploring residents’ influence on the ecosystem. Based on data for the Laotian consumption of agricultural products, fruits and livestock products during 1961-2013, normalized by either harvest index or feed conversion ratio, this study draws three main conclusions. 1) Ecosystem service consumption in Laos is centered on the consumption of farmland, forestry and grassland ecosystem services, which account for over 80%, over 10% and under 2%, showing downward, upward and constant trends, respectively. The consumption of these ecosystem services shows a trend of increasing first, then fluctuating, and finally increasing. 2) The consumption of ecosystem services in Laos was characterized by the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” from 1961 to 2008, and the mode of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services” from 2008 to 2013, with a trend of transformation from the former into the latter. 3) The formation and change in the consumption mode of Laotian ecosystem services have been affected by both supply and trade. Laos developed agriculture mainly during the period from 1961 to 2008, forming the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services”. This development benefited from the enriched varieties of imports as well as the increased value of trade and import volume. However, the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos after 2008 changed from the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” to one of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services”. This study provides an empirical reference for research on the consumption of ecosystem services.     

基于贝叶斯网络的生态系统服务空间格局优化——以泾河流域为例

城市高速发展引起了区域土地利用格局的改变,不仅影响生态环境质量,而且还对生态系统服务的空间格局产生影响,在此基础上优化生态系统服务显得至关重要。在泾河流域2000—2020年净初级生产力（Net primary productivity, NPP）、农业生产力、土壤保持和产水服务空间评估的基础上,将贝叶斯网络和生态系统服务相结合,在关键变量子集和可视化的最优状态子集的基础上,评估了4种生态系统服务需要优化的区域,为区域经济和生态和谐发展提供参考。结果表明：（1） 水文评价模型（Soil and water assessment tool, SWAT）模型能较准确地模拟区域的径流量。通过模拟值和观测值对比分析,该模型具有较高的决定性系数（R²>0.6）和纳什效率系数（NSE>0.5）,可为进一步评估产水服务提供保障。（2） 2000—2020年泾河流域4种生态系统服务的时空差异性较为显著。在时间尺度上,4种生态系统服务均呈现波动中上升的趋势,在空间尺度上呈现较为稳定的变化趋势。（3） 通过对4种生态系统服务优化区域进行叠加分析,发现综合优化区域集中在彭阳县的中部和西南部以及环县的零星区域。研究结果对指导优化区域进行生态系统的可持续管理以及改善生态系统的退化状况具有重要意义。     

半城市化地区生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应——以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区是在快速城市化进程中产生的一种过渡地域类型, 其土地利用特征表现为土地利用竞争和矛盾剧烈, 土地利用变化迅速的特征。土地利用/覆被的变化改变生态系统的结构与功能, 是对生态系统服务产生胁迫的主要驱动力之一。本文以厦门市集美半城市化地区为例, 分析半城市化地区生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应, 基于对2007 年中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量修正的方法, 对半城市化地区生态系统服务价值(ESV)变化作出评估, 并通过土地系统和生态系统二者的耦合变化关系探讨生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应过程。结果表明:①近20 年来, 集美半城市化地区生态系统服务价值总量随着土地利用强度增加呈现波动性变化, 总体上呈现负相关关系。②调节服务和文化服务是最主要的生态系统服务类型;土地利用强度与调节服务和支持服务呈现显著的负相关关系。③随着半城市化地区的快速城市化发展, 土地利用类型急剧转化, 城市建设用地大量增加, 预计集美半城市化地区未来ESV将继续降低, 可采取生态综合整治措施减缓ESV降低趋势。     

西北河谷盆地生态系统服务的权衡与协同分析——以银川盆地为例

明晰生态系统服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异,是制定区域发展与生态保护“双赢”政策措施的有效途径。以银川盆地为研究区,对2000年和2014年净初级生产力（NPP）、保土、保水、固沙等生态系统服务物质量进行估算,利用相关分析法、ESTD模型和空间热点制图法分析了生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系和生态环境空间分布特征及形成机理。结果表明：2000-2014年,4种生态系统服务物质量都有显著提高;空间分布均呈现中间高,四周低的格局;相关分析显示协同作用是各生态系统服务之间的主导关系;NPP与保水、固沙之间的协同程度较高;空间热点制图显示高值项增加的栅格占总数21.64%,高值项减少的栅格占总数21.49%;表明在银川盆地整体生态系统服务功能增加的趋势下内部增减规律并不一致。在南北方向上降水因素对生态系统服务有主导性影响,相关度为0.368;在东西方向上起主导作用的是植被和海拔,相关度分别为0.572和0.563;在东北-西南方向上海拔和湿度对生态系统的影响最大,相关度分别为-0.487和-0.417;在西北-东南方向上其主要影响的也是海拔和湿度,相关度为0.628和-0.628。生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系随尺度的变化而变化,具有明显的尺度依存性;同一尺度空间分布格局的影响因素也存在很大的差异性。     

基于生态系统服务价值变化的生态经济协调发展研究

以1987年、2000年和2010年石羊河流域遥感影像数据为基础,对生态系统单位面积服务价值当量因子进行修正,结合生态经济协调度（EEH）评估模型对石羊河流域生态服务价值和经济发展与生态环境的协调发展水平进行了评估。结果表明：（1）研究区生态系统服务价值呈下降趋势,其损失主要集中在2000-2010年间;（2）生态系统服务价值增长的县（区）分布在流域中上游,降低的县（区）中,民勤县的损失量和下降幅度最大;（3）研究区的EEH值为-0.0174,生态经济发展总体上已处于低度冲突水平,在空间上,低度协调的县（区）主要分布在流域的上游和中游,而低度冲突的县（区）主要分布在流域的中下游;（4）各县（区）在协调发展水平上呈现出低度冲突-低度冲突、低度协调-低度协调、低度冲突-低度协调、低度协调-低度冲突、低度协调-中度冲突5种形式。     

鄂尔多斯市生态系统服务权衡与协同分析

鄂尔多斯市是中国北方农牧交错带的中心,经济快速发展的同时带来生态环境巨大的压力,该区域生态系统服务及其相互关联的变化对半干旱地区的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于2000、2010年鄂尔多斯市的食物供给、碳储存、产水量以及土壤保持4种关键生态系统服务供给核算,采用相关分析探究栅格尺度上4种服务之间的权衡与协同关系,并引入玫瑰图对比不同土地利用类型的生态系统服务关联特征差异。研究结果表明：①2000-2010年鄂尔多斯市生态系统服务整体增强,平均食物供给量由99.5 kg·hm^-2增至224.2 kg·hm^-2,碳储存量由8.32 t·hm^-2增至8.41 t·hm^-2,平均产水量由153.64 mm增至291.90 mm,土壤保持量平均值由47.79 kg·hm^-2增至59.04 t·hm^-2;②产水与土壤保持之间存在协同关系(相关系数分别为0.972和0.771),食物供给与土壤保持之间存在协同关系(相关系数分别为0.505、0.736),食物供给和碳储存之间存在权衡关系(相关系数分别为-0.584、-0.512);③多重生态系统服务供给的热点区主要分布在鄂尔多斯市东部;④产水量和土壤保持、碳储存在耕地和林地中呈现此消彼长的变化方式,而在草地中4种生态系统服务同时增加。     

Estimates of loss in ecosystem service values of Songnen plain from 1980 to 2000

Ecosystem services are premises for human beings to exist and develop in the world, and it is of importance to study effects of land use change on ecosystem functions. Songnen plain, located in Northeast China, is one of the national key bases for agricultural production. Because there were remarkable variations in land use in recent years, it can supply specific foundation for protection and restoration of regional eco-environment to explore changes in its values of ecosystem services. This study aims to qualify long-term changes in land use of Songnen plain from 1980 to 2000, and to explore the impact of land use change on ecosystem services. With 2-period land use data using RS and GIS, this paper analyzed changes in land use and in ecosystem service values using the ecosystem service value coefficients (VC) put forward by Costanza et al. Results showed that from 1980 to 2000, area of rangeland, water area and wetlands and area of cropland decreased, but urban area and unused land increased. Due to cropland's comparatively low VC and comparatively high VC of wetlands and water area, increment in cultivated land could not offset the total decrement in regional ecosystem service values because of the decrease in area of wetlands and water area. Meanwhile, city sprawl has also led to loss of ecological values. Total ecosystem service values of the study area reduced dramatically, from 34,926.10×106$ to 31,744.54×106$ in the period 1980-2000. This represents a 9.11% net decline in annual value of ecosystem services in the study area.     

中国省域生态系统服务足迹流动及其影响因素

区域间由供给与消费不均衡所引起的生态系统服务流动,逐渐成为新的研究热点。选取具有代表性的食物供给服务、淡水供给服务和固碳服务,运用生态系统服务足迹算法和多区域间投入产出模型,核算中国省区典型生态系统服务足迹和省域间的动态流动以及影响因素。研究表明：中国省域人均食物供给服务足迹为1.16 hm²/人,人均淡水供给服务足迹为0.06 hm²/人,人均固碳服务足迹为2.92 hm²/人,但由于人口数量、地区发展和单位能耗等因素的影响而具有明显的区域差异性,因此供给与需求的不均衡导致了服务足迹在空间上的流动。同时,生态系统服务足迹与各影响因子呈正相关,表明生态环境与经济增长的可持续发展转好的拐点还未出现。     

国家重点生态功能区生态状况变化与保护成效评估——以海南岛中部山区国家重点生态功能区为例

自2000年提出生态功能保护区的概念以来,历时17年不断探索和发展完善,中国已经形成了一批国家重点生态功能区和相关配套政策,成为生态保护红线划定的重要依据和主体功能区战略实施的主要组成,对保障国家生态安全和优化国土空间格局具有十分重要的意义。海南岛中部山区在2001年成为国家生态功能保护区试点,2010年被确定为国家重点生态功能区,是较早实施生态功能保护的重点管控区域之一。本文以海南岛中部山区热带雨林重点生态功能区为研究区域,综合利用多源卫星遥感数据和地面观测统计数据,集成地统计学和生态评估模型模拟方法,以生态系统格局、植被长势、服务功能为主要评估内容,通过时空尺度拓展和多维时空对比分析,探讨了该重点生态功能区生态系统变化和保护成效。结果发现：① 2013年功能区森林面积占比为84.5%,显著高于海南岛平均水平。1990-2013年功能区内建设用地逐渐增加。2010年功能区实施后,人类活动强度仍然呈现持续增加态势,面积比例从0.5%增加到0.8%,主要表现为城镇建设和耕地开垦。② 功能区水源涵养服务功能明显优于功能区外部,1990-2013年水源涵养服务功能总体上略有增加,但是不同时间段的波动变化明显,特别是1990-2000年和2000-2013年两个时间段内均表现为先减少后增加的变化特征。功能区单位面积的水源涵养量为51.78万m²/km²,明显高于功能区外部。③ 功能区土壤保持服务功能明显要优于功能区外部,1990-2013年表现出剧烈波动、稳定性较差。功能区单位面积的土壤保持量为1.95万t/km²,明显高于功能区外部。④ 功能区人类扰动指数明显小于功能区外部,生物多样性威胁程度明显偏小,有利于生物多样性的保护。功能区平均人类扰动指数为0.3664,比功能区外部低0.1152。1990-2013年功能区外部人类扰动指数变化幅度为0.0152,约为功能区内部变化幅度的5.31倍。特别是2010-2013年,功能区内部人类扰动指数增加幅度要明显小于功能区外部。     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Vegetation Ecological Quality and Its Response to Climate Change in Rocky Desertification Areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020

Vegetation restoration is the primary task of ecological reconstruction and rocky desertification control in Karst areas. With vegetation net primary productivity and coverage as two key indicators, a vegetation ecological quality evaluation model was built based on meteorological and remote sensing data. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation ecological quality index and its response to climate change in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020 were also analyzed by using the difference method and linear trend method. The results showed that: (1) Vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China showed a fluctuating upward trend during 2000-2020. In 2020, the vegetation ecological quality index reached 69.7, which was 19.9% and 9.3% higher than the averaged values for 2000 and 2000-2019, respectively, ranking the fourth highest since 2000. (2) Vegetation ecological quality of the rocky desertification areas in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces have been improved by 89.2%, 99.2% and 98.5%, respectively, from 2000 to 2020, with their vegetation ecological quality index values increasing by 0.5-0.75 per year in southeast Yunnan, most areas in Guizhou and northwest Guangxi. (3) Precipitation was an important meteorological factor affecting the vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas. The vegetation ecological quality index in the northwest and central Yunnan rocky desertification areas has been rising slowly, but with localized declines at a yearly rate of nearly 0.25 caused by climatic warming and drying.