基于节水型生态系统的干旱区草地建设对策——以民勤绿洲为例

在论述了节水型生态系统基本概念的基础上,确定了民勤绿洲兼顾生态保护与经济建设的发展方向--草畜产业。发展节水型灌溉草地不仅是草畜产业的基础,而且是转变用水方式及经济增长方式的有效途径。在此基础上提出了民勤绿洲草地建设的对策与建议。     

中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局

中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm²,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm²,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。     

西藏定结县草地资源与畜牧业可持续发展

畜牧业生产是西藏定结县的支柱产业之一，但由于人类的不合理利用导致该区草地资源出现面积配置与时间利用上的不平衡；割草、放牧兼用草地发展滞后；草畜矛盾突出，草地退化严重以及畜群结构不合理，品种退化，草地利用效率低等问题。为实现该县草地资源的合理有效利用和高原山区畜牧业生产的可持续发展，达到促进全县农村经济发展、调整农村产业结构、提高农牧民经济收入和生活水平的目的，本文提出以下对策措施：①发展人工草地，提高草地抗灾保畜能力；②改良牲畜，提高牲畜质量，发展“效益型畜牧业”；走畜草平衡、以草定畜的道路；④推广饲草加工，实行舍饲养百；加强草原管理，合理利用草地资源。     

牦牛和藏绵羊粪便降解过程中的养分动态变化

放牧牲畜排泄物是青藏高原高寒草地生态系统的一种重要养分来源,对于维持草地土壤肥力和植被生产力具有重要意义。采用尼龙网袋法监测了两种主要放牧牲畜牦牛和藏绵羊粪便干物质量及主要养分含量在降解过程中随时间的动态变化特征。结果表明,牦牛和藏绵羊粪便在经过93 d的降解后,干物质量分别减少了30.9%和21.6%。到试验期末,牦牛粪便全碳和全氮含量显著降低,其值降至初始的81.8%和79.2%,而全磷和全钾的变化则不显著,表明碳氮减少量较磷和钾更为明显。藏绵羊粪便全碳和全钾含量在试验期末降至初始的87.7%和72.6%,差异具有极显著性,但全氮和全磷减少不显著。牲畜粪便在一个生长季内的降解和养分释放量较少可能使得其对土壤和植被产生的潜在生态环境效应具有滞后性。放牧过程中,牧民少量捡拾牲畜粪便用作生活资料将有利于维持高寒草地生态系统的养分平衡和可持续发展。     

定居牧民对草地退化的适应策略——以那曲县为例

采用参与式农村评估法(PRA),在青藏高原腹地那曲县3个典型乡镇的实地调查基础上,分析了定居牧民对草地退化的适应策略.结果表明:研究区草地均有不同程度的退化,夏秋草场较冬春草场退化更明显.草地退化对牧民生计最明显的影响是牲畜大量死亡,牧民依靠省吃俭用及借贷勉强维持生计.在应对草地退化方面,政府采取集约化的思路,主导“四配套建设”.但定居并未从根本上改变牧民生计的脆弱性.牧民采取了多种适应策略,然而,集约化的适应策略极大地增加了牧民的负担,定居牧民难以通过迁移来实现草料补给及应对极端灾害天气的胁迫.因此,政府的应对策略应该有所调整,不能仅仅局限于集约化,应当采取措施,扶持牧民的生计多样化,大力扶持牧业合作社的发展,同时,尊重牧民联户放牧的意愿.     

哈萨克斯坦草地生态系统压力的时空动态分析（英文）

受气候变化和政策因素的影响,哈萨克斯坦是中亚地区生态退化和草畜矛盾最为突出的国家。研究哈萨克斯坦草地承载状态对认识草地生态系统对气候变化和人类活动的响应尤为重要。本研究基于哈萨克斯坦遥感数据和畜牧业统计数据,以生态系统的供给与消耗为基础,分析哈萨克斯坦草地生态系统与承载状态的格局变化。结果表明:(1)2003–2017年,哈萨克斯坦牲畜养殖数量呈现持续平稳增长的趋势,受冻害影响,在2011年数量有所减少,牲畜养殖结构空间差异不明显。(2)哈萨克斯坦草地供给量波动上升,而畜牧业生产消耗量持续增加,导致草地承载压力不断增加。(3)2003–2017年间,哈萨克斯坦整体的草地承载状态一直呈现富余状态,但草地承载压力指数呈现平稳上升趋势,草地承载压力较大的地区主要位于草地生产力低下的克孜勒奥达尔州、耕地集中的南哈萨克斯坦州和北哈萨克斯坦州,并逐渐向农牧交错区和半荒漠带推进。     

新疆伊犁河流域草地类型特征及其生态服务价值研究

以新疆伊犁河流域为研究对象,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,参照谢高地等人的中国草地生态系统服务单位面积价值,分析了伊犁河流域草地类型特征和生态系统服务价值。研究结果表明,新疆伊犁河流域草地资源丰富,草地面积占土地总面积的60.88%以上,草地产草量及载畜能力均处于全疆最好水平,其中山地草甸类草地面积最大,占草地可利用面积的27.91%。草地生态系统每年的服务价值为200.47亿元,山地草甸类草地、温性草甸草原类以及温性草原类草地生态服务价值达145.3亿元,占到全流域草地总生态服务价值的72.48%,是草地生态服务价值的主体部分,流域生态系统服务性功能远大于生产性功能。总体看来,伊犁河流域草地生态服务价值山间盆地、丘陵区较高;而平原区相对较低。草地存在退化现象,1985—2005年间草地生态服务价值有所下降。     

三江源地区草地生态系统服务价值评估

三江源地区的草地生态系统对于维持区域生态平衡和保障社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于千年生态系统评估(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA)的生态系统服务分类体系, 采用多种方法对三江源草地生态系统的9 项服务价值逐项进行了评估, 得出2000 年三江源草地生态系统服务价值为562.60 亿元, 其中价值最高的两种服务类型依次为气候调节和食物生产, 分别达259.09 亿元和111.68 亿元, 贡献率分别为46.05%、19.85%。按照草地类型划分, 高寒草甸和高寒草原服务价值分别为490.95 亿元、64.68 亿元, 占总服务价值的87.42%和11.52%。虽然沼泽单位面积服务价值最高, 为4230.77 元/hm², 但在草地生态系统面积中所占比例较低, 总价值相对很低。本文关于三江源草地生态系统的评估结果可以为制定区域生态保护和生态补偿政策提供科学支撑。     

冻融及牲畜排泄物作用下的高寒草地土壤物理特性和氮磷变化

在青藏高原高寒草地生态系统中,牲畜排泄物自身冻融及其降解过程调控其养分释放及返还效率,影响草地土壤养分平衡和植被生长的养分供应.当前关于季节性冻融区草地土壤理化特性的研究,多通过定点监测和室内冻融模拟等方式分析冻融循环对土壤物理结构、水热变化及碳氮动态等方面的影响,尚缺乏关于草地土壤季节性冻融与牲畜排泄物耦合效应和作用...     

岷江上游草地资源及合理利用

岷江上游自然条件复杂，生态环境类型多样。共7个天然草地类型，面向达813538hm^2，占幅员总面积的32．9％。天然草地理论载畜量143．02万个羊单位，1999年牲畜存栏177．89万个羊单位，超载率24．4％。由于超载放牧，导致草地退化（毒草增多、鼠虫害面积增大、牧草覆盖度下降，产草量降低）。针对草地资源特点有退化状况，提出了草地合理利用建议：①加强草场利用规范和管理；②实行草地承包，落实草场“三权”政策；③调整畜群结构，控制牲畜数量；④提高牲畜出栏率，发展季节性畜牧业；⑤改良天然草地，治理退化草地；⑥发展人工草地，建立打贮草基地，提高抗实保蓄能力。     

北方农牧交错区草原利用与禁牧政策的关键问题研究

草原作为我国最大的陆地生态系统,对生态安全、生物多样性、畜牧业等具有重要的意义,但草原生态承载力有限,随着人口和社会经济压力的不断增加,对草原的过度利用导致草原生态破坏严重,草原生态系统面临巨大威胁。为了恢复和保护草原生态系统,2002年前后国家在草原破坏严重的地区实施禁牧政策。政策实施以来,草原得到很大程度的恢复,生态效果明显,但政策实施过程中也出现了一些新的问题。探索北方农牧交错区草原利用效率和存在的问题可为进一步制定相关政策提供依据,对北方农牧交错区的生态环境修复和可持续发展有重要的意义。本文通过对相关文献的综述和典型禁牧区的研究,从禁牧政策的效益、问题和农户支持度等方面,进行了研究和论述,主要结论包括：（1）北方农牧交错区草原生态承载力低,生态赤字严重。（2）禁牧政策虽对生态环境的改善起到很大作用,但在一些禁牧区,当地政府不能因地制宜实施禁牧政策,再加上配套实施和基础设施滞后,草场界限模糊以及政策宣传和监管力度不够等问题导致了新的草原退化,草原生态恢复大打折扣。（3）禁牧政策实施对农户的生产和生活造成一定的影响,部分农户无法顺利完成生计方式的转型,又因生态补偿标准低和补偿有失公平等问题无法弥补禁牧造成的经济损失,导致农户生活水平有所下降,加深了生态环境与农户生计之间的矛盾,部分农户对禁牧政策的支持度较低。     

The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns.     

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Grasslands and Animal Husbandry Sustainability in Central Asia

Grassland ecosystems are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on the earth. Central Asia has the largest contiguous grazing area in the world and good conditions for the development of animal husbandry. However, in the past 30 years, the grassland ecosystem in Central Asia has experienced significant degradation, and the livestock industry has also experienced an overall decline to the point that livestock products are now dependent on imports. The ecological footprint method was used to analyze the change trend and characteristics of grassland ecological carrying capacity and ecological occupation in Central Asia. The grassland ecological capacity in Central Asia was found to be much higher than the global level, and great potential still remains for further development and utilization. The international trade of livestock products in Central Asian countries showed a deficit, and the net import of livestock products increased year by year. Net imports reached 9.5% in 1992-2016, and the dependence on foreign countries increased significantly, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Central Asia. In the future, the counties of Central Asia should optimize the aspects of policy, management and technology to improve the productivity of grassland animal husbandry, strengthen grassland ecological protection, and realize the coordinated and sustainable development of their grassland ecological economic systems.     

羌塘草原野生动物保护的生态补偿成本研究(英文)

生态保护的成本是生态补偿标准的核心组成部分,一般由直接成本、机会成本和发展成本构成。本文以羌塘自然保护区涉及的那曲地区为例,采用恢复成本法和机会成本法对牧民参与野生动物保护的直接成本和机会成本进行了核算。研究过程中,借用中国草地承载力评估中的标准羊单位,把草地生态系统、草食性野生动物和价值评估有机地联系起来,为草原地区野生动物保护的生态补偿提供了一个有效的评估工具。评估结果表明,那曲地区牧民参与野生动物保护的成本是每年5.69亿元,其中直接成本是1.19亿元,机会成本是4.5亿元,机会成本占总成本的79%。机会成本是由于草食性野生动物的啃食与踩踏导致草场必须禁牧致使牧民放弃的经济收入。显然,羌塘自然保护区草食性野生动物对草场的损害构成了生态补偿的主体。如果按照那曲地区中度以上退化草地的面积计算,则牧民保护野生动物的单位面积成本是每年57元,按照那曲地区人口计算,参与野生动物保护的人均成本是每年1482元。这一结果并不等于生态补偿标准,但可以作为补偿标准的低限。     

Simulating net primary production of grasslands in northeastern Asia using MODIS data from 2000 to 2005

The net primary production (NPP) of grasslands in northeastern Asia was estimated using improved CASA model with MODIS data distributed from 2000 and ground data as driving variables from 2000 to 2005. Average annual NPP was 146.05 g C m?2 yr?1 and average annual total NPP was 0.32 Pg C yr?1 in all grasslands during the period. It was shown that average annual grassland NPP in the whole northeastern Asia changed dramatically from 2000 to 2005, with the highest value of 174.80 g C m?2 yr?1 in 2005 and the lowest value of 125.65 g C m?2 yr?1 in 2001. On regional scale, average annual grassland NPP of 179.71 g C m?2 yr?1 in southeastern Russia was the highest among the three main grassland regions in the six years. Grasslands in northern China exhibited the highest average annual total NPP of 0.16 Pg C yr?1 and contributed 51.42% of the average annual total grassland NPP in northeastern Asia. Grassland NPP in northeastern Asia also showed a clear seasonal pattern with the highest NPP occurred in July every year. Average monthly grassland NPP in southeastern Russia was the highest from May to August while average monthly grassland NPP in northern China showed the highest NPP before May and after August. The change rate distribution of grassland NPP between the former three years and the latter three years showed grassland NPP changed slightly between the two stages in most regions, and that NPP change rate in 80.98% of northeastern Asia grasslands was between –0.2 and 0.2. Grassland NPP had close correlation with precipitation and temperature, that indicates climate change will influence the grassland NPP and thus have a great impact on domestic livestock in this region in future.     

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics Analysis of Grassland Ecosystem Pressure in Kazakhstan

Affected by climate change and policy factors, Kazakhstan is the country with the most severe ecological degradation and grassland conflicts in Central Asia. Therefore, studying the state of grassland carrying resources in Kazakhstan is particularly important for understanding the responses of grassland ecosystems to climate change and human activities. Based on Kazakhstan's remote sensing data and animal husbandry statistics, this study analyzes the patterns of changes in grassland ecosystems in Kazakhstan based on the supply and consumption of these ecosystems. The results show that: 1) From 2003 to 2017, the number of livestock raised in Kazakhstan showed a trend of sustained and steady growth. Due to freezing damage, the scale of livestock farming decreased in 2011, but a spatial difference in the livestock farming structure was not obvious. 2) The fluctuation of grassland supply in Kazakhstan has increased, while the consumption due to animal husbandry has also continued to increase, resulting in an increasing pressure on the grassland carrying capacity. 3) Between 2003 and 2017, the overall grassland carrying status of Kazakhstan have been abundant, but the grassland carrying pressure index has shown a steadily increasing trend, the grassland carrying pressure is growing, and it is mainly determined by grassland productivity. The greater pressure in lower Kyzylorda state, the southern Kazakhstan state of the cultivated land and the northern Kazakhstan state has gradually expanded to include the agro-pastoral zone and the semi-desert zone.     

呼伦贝尔草原火时空格局及特征分析

以Fire_CCI51为主要数据源,应用GIS空间分析技术对呼伦贝尔地区2001—2019年草原火的时空分布进行了研究,结果发现：呼伦贝尔草原火时间上具有年际波动较大、循环周期不定和春、秋两季双峰式集中的特点;空间上集中分布在东部森林草原、边境线附近,呈现出东多西少、北多南少的格局。利用相关分析方法对主要气象因子（平均降水量、最高气温、最小相对湿度、最大风速）与草原火之间的关系进行了深入分析,发现气象因子与草原火之间不存在显著相关;通过对呼伦贝尔市1981—2015年的草原起火原因统计数据分析发现,人类活动是导致草原火发生的主要因素。应用空间分析方法对边境线20 km缓冲区内的草原火进行了提取,发现境外过火面积远高于境内而且俄罗斯的过火面积远高于蒙古和中国。     

Shrubs proliferated within a six-year exclosure in a temperate grassland—Spatiotemporal relationships between vegetation and soil variables

Overgrazing has been considered one of the maj or causes that trigger shrub encroachment of grassland. Proliferation of shrubs in grassland is recognized as an important indicator of grassland degradation and desertification. In China, various conservation measures, including enclosures to reduce livestock grazing, have been taken to reverse the trend of grassland desertification, yet shrubs have been reported to increase in the grasslands over the past decades. In late 2007, we set up a 400-m-by-50-m exclosure in a long-term overgrazed temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, with the ob- jective to quantify the spatiotemporal relationship between vegetation dynamics, soil variables, and grazing exclusion. Soil moisture was continuously monitored within the exclosure, and cover and aboveground biomass of the shrubs were measured inside the exclosure in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013, and outside the exclosure in 2012 and 2013. We found the average shrub cover and biomass significantly increased in the six years by 103 % and 120%, respectively. The result supported the hypothesis that releasing grazing pressure following long-term overgrazing tends to trigger shrub invasion into grassland. Our results, limited to a single gradient, suggest that any conservation measures with quick release of overgrazing pressure by enclosure or other similar means might do just the opposite to accelerate shrub en- croachment in grassland. The changes in vegetation cover and biomass were regressed on the temporal average of the soil moisture content by means of the generalized least square technique to quantify the effect of the spatial autocor- relation. The result indicates that the grass cover and biomass significantly increased with the top, but decreased with the bottom layer soil moisture. The shrub cover and biomass, on the other hand, decreased with the top, but increased with bottom soil moisture, although the regression coefficients for the shrubs were not statistically significant. Hence this study supports the two-layered soil model which assumes grasses and shrubs use belowground resources in dif- ferent depths.     

沙质草地土壤动物的研究进展及建议

中国北方农牧交错带,生态背景脆弱,在自然因素和人为活动的严重干扰下,生态系统遭到了严重破坏,草地面临严重沙化的威胁。而土壤动物是沙质草地生态系统物质循环和能量流动的不可或缺的一环,对保护和改善土地资源,控制由于各种原因而导致的土地退化、土地沙漠化有着重要意义。从沙质草地土壤动物的物种组成、研究方法、时空动态变化及其对生态系统的作用等方面进行了总结,分析了当前沙地土壤动物研究中存在的问题,并为未来沙地土壤动物研究提出了一些建议,从而为沙质草地生态系统恢复和重建及沙漠化逆转等提供了基础资料。