基于生态系统的适应(EBA)——概念、工具和案例

生物多样性公约将基于生态系统的适应(Ecosystem-BasedAdaptation)(简称EBA)定义为:在总体适应战略中,利用生物多样性和生态系统服务,帮助人类适应气候变化的不利影响。随着气候变化对当今社会可持续性的影响不断增加,EBA正在成为国际社会适应气候变化的政策和行动支柱之一。介绍国际上EBA概念的历史由来、相关定义与特点进行,阐述了EBA的应用原则和相关分析工具,简要分析总结了国际上实施EBA项目取得的经验教训。     

基于生态系统的适应(EBA)——概念、工具和案例

生物多样性公约将基于生态系统的适应(Ecosystem-Based Adaptation)(简称EBA)定义为:在总体适应战略中,利用生物多样性和生态系统服务,帮助人类适应气候变化的不利影响。随着气候变化对当今社会可持续性的影响不断增加,EBA正在成为国际社会适应气候变化的政策和行动支柱之一。介绍国际上EBA概念的历史由来、相关定义与特点进行,阐述了EBA的应用原则和相关分析工具,简要分析总结了国际上实施EBA项目取得的经验教训。     

地方知识在社区的极端气候风险管理中的角色——基于游牧类重要农业文化遗产的研究（英文）

在气候变化的背景下,极端气候与灾害风险管理研究已成为适应气候变化的重要内容。地方社区在其生产和生活中因长期面临极端气候而形成了一些适用于当地的地方知识,在其适应极端气候和灾害风险管理方面发挥了重要作用。因此,本研究旨在通过构建概念模型,梳理地方知识与地方社区的极端气候与灾害风险管理之间的联系,然后以中国温带草原传统游牧民族的极端气候适应策略为例,运用所提出的理论框架,分析地方知识在社区极端气候适应中的作用。本研究的主要目标是:(1)通过建构概念模型说明极端气候事件、风险管理、地方知识与农户适应策略之间的关系;(2)将该理论框架应用于实地案例,并以当地知识为关键组成部分,来揭示特定情境下的地方社区的极端气候适应机制;(3)为极端气候适应和地方知识保护提供建议。研究结果表明,从灾害风险管理的视角来看,地方知识作为一个知识系统,当地社区基于其所形成的适应策略,构成了灾害风险管理的全过程。因此,地方社区可以基于这些适应策略来进行对极端气候风险的管理,从而实现对于极端气候的适应。此外,研究还表明,地方知识作为系统性知识,需要对其进行系统性保护。     

青藏高原生态学研究的回顾与展望（英文）

青藏高原是地球的"第三极",是全球海拔最高的生物地理单元。由于其高、寒、旱的生物环境特征,高寒生态系统对气候变化和人类活动非常敏感,为全球变化研究提供了天然的实验室,一直受到国内外专家重视,是生态学和全球变化研究的热点区域。青藏高原生态学研究经历了从朴素认识到机理研究的理论升华,从生物地理格局的科学考察到生态学机理定位研究的范式转变,从个体、群落到生态系统及多学科综合研究的尺度延伸,以及从理论研究到支撑资源有效利用与可持续发展的发展轨迹。今后青藏高原生态系统研究将更加聚焦于量化辨识气候变暖和人类活动对生态系统的影响,以及高原生态系统对气候变化的反馈作用研究。加强与自然地理、环境科学和遥感技术多学科、多技术、模型融合的交叉与集成研究,服务于气候变化的适应及生态-社会系统的可持续发展。     

金沙江流域生态系统服务的权衡与协同效应评价（英文）

全球气候变化和人类活动已经威胁到流域生态系统。金沙江作为长江上游,研究其生态系统服务功能对维护整个长江流域的生态安全、促进生态可持续性具有重要意义。基于生态系统服务与权衡综合评价（InVEST）模型和修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）模型,对2000–2020年金沙江流域生态系统提供的5种生态系统服务功能：产水量（WY）、生境质量（HQ）、土壤保有量（SR）、食物供应（FS）、碳储量（CS）进行了评价,并分析了它们的时空变化特征,权衡协同关系及其驱动因素。结果表明:（1）2000–2020年间,金沙江流域的各生态系统服务总量除生境质量外都存在不同程度的波动,各生态系统服务在空间分布上基本呈现出东南高西北低的空间格局。（2）CS＿SR＿HQ和WY＿SR＿FS之间存在显著的协同关系,WY＿CS之间存在显著的权衡关系。（3）CS＿SR＿HQ的主要驱动因素是净初级生产力（NPP）和土地利用类型（LU）,WY＿SR＿FS的主要驱动因素是年降雨量（PRE）、LU和降雨侵蚀（R）,WY＿CS的驱动因素在研究期内较多变。     

国家重点生态功能区生态系统服务时空格局及其变化特征

基于遥感数据及地理信息系统平台,利用生态模型,定量分析中国国家重点生态功能区在实施转移支付前（2000~2010年）、后（2010~2015年）生态系统宏观格局及关键生态系统服务的时空分布格局及其变化特征。研究结果表明：在气候变化与转移支付政策的共同影响下,中国国家重点生态功能区生态系统宏观结构总体好转,荒漠化得到有效控制,水体与湿地得到有效恢复,但森林及草地生态系统发生退化,农田与聚落生态系统面积进一步扩大;水土流失及土壤风蚀得到有效遏制,水源涵养及土壤保持服务得到大幅提升,但防风固沙服务整体有所下降,同时人类活动对生物多样性维护功能的威胁程度基本持衡。     

印度中部喜马拉雅地区生计可持续性的生态系统服务评估和支付（英文）

本文探讨了印度中部喜马拉雅地区生态系统服务对生计可持续性的评估和支付。本文数据收集自生物多样性资源的主要和次要来源——有形商品和无形服务。生态系统服务与高地（提供者）和低地（受益者）相互关联,并为广大人口提供生计支持。该区森林覆盖了约63%的区域,生物多样性丰富。同时水资源也很丰富,恒河及其支流满足了全国约42%的用水需求,并且水力发电约为30000 MW。由于环境清洁无污染,环境可持续性指数较高。尽管耕地仅占18%,但农业生物多样性相当高,这里生长着多种作物品种。然而,由于地形崎岖、偏远和不利的环境,高地人民无法以最佳方式利用这些生物多样性资源。高地人民贫穷,面临严重的营养不良和粮食短缺问题。因此可以考虑对有形和无形的生态系统服务进行估价,并进行支付。对下游群众使用的无形资源进行征税,向上游群众发放绿色红利。     

尼泊尔生态服务消费模式演变研究（英文）

本研究基于FAOSTAT数据库中尼泊尔林业数据和食物消费数据,采用实物量核算方法,依据生物产品生产性土地类型归类,研究了尼泊尔农田、森林、草地、水域及综合生态系统的消费水平、结构及生态服务消费模式的动态变化,揭示了尼泊尔生态服务消费模式演变的主要因素。研究结果表明,1961–2018年尼泊尔农田、森林、草地、水域及综合生态系统服务消费总量平均分别为7.26 Tg yr^-1、6.38 Tg yr^-1、1.10 Tg yr^-1、0.02 Tg yr^-1和14.76 Tg yr^-1,均呈现波动增长态势;除年人均森林消费量波动降低外,其余生态系统和综合生态系统年人均消费量均波动增加,且增速持续增大。1961–2018年尼泊尔生态服务消费可分为1961–1984、1985–2007和2008–2018年三个时期,生态服务消费模式依次为“木–谷–奶”模式、“木–谷–蔬–根-奶-糖”模式和“木–谷–蔬–根–糖–果–奶”模式。驱动因素分析表明,生态系统供给能力(生产能力、进口能力和出口能力)和...     

社区视角下的农业文化遗产保护与旅游发展（英文）

农业文化遗产中蕴含的丰富生物多样性和文化多样性是在当地社区的传统生活中不经意间保留下来的。这些生物多样性和文化多样性同时也是很好的旅游资源,通过旅游发展既能维持当地居民的生计,同时也可以有效保护农业文化遗产。本文以全球重要农业文化遗产——贵州从江县稻鱼鸭复合系统为例,讨论了农业文化遗产保护与旅游发展中的社区参与问题。构建了基于社区的农业文化遗产保护及旅游发展的概念模型,其核心观点为农业文化遗产在保护和社区适应方面是一个动态的过程。模型中的6个主要因子分别为:农业文化遗产社区、传统农业系统、生物多样性、文化多样性、可持续旅游发展、社区生计和社区文化身份。几个因子之间的作用是互相影响的,因此支持了农业文化遗产的保护以及农业文化遗产地的旅游发展。     

菌根真菌对CO2浓度升高和N沉降的响应

气候变化是全球普遍关注的环境问题,尤其是工业革命以来,全球CO2浓度升高和N沉降的增加,不仅改变了植物的生长发育、生态系统中碳、N生物地化循环,而且影响着与植物共生的菌根真菌。对外生菌根真菌（Ectomycorrhizal fungi, ECMF）和丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）的群落结构、真菌的侵染率以及菌丝生物量等方面如何响应全球CO2浓度升高和N沉降的增加进行了综述,同时对当前存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行探讨。     

An Ecosystem Services Approach to Sustainable Livelihoods in the Homegardens of Kandy,Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT

The Kandyan homegardens, or forest gardens, of central Sri Lanka are diverse, smallholder agroforestry ecosystems that for 2000 years have reflected evolving environmental, economic, and social livelihood needs. An ecosystem services approach interrogated homegarden changes over the last 10 years in 31 Kandyan households. Livelihood strategies favouring homegardens were found to have broader benefits across household, national, and global scales than those favouring commercial simplification or those abandoning cultivation for alternative incomes. Livelihood benefits beyond income included resilience to economic and environmental shocks; food security; and higher stocks of biological and agricultural diversity. This revealed overlooked socio-ecological feedbacks between drivers that frustrated interventions to sustain homegarden livelihoods, including increased wild animal incursions thwarting household climate adaptation and disaster recovery; global organic and fair trade incentives reducing food security and livelihood resilience; and national seed and animal regulations counteracting homegarden sustainability programs. Despite these pressures, households maintained homegarden systems for their cultural, aesthetic and eating preferences. An ecosystem services approach can complement sustainable livelihood approaches by identifying overlooked environmental and cultural benefits; reveal livelihood feedbacks from drivers of ecosystem change; avoid unintended consequences from interventions; and capitalise on synergies between stakeholder priorities.     

The Role of Local Knowledge in the Risk Management of Extreme Climates in Local Communities: A Case Study in a Nomadic NIAHS Site

In the context of climate change, research on extreme climates and disaster risk management has become a crucial component of climate change adaptation. Local communities, which have been facing extreme climates for a long time in their production and daily life, have developed some locally applicable traditional knowledge that has played an important role in their adaptation to extreme climate and disaster risk management. Therefore, this research aims to link Local knowledge (LK) to community extreme climate disaster risk management in order to construct a conceptual model. It then takes the extreme climate adaptation strategy of traditional nomads in a temperate grassland of China as an example to analyze the role of LK in extreme climate adaptation using the proposed theoretical framework. The main research objectives of this study are: (1) To construct a conceptual model to illustrate the relations among extreme climate events, risk management, LK, and farmers' adaptation strategies; (2) To apply the theoretical framework to a field case to reveal context-specific extreme climate adaptation mechanisms with LK as a critical component; (3) To test the framework and provide suggestions for the extreme climates adaptation, and the conservation of LK related to climate change adaptation. The results show that from the perspective of disaster risk management, local communities could manage extreme climates as a disaster risk through adaptation strategies formed from LK, because as a knowledge system, LK contains relevant knowledge covering the whole process of disaster risk management.     

A bridge over troubled water: A contextual analysis of social vulnerability to climate change in a riverine landscape in south-east Norway

Local communities in the Gudbrandsdalen region in Norway are increasingly exposed to climate-induced hazards such as floods and landslides. A core question is how community members respond to climate change and what factors contribute to more resilient communities. The authors used a contextual approach to analyze data from semi-structured interviews along five dimensions. In Gaustad Muncipality they found that individuals’ motivation to adapt to climate change depended largely on subjective values such as identity, place attachment, cultural values, and social networks among individuals, which means it is crucial that strategic plans for adaptation to climate change at different policy levels are experienced as relevant by community members. While the studied community has experienced heavy floods in river systems and streams, little evidence of adaptation was observed. Instead, they appeared to adopt coping strategies. Landowners may have limited incentives to adapt to climate change due to contraproductive policy measures such as economic compensation for direct losses without requiring improved practices. Effective adaptation to climate change on the local level is likely to require making compensation mechanisms contingent upon landowners showing willingness to change from coping to adaptive practices, as well as a contextualized approach integrating local and scientific forms of knowledge.     

Assessments of ecosystem service indicators and stakeholder's willingness to pay for selected ecosystem services in the Chure region of Nepal

The Chure region of Nepal—the area sandwiched between the hills in the north and the plains in the south—is considered an ecologically fragile, structurally weak, and highly erosion-prone region. The forest in the Chure region provides several ecosystem services to people living in the downstream areas. However, assessment and quantification of ecosystem services in this region are very limited. This study, conducted in a watershed of the Chure region of western Nepal, combined local users' perspectives with experts' opinions to identify and rank ecosystem services based on land use types, to investigate the downstream users' willingness to pay for ecosystem services, and to explore the socio-economic factors affecting their willingness to pay. The study found that forests offered the highest number of ecosystem goods and services in this area. Local people were familiar with 10 different ecosystem services provided by the watershed and ranked drinking water service at the top. The downstream beneficiaries would be willing to pay a higher amount for drinking water service than they were currently paying if the quality of the service and its sustainability were assured. The amount they were willing to pay for ecosystem services increased significantly with monthly income. The results of this study are useful for other areas in which an upstream–downstream linkage exists and the upstream communities play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem functions and the resulting supply of ecosystem services to the downstream communities.     

中国气候变化的植物信号和生态证据

全球平均气温上升、降水格局变化、极端天气事件发生的频率和强度增大等气候变化现象已经对陆地生态系统产生了影响,物种、群落和生态系统响应于气候变化而发生的改变,可以作为气候变化的间接生物学和生态学证据,对未来气候变化的影响评价有重要的价值,尤其是对减缓和适应全球气候变化的"地球系统科学"研究以及可持续生态系统管理与发展对策的制订,具有重要的意义。在国际气候变化的生物学证据研究的大背景下,总结了中国陆地生态系统响应过去气候变化的植物学信号和生态学证据:(1)物种水平:气候变暖导致中国33°N以北大部分地区植物春季物候期包括萌芽、展叶、开花期等显著提前,植被生长季延长;(2)群落水平:群落物种组成和分布发生改变,主要表现在长白山等高山群落交错带物种组成和林线位置的变化以及青藏高原高寒草甸的退化;(3)生态系统水平:全国总体植被盖度增加,植被活动加强,生产力增加;北方和西部地区农业植被的耕作制度、种植结构、耕种面积和产量发生变化,东北地区水稻种植面积和产量增加,但全国大部分地区农作物产量和温度呈负相关,这将威胁到未来的粮食安全。     

Do protected areas networks ensure the supply of ecosystem services? Spatial patterns of two nature reserve systems in semi-arid Spain

Protected areas are essential for conserving biodiversity, and these lands have traditionally been set aside for this purpose alone. However, the increasing global demand for agricultural and forestry commodities creates conflict and tradeoffs between dedicating land for conservation versus food production. Efforts to set aside new lands for biodiversity conservation are compromised by the globally rising demand, creating trade-offs between lands dedicated to conservation versus food production. Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that protected areas provide social and economic benefits that can be used to build political support and raise funds for conservation. We analyzed the capability of current protected area networks in the semi-arid region of Spain to provide intermediate regulating services (habitat preservation for threatened species, climate regulation, erosion control and water flow maintenance) to support the final provisioning service of cultivated crops to support local communities. We found that existing networks of protected lands supply considerable quantities of ecosystem services, in particular carbon stocks and groundwater recharge. Our results demonstrate that the integration of systematic analyses of ecosystem services gaps in protected area planning could contribute substantially to safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity jointly. However, our study also reveals substantial differences in intermediate ecosystem services supplied by different of protected areas networks, with category VI areas (Natura-2000 sites) generally showing the highest potential for ecosystem services supply. This demonstrates the important role of Natura-2000 sites for preserving regulating services in the European semi-arid region.     

生物土壤结皮：荒漠昆虫食物链的重要构建者

干旱荒漠地区由于水分因子的限制,其植被分布以不连续的高等植物斑块与隐花植物及其结皮的斑块镶嵌为其主要特征,构成了独特的荒漠植被景观格局。作为荒漠生态系统的主要组成者,荒漠昆虫与生境的关系,特别是与高等植物之间的食物链关系已得到大量的文献报道。本文基于野外调查和实验室模拟观测,发现了尖尾东鳖甲(Anatolica mucronata)对藓类结皮有取食现象,哈蛃(Haslundichilis sp.)对地衣结皮有取食现象。证实了生物土壤结皮直接参与了荒漠昆虫食物链和食物网的构成,为深入了解生物土壤结皮在荒漠生态系统中的功能和地位提供了实验证据。     

中国陆地生态系统的碳储量及其空间格局(英文)

地球系统的碳库变化和碳循环过程机制是气候变化成因分析、变化趋势预测、减缓和适应对策的科学基础,受到科技界和国际社会的广泛关注。从20世纪80年代中后期开始,中国学者就开展了陆地生态系统碳循环研究工作,并且在许多研究领域都取得了可喜的进展。本文在回顾中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究发展历程基础上,重点评述陆地生态系统的碳储量及其空间格局方面的研究成果,评价有关研究的不确定性以及亟待解决的重要科学问题。分析表明,中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究经过了陆地生态系统碳循环的前期研究、区域尺度生态系统碳循环综合研究、生态系统碳循环过程对环境变化适应性实验研究,以及生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理研究4个主要发展阶段。大多的研究表明,中国陆地生态系统碳储量及其空间格局是温度和降水控制的。全国土壤、森林和草地植被储存约为97.95 —118.93 Pg C;自20世纪70年代中期以来,我国的植树造林和林业管理、草地保护、农作制度改革和保护性耕作等措施发挥了重要的固碳功能,但是各种方法评估的结果仍然存在较大不确定性。今后的研究重点工作是建立天地空一体化碳储量和碳汇动态监测体系、开展生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理的前瞻性研究,定量评价中国区域生态系统的碳收支状况和增汇潜力,评估各种典型生态系统增汇技术的经济效益,为国家尺度的温室气体管理和碳交易机制与政策体系的建立提供可报告、可度量和可核查的科学数据和技术支持。