电商快递包装箱的碳足迹空间分解和隐含碳转移研究

伴随电子商务等新兴消费业态的迅猛发展,其碳排放量已不容忽视。本研究从空间分解和隐含碳转移的角度,基于对电商快递包装箱全生命周期的碳足迹研究,识别其在原料、生产、利用各环节与电商行为的地理空间耦合,分析各阶段及总排放的省域尺度格局特征,以及伴随快递流的隐含碳转移网络格局。研究发现：原料阶段的碳排放多在木材原料商区位,生产阶段的碳排放和快递发货区位高度耦合,利用阶段的碳排放和快递收货区位相耦合。全国电商快递包装箱各阶段的碳排放在空间上高度集聚,原料阶段集中在广西,生产和利用阶段集中在广东、浙江、江苏,整体呈现出“东多西少、南多北少”的空间特征。碳排放总量较高的省区多由生产驱动,碳排放总量越少的省区则利用驱动越明显。隐含碳转移网络呈现出“少数省区净流出、多数省区净流入”的“轴辐式”结构特征,浙江、广东两省承担了80%左右的净流出,是绝大多数省区隐含碳流入的最大来源地,北京是净流入最大的省区。基于隐含碳转移进行碳排放责任辨析,是相关决策需要考虑的重要因素;绿色包装的减排贡献较大,亟待寻求技术突破;新兴消费业态的碳排放值得长期关注。     

Recycling in the metals industry

In 1990, scrap was a major feedstock component of U.S. metals production. Steel scrap represented 56% of raw steel production, old lead scrap was 66% of total lead production, and purchased aluminum scrap represented 37% of total production. Copper scrap makes up 44% of total U.S. copper consumption annually. Although some recycling operations, such as past (but now obsolete) lead-acid battery breaking and the use of high salt fluxes on aluminum drosses have created environmental problems, the recovery of obsolete autos, cast or extruded products, appliances, lead-acid batteries, beverage containers, and drosses represents major environmental benefits in terms of reduced litter, landfill wastes, and energy savings. Evolving technologies, marketing concepts, and regulations promise even higher levels of recycling in the future. The cumulative amounts of aluminum, copper, lead, and ferrous scrap that would have had to be absorbed by our environment as discards during the period 1965–1990 had they not been recycled totaled more than 2.2 billion tons, just for the four metal groups. Concurrently, huge energy savings were realized and environmental benefits achieved through reduced emissions associated with generating that energy.Correspondence should be directed to: Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

A Study of Food Waste in the Catering Industry in Beijing

Currently, the topic of food waste and its environmental impacts is attracting increasing attention among academic researchers. Based on an investigation of restaurants in Beijing, this study analyzes the quantities, structures, characteristics and costs of the agricultural resources related to food waste in the catering industry in Beijing. The results show that: (1) The average food waste per capita per meal is about 75.02 g (raw) for food away from home among Beijing urban residents, which means that about 10.52% of the food is wasted. (2) According to the quantitative ranking of different categories of food waste, vegetable is the most wasted, followed by meat, aquatic products, and grains. The foods in the other categories are wasted much less. (3) Food waste is affected by the restaurant type, as well as the number, gender, age, education level, and consumption motivation of the consumers. (4) Based on the estimated food waste per capita, about 417.92 thousand tons of food is wasted annually at the consumption stage in the catering industry in Beijing. This food waste amount is equivalent to approximately 765.53 tons of cereals which are wasted, and this represents 79.66% of cereals production and 13.15% of cereals consumption in Beijing. Estimated by the required land use, this amount of food waste means that the total production of approximately 166.12 thousand ha of arable land is being wasted in Beijing.     

能源消费、结构变化与空气质量——基于省际面板数据的实证检验

资源和环境约束对我国能源消费提出了严峻挑战。雾霾在一定程度上可以看做是终端能源消费结构性矛盾长期积累的集中爆发。本文借助K-means聚类、空间相关分析等方法,对30个省级单元的终端能源消费量的时空特征及其结构演变进行了系统研究。进一步,运用空间计量模型多角度探讨终端能源消费对环境污染的影响。研究发现：① 从人均终端能源消费量来看,在研究时段内各省级单元均有不同程度提升,但省际差异依然显著。② 从终端能源消费量来看,在研究时段内具有显著的空间正相关性,表明了空间集聚特征的存在,并形成了多种空间集聚类型。③ 从终端能源消费结构来看,由于资源禀赋、产业结构等方面的较大差异,不同省级单元的各类型能源消费结构均呈现出多样化演变特征。④ 通过空间计量模型检验发现,终端能源消费对空气质量指数有显著正向影响,并且,这种影响在不同能源消费结构与不同区域有明显差异性。⑤ 根据研究结论,有针对性地提出能源消费与结构优化的对策建议,以期从能源消费这一视角为减少碳排放、改善空气质量提供思路和参考。     

北京市城市水循环过程对能源消耗的影响（英文）

Energy is consumed at every stage of the cycle of water production, distribution, end use, and recycled water treatment. Understanding the nexus of energy and water may help to minimize energy and water consumption and reduce environmental emissions. However, the interlinkages between water and energy have not received adequate attention. To address this gap, this paper disaggregates and quantifies the energy consumption of the entire water cycle process in Beijing. The results of this study show that total energy consumption by water production, treatment and distribution, end use, and recycled water reuse amounts to 55.6 billion kWh of electricity in 2015, or about 33% of the total urban energy usage. While water supply amount increased by only 10% from 2005 to 2015, the related energy consumption increased by 215% due to water supply structural change. The Beijing municipal government plans to implement many water saving measures in the area from 2016 to 2020, however, these policies will increase energy consumption by 74 million kWh in Beijing. This study responds to the urgent need for research on the synergies between energy and water. In order to achieve the goal of low-energy water utilization in the future, water and energy should be integrated in planning and management.     

基于LCA的森林景观的旅游生命力评价——以张家界市武陵源区为例

根据森林旅游资源具有生命周期的特点,引入环境评价中的生命周期评价方法与步骤,并利用生命周期矩阵的半定量方法,对森林景观进行生命力评价。结果表明:(1)各个景观所表现出的生命力,在森林景观自身的功能基础上,取决于生命周期的各个阶段的旅游魅力,生命力评价指数和常绿阔叶林景观的相关性,说明了常绿阔叶林景观的旅游魅力;(2)森林景观应按照年龄结构进行合理的空间格局配置,以提高旅游吸引力;(3)提高森林景观的旅游生命力,必须调整资源类型结构,尽量扩大高质量的森林景观种类比例,优化树种结构。     

长江产业带能源资源合理开发与能源供需解决途径*

本文从长江产业带持续发展建设的要求出发,针对能源生产、消费和供需平衡存在的主要矛盾与问题,提出并论证了产业带未来能源资源的合理开发方向及规模、缓解能源运输矛盾的途径和上中下游能源开发方向与重点。     

甘肃省碳排放变化及影响因素分析

采用甘肃省人口、经济发展、能源消费等数据,通过相关方法对1997-2008年的碳排放总量、碳排放强度及其三大产业的碳排放进行了估算,并利用岭回归函数对STIRPAT扩展模型拟合,进一步分析影响甘肃省碳排放的因素。结果表明： （1）从1997-2008年甘肃省能源消费的碳排放量和人均碳排放量均呈逐年增长的趋势。碳排放量由1997年的1 767.14×104 t增加到2008年 4 341.64×104 t。人均碳排放量由1997年的0.7 t /人增长到2008年的1.65 t /人,且以煤炭消费的碳排放为主,占各能源碳排放的比例达到70%以上。（2）碳排放强度从1997-2001年呈波动变化,2001年以后则呈逐年下降趋势,总体上从1997年的2.214 t/104元下降到2008年的1.364 t / 104元。（3）三大产业的碳排放呈逐年上升趋势,且以第二产业的贡献为主。（4）人口增长、经济发展对碳排放影响较大,而生活水平的提高更加剧了碳排放的增长。     

我国乳品工业区位分析

工业区位问题是工业地理学研究的核心问题之一。近年来我国乳品工业发展迅速,布局面貌变化很大,探讨适合我国国情的乳品工业区位问题,对于合理地开发利用乳品工     

全球锂资源综合评述

发展高效清洁能源是解决能源和环境问题的有效途径,交通电力化和能源储存使全球对锂产品的需求持续快速增加,导致全球对锂资源越来越关注。然而,不同文献报道和不同信息来源的全球锂资源量差别较大,我们在对各种最新报道和公开的信息进行系统分析的基础上,对全球锂资源进行了综合评述。全球卤水锂和矿石锂资源总量为3 190～5 190万吨(以金属锂计),卤水锂和矿石锂分别约占62.6%和37.4%,全球70%以上的卤水锂资源在智利、阿根廷、玻利维亚锂三角地区。以卤水为原料生产锂盐能耗低、成本低,对卤水锂资源会越来越关注,卤水提锂将成为未来锂资源提取的重要方向。     

Water Footprints of Cassava- and Molasses-Based Ethanol Production in Thailand

The Thai government has been promoting renewable energy as well as stimulating the consumption of its products. Replacing transport fuels with bioethanol will require substantial amounts of water and enhance water competition locally. This study shows that the water footprint (WF) of molasses-based ethanol is less than that of cassava-based ethanol. The WF of molasses-based ethanol is estimated to be in the range of 1,510–1,990 L water/L ethanol, while that of cassava-based ethanol is estimated at 2,300–2,820 L water/L ethanol. Approximately 99% of the water in each of these WFs is used to cultivate crops. Ethanol production requires not only substantial amounts of water but also government interventions because it is not cost competitive. In Thailand, the government has exploited several strategies to lower ethanol prices such as oil tax exemptions for consumers, cost compensation for ethanol producers, and crop price assurances for farmers. For the renewable energy policy to succeed in the long run, the government may want to consider promoting molasses-based ethanol production as well as irrigation system improvements and sugarcane yield-enhancing practices, since molasses-based ethanol is more favorable than cassava-based ethanol in terms of its water consumption, chemical fertilizer use, and production costs.     

风电场对环境的影响研究进展

风能作为清洁和环境友好的可再生能源,可以减少对化石燃料的依赖,因而近年来发展迅速。但风电设施在安装和运行过程中,评价其对环境产生的影响却尚未得到足够的重视。本文综述了风电场施工和运行过程对气候变化及陆地生态系统的可能影响,同时探讨了风电设施所产生的噪声污染及辐射效应,认为未来风电研究的重要方向为：①评价风电场对气候的影响,还需要建立或改进更精细的气候模型;②探讨风电场对动物的影响,需要识别到底哪些环境因子对动物活动起到了决定性的作用,这些因子在不同风电场中是否具有普遍性;③分析风电场对植被的影响,需要综合利用遥感监测及生态学调查方法,才能准确识别不同陆地生态系统植被对风电场的响应机制;④研究风电场对生态系统碳、氮循环的影响,要加强地表实测数据的获取,尤其是连续多年的数据获取,形成长期的观测序列,进行时空尺度的分析;⑤风电场在全球不同区域,对各环境要素的影响并不完全一致,通过对典型区域的研究来反映风电场对环境影响的共性问题,是目前较为可行的方法;⑥在确保风能作为新能源发展重点的同时,还需保护整个陆地生态系统的生产力和生物多样性,在此基础上才能准确评价、处理风电场与可持续发展的关系;⑦在风电场建设前的环评阶段,需要补充完善现有环评导则和标准,充分考虑风能、太阳能等新兴能源对环境长期而复杂的影响;⑧中国作为世界风能利用的第一大国,需要适时建立长期定位观测试验站,以期开展风电场对环境影响的定量化、全过程、时空尺度的细致研究。本文可为人类科学合理的利用风能、处理风电场建设与可持续发展的关系是提供一些思路。     

Fertilizer Consumption and Energy Input for 16 Crops in the United States

Fertilizer use by U.S. agriculture has increased over the past few decades. The production and transportation of fertilizers (nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; potassium, K) are energy intensive. In general, about a third of the total energy input to crop production goes to the production of fertilizers, one-third to mechanization, and one-third to other inputs including labor, transportation, pesticides, and electricity. For some crops, fertilizer is the largest proportion of total energy inputs. Energy required for the production and transportation of fertilizers, as a percentage of total energy input, was determined for 16 crops in the U.S. to be: 19–60% for seven grains, 10–41% for two oilseeds, 25% for potatoes, 12–30% for three vegetables, 2–23% for two fruits, and 3% for dry beans. The harvested-area weighted-average of the fraction of crop fertilizer energy to the total input energy was 28%. The current sources of fertilizers for U.S. agriculture are dependent on imports, availability of natural gas, or limited mineral resources. Given these dependencies plus the high energy costs for fertilizers, an integrated approach for their efficient and sustainable use is needed that will simultaneously maintain or increase crop yields and food quality while decreasing adverse impacts on the environment.     

A Regionally Based Energy End‐Use Strategy: Case Studies from Centre County,Pennsylvania*

The production and use of fossil fuels and nonrenewable electricity creates many forms of environmental degradation. To reduce degradation, this research suggests an energy strategy based on energy end‐use analysis and regional geography. Energy end‐use analysis and regional geography are used to match renewable energy resources with site‐specific, end‐use needs. Fieldwork conducted within Centre County, Pennsylvania, demonstrates that small‐scale solar, wind, and micro‐hydropower resources could displace a proportion of household electricity use. Such an approach meets energy end‐use needs, while conserving fossil fuels and reducing environmental degradation.     

基于耦合模型的中国能源生产与消费预测及其环境响应(英文)

The paper presents the prediction of total energy production and consumption in all provinces and autonomous regions as well as determination of the variation of gravity center of the energy production, consumption and total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue of China via the energy and environmental quality data from 1978 to 2009 in China by use of GM(1,1) model and gravity center model, based on which the paper also analyzes the dynamic variation in regional difference in energy production, consumption and environmental quality and their relationship. The results are shown as follows. 1) The gravity center of energy production is gradually moving southwestward and the entire movement track approxi-mates to linear variation, indicating that the difference of energy production between the east and west, south and north is narrowing to a certain extent, with the difference between the east and the west narrowing faster than that between the south and the north. 2) The gravity center of energy consumption is moving southwestward with perceptible fluctuation, of which the gravity center position from 2000 to 2005 was relatively stable, with slight annual position variation, indicating that the growth rates of all provinces and autonomous regions are basically the same. 3) The gravity center of the total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue is characterized by fluctuation in longitude and latitude to a certain degree. But, it shows a southwestward trend on the whole. 4) There are common ground and discrepancy in the variation track of the gravity center of the energy production & consumption of China, and the comparative analysis of the gravity center of them and that of total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue shows that the environmental quality level is closely associated with the energy production and consumption (especially the energy consumption), indicating that the environment cost in economy of energy is higher in China.     

Energy production and consumption prediction and their response to environment based on coupling model in China

The paper presents the prediction of total energy production and consumption in all provinces and autonomous regions as well as determination of the variation of gravity center of the energy production, consumption and total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue of China via the energy and environmental quality data from 1978 to 2009 in China by use of GM(1,1) model and gravity center model, based on which the paper also analyzes the dynamic variation in regional difference in energy production, consumption and environmental quality and their relationship. The results are shown as follows. 1) The gravity center of energy production is gradually moving southwestward and the entire movement track approximates to linear variation, indicating that the difference of energy production between the east and west, south and north is narrowing to a certain extent, with the difference between the east and the west narrowing faster than that between the south and the north. 2) The gravity center of energy consumption is moving southwestward with perceptible fluctuation, of which the gravity center position from 2000 to 2005 was relatively stable, with slight annual position variation, indicating that the growth rates of all provinces and autonomous regions are basically the same. 3) The gravity center of the total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue is characterized by fluctuation in longitude and latitude to a certain degree. But, it shows a southwestward trend on the whole. 4) There are common ground and discrepancy in the variation track of the gravity center of the energy production & consumption of China, and the comparative analysis of the gravity center of them and that of total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue shows that the environmental quality level is closely associated with the energy production and consumption (especially the energy consumption), indicating that the environment cost in economy of energy is higher in China.     

能源强度对碳强度的冲击效应和贡献度研究

能源强度对碳强度具有重要影响。实证分析表明：长期内,能源强度与碳强度之间存在稳定的协整关系且呈现正向效应。通过脉冲响应函数可知,能源强度对碳强度的冲击效应最大为13%。从方差分解可知,能源强度对碳强度的贡献度随着预测期的不断增加而提高,即能源强度对碳强度变化的贡献度最大为32.9%。     

Problems of Manufacturing Products for Final Consumption in the Industry of Irkutsk Oblast

The problem of freeing the country’s economy from commodity dependence is discussed. The potential for increasing the depth of processing of extracted raw materials and semi-products manufactured by enterprises of Irkutsk oblast is considered. Irkutsk oblast is one of the largest industrial constituent entities of the Russian Federation with a highly specific structure of industries. It combines an advanced extractive industry (production of oil, gold, iron ore, coal, salt and gypsum as well as logging) with multisectoral mechanical engineering (aircraft industry, manufacture of various machinery and equipment, electrical products, switching products and instruments). It also includes the advanced electric-power (absolutely dominated by the hydroelectric power component), aluminum and nuclear industries, and the chemical and forestry complex. The proportion of their products in the country’s economy is quite large. Most of these products are exported in the form of semi-products for a further processing to other regions of the country or to other countries. The range of interests of various entities is identified, which can influence the solution to the problem under consideration. Such entities can include society (the country’s population), the territory represented by its population, a corporation, a company, an industrial enterprise, and separate entrepreneurs. It is shown that it is impossible and inappropriate to fully process all semi-products and raw materials produced by the regional industry to obtain products for final consumption, due to economic, transportation and other reasons. However, a processing of them within economically justified limits is highly desirable in order for Irkutsk oblast to gain additional benefits in the form of tax revenues to the budget, job creation and an increase in charitable donations. A rationally is given to the need to do research in order to determine the scope of manufacture of products for final consumption in Irkutsk oblast.     

哈萨克斯坦能源消费的碳排放动态演进分析

能源消费是碳排放的主要来源。根据IPCC碳排放计算指南缺省值计算了哈萨克斯坦共和国1992-2010年的碳排放量,并对哈萨克斯坦近20 a来碳排放进行阶段划分,采用对数平均迪氏指数法（Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index）,对碳排放量进行因素分解,定量分析能源结构、能源效率和经济发展对不同阶段碳排放的影响。结果表明：（1）1992-2010年,哈萨克斯坦一次能源消费的碳排放量整体呈先下降后上升的“U”型曲线,拐点在1999年。煤炭消费仍然是碳排放的主要来源,这是受长期以煤为主能源供应政策影响的一种必然结果;（2）碳排放不同阶段各影响因素的作用程度不同。总体来看,经济增长是碳排放量增加的主要推动因素,能源强度降低是抑制碳排放量增长的主要贡献因子。并以此提出哈萨克斯坦未来能源战略的一些政策建议。     

The role of resource recycling

Resource recycling reduces the amount of waste discharged into the global environment. The waste reduction achieved by thorough recycling is substantial. Recycling is thus an inseparable part of global environmental protection.We human beings have used mineral resources since the birth of our species. The quantities and increasingly complex forms in which mineral resources have been used at different times in our prehistory and history serve as indices of civilization's advancement. But on the eve of the 21st century, environmental pollution and global warming stemming from spiraling resource and energy consumption pose serious dilemmas for humanity. The rapidity with which our resource consumption has increased approximates exponential growth.The worsening condition of the earth's environment because of massive resource and energy consumption is the result of activity at many stages of production, from the mining of mineral resources to the manufacture of finished products; the culmination of the process is the disposal of products as waste after their use. As we shall see from examples given in this paper, efforts are being made to solve this problem through recycling; but in many areas the problems remain incompletely solved or unsolved altogether.