基于第二代测序技术的亚洲象食性分析（英文）

研究大型食草动物的食物组成和偏好,不仅有助于理解大型食草动物在生态系统中发挥的重要作用,而且有助于评估种群的生存能力及其栖息地质量。本研究于旱季（2–4月）在中国云南南滚河国家级自然保护区进行,以确定该地区的一个亚洲象小种群的觅食偏好。通过样线调查和相机陷阱调查,我们观察记录到大象采食了31种植物。通过对野外收集到的亚洲象粪便样本中的rbcL基因进行第二代测序,在象粪样本中共发现90个物种。在所有样本中,科水平上检出率最高的依次为禾本科（Poaceae,47.69%）、桑科（Moraceae,21.25%）和芭蕉科（Musaceae,11.24%）,在物种水平检出率大于1%的只有9种。我们还分析了性别、年龄组和个体之间的食物组成是否存在差异,结果发现,只在个体之间存在显著差异。这项研究为亚洲象的觅食偏好提供了有价值的见解,有助于进一步了解自然保护区内大象与其栖息地之间的相互作用,并为该地区和国内其他亚洲象分布区的物种保护管理决策提供科技支撑。研究建议,生境恢复和食物源基地建设项目可考虑种植本研究发现的9种丰度较高的核心植物种类,不建议在食物源基地建设中选择大象喜食的农作物,应考虑将种植...     

金沙江干热河谷不同植被坡面土壤水分时空分布特征

于2016年7~12月和2017年4月的旱、雨季期间,以金沙江干热河谷苴那小流域内的银合欢（Leucaena Benth）林地、车桑子（Dodonaea angustifolia）灌丛地和扭黄茅（Heteropogon cantortus）草地为研究对象,通过网格法和土钻法采集并测定了（0~100 cm）土层的土壤含水量,应用经典统计法和地统计学方法分析该区域不同林草植被下坡面土壤水分的动态变化特征。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤含水量总体较低,雨季显著大于旱季,旱、雨季均表现为灌丛地>草地>林地,呈中度至强度变异（0.07~0.28之间）。（2）不同林草植被下旱、雨季土壤水分具有相似的空间自相关性,自相关系数均由正向负转变,但由正向负转变的滞后距离有所不同,且雨季大于旱季,呈中等或强等空间自相关性。（3）不同林草植被下的土壤水分空间结构不同,林地、灌丛地和草地旱雨季最佳拟合模型均为球状模型;相同林草植被下各土层旱、雨季土壤水分的空间分布特征相似,但旱季的分布格局差异更显著,不同林草植被下深层土壤水分分布比表层土壤水分的分布更为复杂,土壤水分呈明显的斑块或条带状分布,含水量高值区和低值区位置不固定。总之不同林草植被类型会改变局部地段土壤水分空间分布,降雨会加强这种差异的趋势,但土壤水分仍具一定空间连续性。     

龙滩水库溶解无机碳来源及变化特征

河流在碳的运输过程中扮演着重要角色。为探究河流筑坝拦截后龙滩水库溶解无机碳(DIC)的来源和变化特征,于2016年7月和2017年1月采集水样,然后分析了河水DIC及其碳稳定同位素(δ13C)值。研究结果表明:(1)δ13CDIC值具有显著的时空差异,表明两个季节影响DIC的主要因素和DIC的来源并不相同。雨季,DIC及其δ13C主要分布在2.04~4.12 mmol·L^-1和-5.52‰^-2.87‰的范围内;旱季,水体DIC为3.33~4.61 mmol·L^-1,而δ13CDIC显著低于雨季为-15.90‰^-9.12‰。雨季,稀释效应显著降低了DIC浓度,由于水体热分层使得DIC在水柱剖面上差异显著,而旱季由于混合作用的影响,在剖面上差异较低。(2)在雨季,河流δ13CDIC较旱季明显偏正,碳酸盐岩的强烈风化输入大量HCO3-是DIC的主要来源。在旱季,DIC和δ13CDIC成反比关系,δ13CDIC在旱季变得更低,其大部分的DIC来自于土壤CO2输入和原位有机呼吸作用。旱季水体热分层消失,混合作用使得底部具有较低δ13C值的含碳水体上涌,并与表水层混合导致其δ13CDIC值低于雨季。这种季节性模式与自然河流不同,而是与湖泊的季节变化特征更为类似,说明河流拦截蓄水后逐渐湖沼化,并显著影响了DIC的循环。     

海南岛逐日太阳总辐射长期演变特征与关联因子

为了解海南岛太阳辐射资源的时空变化规律及变化原因,以海口（1961―2013 年）和三亚（1993―2013年）2 个气象站点长时间序列逐日太阳总辐射、日照时数、气温等观测资料为基础,利用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验方法分析了全年、雨季、旱季日均太阳总辐射的长期演变特征,利用多重线性回归分析了辐射变化的主要关联气象因素。结果表明：1961―2013 年期间海口全年、雨季、旱季日均太阳总辐射气候倾向率分别为0.021、0.004、0.038 MJ/m²,1993―2013 年三亚全年、雨季、旱季日均太阳总辐射气候倾向率分别为-0.68、-0.658、-0.714MJ/m²。海口日均太阳总辐射变化呈波动趋势,全年、雨季日均太阳总辐射显著的“变暗期”分别出现在1975―1992、1975―1990 年;海口旱季日均太阳总辐射呈先降后升的趋势,1967―2003 年为下降期,2003 年之后呈现上升趋势,显著的“变暗期”为1995、1988―1989 年。1993 年以来,三亚全年、雨季、旱季日均太阳总辐射变化都呈下降趋势,显著的“变暗期”分别出现在1999―2013（全年）、2000―2003 和2009―2011 年（雨季）、1996―2001 和2004―2013 年（旱季）,突变年份分别为1997、1995、1995 年。三亚站点太阳辐射资源较海口站点丰富;日照时数与海口全年、雨季、旱季和三亚全年、雨季日均太阳总辐射变化关联度最强,而日平均气温则与三亚旱季日均总辐射变化关联度最强。     

科尔沁沙地草地植被对围封和放牧的响应

研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。     

石林巴江流域近40年气温和降水变化的初步研究

利用数理统计方法分析了石林巴江流域中部近40年（1964-2001年）的气温和降雨量的年、季节和月变化。本区气温的增温速率是0．2℃／10a，与昆明市区增温率相近，低于同期全国增温速率；雨季（夏季）增温幅度大于旱季（冬季）。在过去40年中，年降雨量增加总量约为40mm，雨季降雨量略有降低，而旱季降雨量略有增强，全年第一次降雨强度和全年日最大降雨量也略有增加，但每年连续不降雨天数增加约1．9天。降雨量变化的波动性比气温变化的波动性强。气温、降雨量在1960s、1970s、1980s和1990s表现出不同的变化趋势。     

围封对退化沙质草地植物群落的影响

对科尔沁沙地围封草地和放牧草地群落的种类组成、结构和多样性等特征进行比较研究。结果表明：（1）围封草地盖度、密度、地上生物量、高度均优于放牧草地（P<0.01）。与放牧相比,围封使植被盖度、密度、高度和地上生物量分别提高了237%、429%、77%和218%,植物群落结构得到明显改善。（2）与放牧草地相比,围封草地物种数增加了69%,多年生草本、灌木类种数和重要值均高于放牧草地。放牧草地的优势植物种依次是大果虫实（Corispermum macrocarpum）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、差巴嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）,重要值占72%;而围封草地优势植物种依次是达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、虎尾草（Chloris virgate）和画眉草（Eragrostis pilosa）,重要值占57%,大果虫实、狗尾草和差巴嘎蒿逐渐处于群落的次要地位,取而代之的是与其环境条件相匹配的优质豆科和禾本科植物。围封使物种组成多样化,科属组成复杂化,优势物种发生了变化,群落结构和功能得到改善,沙地植被得以恢复。（3）围封草地的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、均匀度指数均大于放牧草地。围封增加了群落的物种多样性,群落的稳定性得以提高。     

陕西湑水河下游城固段朱鹮游荡期的食物丰富度

于2009年9月和2010年5月,在朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)重要游荡区之一的湑水河下游城固段,对食物丰富度进行了调查。将湑水河城固段约30km长的河道分成上段、中段和下段,并随机选取7个取样点。在每个取样点,采用五点取样法,设置5个1m×1m的样方,并取地表以下10cm的土样,在河岸滩涂调查小型无脊椎动物和两栖动物;采用样线捕尽法来调查鱼类,样线长度为100m。两个季节共采集到鱼类30种,小型无脊椎动物24种和两栖类蝌蚪2种。在各河道段,不同季节的鱼类物种组成和质量密度有显著差异,小型无脊椎动物物种组成和数量密度也有显著差异。总体上,湑水河下游城固段的食物非常丰富,是朱鹮在游荡期的理想觅食地,但是,河流污染和人类活动干扰会对朱鹮的觅食造成不利影响。     

沙质草地放牧和封育下物种丰富度和生物量关系的季节变化

研究了科尔沁沙质草地放牧和封育下植被盖度、密度、丰富度与地上生物量关系的季节变化。结果表明:放牧和封育草地4月的植被盖度、丰富度和生物量均低于生长旺季8月,而4月植物密度要高于8月;封育草地生长季盖度高于放牧草地,6月和8月生物量高于放牧草地, 4月和6月植物密度则低于放牧草地。封育草地8月物种丰富度与生物量呈极显著的负线性关系（p<0.01）;放牧草地植物密度与生物量4月表现出极显著的正线性关系（p<0.01）、8月为极显著的负线性关系（p<0.01）。放牧草地优势植物糙隐子草4月的密度和生物量呈极显著的正线性关系（p<0.01）、8月为极显著的负线性关系（p<0.01）;黄蒿和狗尾草8月的密度和生物量均呈极显著的负线性关系（p<0.01）;猪毛菜4月和6月的密度和生物量呈极显著的正线性关系（p<0.01）。封育草地达乌里胡枝子、猪毛菜8月的植物密度和生物量呈极显著的正线性关系（p<0.01）。持续放牧和季节变化及其二者的交互作用对植被盖度、密度和生物量均有重要的影响（p<0.05）;放牧通过影响草地生长季中的优势植物密度变化和生物量积累,引起了草地植物密度和生物量关系的季节变化,也导致生长季物种丰富度和生物量无显著关系;封育草地植物的竞争导致了物种丰富度和生物量关系的季节变化。     

沾益气温和降水的多尺度演变特征

利用1951～2005年沾益气温和降水观测资料,采用DB16正交小波分析了年平均气温和冬春季气温、年平均降水量和雨季、旱季降水量的多时间尺度演变特征。结果表明:年平均气温和冬季气温均具有年际和年代际变化特征,春季气温的年际变化是最显著的,年平均气温的年代际变化、气候基本态的变化相对较强。在气候基本态的变化尺度上,年平均气温和冬季气温都在20世纪70年代发生了变异,春季气温则是在20世纪90年代才发生了变异;在年代际变化尺度上,年平均气温变率相对较弱,冬春季气温变率相对较强。年平均降水量、雨季和旱季降水量都具有年际和年代际变化特征,其中7年以下的年际变化最为显著,其中年平均降水量年际变化、旱季降水量年代际变化以及雨季降水量气候基本态的变化相对较强。年平均降水量和雨季降水量在20世纪80年代以前是相对多雨时段,以后是相对少雨时段。此外,20世纪60年代中期以前年平均降水量和雨季降水量均是逐渐增加的,而20世纪60年代中期以后则在减少。旱季降水量则明显不同,20世纪70年代以前是相对少雨时段,以后是相对多雨时段,近55年来旱季降水量是逐渐增加的。     

Do free-ranging domestic goats show ‘landscapes of fear’? Patch use in response to habitat features and predator cues

One factor that influences foraging is predation risk. As a result, herbivores may not use landscapes uniformly due to spatial differences in perceived predation risk. Wild herbivores forage across these ‘landscapes of fear’; however, the extent to which domestic herbivores consider them is generally unknown. Using a grid of artificial food patches and measuring giving up densities (GUDs), we mapped landscapes of fear of free-ranging domestic goats on three substrates. In the first experiment, we related GUDs to landscape variables. Goats preferred feeding in open ground with firm substrate compared to a sandy riverbed or a rocky hillside. We suggest that differences relate to escape potential and the occurrence of ambush sites. Landscape variables that influenced feeding effort were patch visibility and plants next to a patch. In a second experiment, we increased predation risk by adding predator dung and urine into the habitats. In response, feeding effort declined across all three habitats. Furthermore, goats only responded to patch visibility and not plants next to the patches. Better sightlines increase predator detection and allow individuals to see group members. Our results indicate that predation risk influences the extent to which free-ranging domestic herbivores utilise landscapes.     

Effects of Prosopis juliflora Invasion on Native Species Diversity and Woody Species Regenerations in Rangelands of Afar National Regional State,Northeast Ethiopia

Investigation of the invasion of Prosopis juliflora and its effects on indigenous plant species are important for the control of the species. The study aimed to assess: (1) the effects of Prosopis juliflora invasion on the diversity of plant species in Awash Fentale and Amibara Woredas; (2) the effects of Prosopis juliflora invasion on the regeneration potential of native woody species. Sample collection was performed in habitats of Prosopis juliflora thicket, Prosopis juliflora mixed with native species stands, non-invaded woodlands, and open grazing lands. The vegetation was stratified into invasion levels of Prosopis juliflora and then a random sampling technique for data collection. Among species of plants, the highest proportion of species, 75 (47.8%), was recorded under non-invaded woodlands, but the lowest proportion of species, 22 (14%), was recorded under open grazing lands. The invasion of Prosopis juliflora reduced the Shannon diversity index. The mean values of the Shannon diversity index and species richness under Prosopis juliflora mixed with native species (H′=2.22, R=14) and non-invaded woodlands (H′=2.23, R=13) were significantly higher than Prosopis juliflora thicket (H′=1.96, R=12) and open grazing lands (H′=1.84, R=10). The highest total density (358 stems ha^?1) of seedlings was recorded under Prosopis juliflora mixed with native species. But, the lowest total density (153 stems ha^?1) of seedlings was recorded under Prosopis juliflora thickets. Moreover, 102 trees ha^?1 native woody species were recorded under Prosopis juliflora thicket, but 1252 trees ha^?1 native species were recorded under non-invaded woodlands. If the invasion of Prosopis juliflora and its effects on native species diversity continue coupled with a drier climate, plant diversity of the Afar flora region will be highly affected and its ecosystem services will be under question. Thus, the participation of all stakeholders and multidisciplinary research approaches should be designed for the management of the species and rehabilitation of the rangelands in the region.     

敦煌绿洲边缘植物群落与土壤养分互馈关系

植物群落与土壤性状相互作用研究对于认识生态系统结构与功能有着重要的意义。通过对敦煌绿洲边缘典型植物群落21个样地（20m×20m）的植被和土壤系统取样调查,在分析植物群落及其土壤养分特征的基础上,采用CCA典范对应分析法研究了土壤养分对植物群落物种分布的影响。结果表明：调查区域植被群落共出现植物27种,隶属于15科,26属,以藜科（Chenopodiaceae）植物居多,占总物种数的29.6%。柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）群落的物种丰富度最大,胡杨（Populus euphratica）群落的物种丰富度最小。植被0~80 cm土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量排序为柽柳>黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum） > 梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron） > 沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）,全磷、全盐、速效氮含量排序为柽柳 > 黑果枸杞 > 沙拐枣 > 梭梭,全钾含量排序为黑果枸杞 > 柽柳 > 梭梭 > 沙拐枣,pH值排序为梭梭 > 沙拐枣 > 黑果枸杞 > 柽柳。不同植被覆盖各养分指标之间差异显著。随土层深度的增加,柽柳和黑果枸杞群落土壤全氮、有机质、全盐、速效氮、速效钾含量逐渐降低,表聚效应明显,土壤全磷、全钾、速效磷含量逐渐增大后减小,梭梭与沙拐枣养分层次特征不明显。4种植被群落土壤pH值随土层深度的增大呈波动的趋势。CCA排序结果表明植被群落物种分布的土壤环境调控因子重要性排序为全氮 > pH > 全钾,土壤全氮是植物群落物种分布的最重要调控因子。     

Diversity of Plant Resources in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park in Harbin,China

Wetland parks play various ecological roles, including maintaining regional ecological balance, and connoting and compensating water sources. Taking Harbin Qunli National Urban Wetland Park as the research object, the diversity of plant resources in wetland parks is investigated and analyzed with the goal of providing a scientific basis for ecological restoration and the conservation and utilization of urban wetlands. Field survey, sampling and data collection methods were used to study the wetland plant resources and their life types (e.g., vines or shrubs), ecological types and distribution types. The study found 60 families, 129 genera and 160 species of wetland plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, including 56 families, 123 genera and 151 species of angiosperms, which include 48 families, 101 genera and 127 species of dicotyledons and 8 families, 22 genera and 24 species of monocotyledons; 2 families, 2 genera and 3 species of ferns; and 2 families, 4 genera and 6 species of gymnosperms. The family composition is dominated by those families that included 10 or more species, and the dominant families are Compositae and Rosaceae. The genus composition is dominated by genera with four or more species present, and the dominant genera are Acer, Malus and Artemisia. Among the six life types, herbaceous plants are dominant, with a proportion of 62.50% of the species. The ecological types are divided into three categories: wet, mesophytic and aquatic plants, with wet plants accounting for the largest proportion, i.e., 56.25% of the total number of plant species. There are five distribution types of plant families and 10 types of the genera, with both families and genera dominated by the Northern Temperate types, so the flora has obvious temperate characteristics.     

Co-occurrence and potential for competition between wild and domestic large herbivores in a South American desert

Introduction of domestic ungulates may lead to interspecific competition with native herbivores, particularly if the species involved are of similar size and share similar foraging strategies due to a scarcity of trophic resources. This interaction has not been investigated in South American deserts in which guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the larger South American wild camelid and the most widely-distributed ungulate, co-occurs with several introduced ungulates (e.g. cattle, donkeys, sheep or red deer). We studied the occurrence and abundance patterns of guanacos, donkeys and cattle in desert areas of Argentina by dung sampling. Analyses of co-occurrence show no relationship in land use between guanaco and livestock when geographical effects are removed. Distribution and abundance models of the guanaco are strongly associated with sparse plant cover, rocky substrata and human-influence variables, guanacos appearing in areas furthest from villages. Nevertheless, while guanaco distribution is weakly related to feral livestock presence, their abundance is negatively associated with donkey presence. In contrast, livestock species appear closely associated with each other, being centred on areas of densest and most productive vegetation. These results are relevant for the management of extensive arid areas of South America, where guanacos co-occur with feral donkeys and frequently conflicts with humans activities.     

Megaherbivores and cattle alter edge effects around ecosystem hotspots in an African savanna

Wild mammalian herbivores and cattle are fundamental drivers of African savanna ecosystems and have strong impacts on woody vegetation. However, few experimental studies have investigated the separate and combined influences of different large herbivores on spatial vegetation patterning. In East Africa, temporary cattle corrals (bomas) develop after abandonment into productive, treeless ‘glades’ that attract both domestic and wild herbivores. Edges of glades exhibit unusually high densities of large trees. We used a long-term, broad-scale manipulative experiment to test whether megaherbivores (elephants and giraffes), wild meso-herbivores (15–1000 kg), or cattle caused shifts in woody plant abundances in glade edges. We also examined cascading effects of megaherbivore and cattle exclusion on symbiotic Acacia ants and wild meso-herbivores in glade edges. Megaherbivore exclusion resulted in increased densities of tall trees, reproductive trees, and non-aggressive Acacia ant species in glade edges. Cattle presence reduced meso-herbivore use inside and away from glades, but not in glade edges. Our results suggest that megaherbivores and cattle can dampen the magnitude of spatial patterns associated with glades and glade edges. These findings provide insight into the development and maintenance of spatial heterogeneity in savannas, and emphasize that land use change and mammalian extinctions have complex, cascading ecological consequences.     

黑河底栖动物群落结构及生物多样性

2018年8月对黑河上中游底栖动物群落结构及生物多样性进行了调查研究。结果表明：共采集到底栖动物43种,其中节肢动物34种,软体动物7种,环节动物为2种;优势种为大蚊（Tipulidae sp.）、豆娘幼虫（Damselfly sp.）、水蜘蛛（Argyroneta sp.）、耳萝卜螺（Radix auricularia）、琥珀螺（Suecinea sp.）、白旋螺（Gyraulus albus）。底栖动物的平均密度和生物量分别为76.94 ind·m^-2和3.74 g·m^-2;底栖动物的现存量有着明显的空间差异性,整体上干流（1 032 ind·m^-2、60.0963 g·m^-2）大于支流（276 ind·m^-2、3.5233 g·m^-2）。由Sorensen相似性指数分析得出在不同生境下底栖动物的群落组成存在差异,干流底栖动物（36种）明显比支流（15种）丰富。聚类分析显示,物种相对丰富的牛板筋、小孤山、龙渠、湿地公园、张掖黑河大桥、高崖、罗成、正义峡采样点聚为一类,其余各点聚为一类。根据Carlander生物量指数得出黑河上中游水质整体处于中营养状态,其中上游支流呈现贫营养水平,干流为中营养水平。     

沙坡头昆虫区系初步研究

本项研究根据昆虫的生境, 把沙坡头昆虫区系分为流沙区(S区), 沙地人工植被区(M区)和沙地农业改良利用区(A区)。S区以拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)昆虫为优势种; M区以象甲科(Curculionidae)、螟蛾科(Pyralidae)、草蛉科(Chrysopidae)、和蝗科(Acridiidae)等多科昆虫为特征; A区以金龟甲科(Scarabaeidae)等多科农业昆虫为优势种。分析沙坡头昆虫区系组成, 灰斑古毒蛾(Orgyia ercae)有大发生现象, 但其寄主——花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)在人工植被演替过程中的地位已不重要, 所以沙坡头昆虫区系的指示作用表明, 控制花棒在人工植被中的发展就可以达到昆虫区系改造的目的。     

免灌人工梭梭林生长与土壤水分变化的耦合关系

为了研究古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠-绿洲过渡带区域龟裂土立地条件下免灌人工梭梭林生态特征,探讨林分的最佳建植密度,对莫索湾1983—2021年38 a集水造林地初始种植梭梭、梭梭自然更新苗及不同坡位的土壤水分进行了调查,研究了梭梭生长对密度差异的响应,同时分析了各林地土壤水分的变化特征,探讨了梭梭生长与土壤水分的关系,以期为人工梭梭林的营建与可持续性提供科学依据。结果表明：（1） 当梭梭造林密度为6 m×3.5 m时（480 株·hm^-2）,母树存活率最高。随造林密度增大,母树保存率与梭梭自然更新比逐渐下降;母树保留密度越大的林地,其长势越差、生物量越低;盖度、郁闭度越高的林地,阻碍浅层土壤水分的补给,导致梭梭更新苗长势及生物量越差。（2） 梭梭母树的林木生长与其根部140~280 cm深度土壤含水量之间均呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,且主要利用根部140~240 cm土壤水分,对比3个林地可知该层土壤水分含量越高的林地,其母树的长势越好、生物量越高。（3） 当母树保留密度为360株·hm^-2（株行距4 m×7 m）时,梭梭长势较好、整体生物量最高,林下植被更为丰富,林地土壤水分条件相对较好。综上所述,在该地区进行集水造林时,保持该密度更有利于免灌人工梭梭林结构稳定、持续发挥防风固沙效益。     

Application of distance–decay models for inferences about termite mound-induced patterns in dryland ecosystems

Although termites have been widely reported to induce heterogeneity in soil resources, vegetation and patch use by herbivores, little effort has been made to examine spatial patterns around mounds. In this mini review we re-examine published studies on the variation in soil properties, herbage biomass and herbivore foraging with distance from termite mounds with reference to distance–decay models. The analyses revealed a significant decline in soil clay and silt, soil nutrients, herbage biomass, grazing and browsing with distance from termite mounds consistently with distance–decay models. This has both theoretical and practical significance to our understanding of processes and resource degradation in dryland ecosystems where termite mounds are common. From a sampling perspective, our analyses imply that measured variables around termite mounds are spatially structured. Therefore, we advocate geostatistical model-based sampling as a framework in future studies on termite mounds.