天水市麦积区税湾地震黄土滑坡特征及其形成机制

以天水市税湾地震黄土滑坡为例, 依据野外调查和室内测试结果, 总结天水地区历史地震黄土滑坡特点, 剖析地震黄土滑坡发生的力学机制, 初步提出历史地震黄土滑坡的识别标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群属典型的地震黄土滑坡, 具有规模大、滑动面切割深、滑坡坡度小、成群成带分布和高位下滑等特点, 可作为识别历史地震黄土滑坡的重要标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群坡体具有明显的黄土/泥岩二元斜坡结构, 极易沿黄土/泥岩接触面滑动。当坡体受到地震力作用时, 地震产生的循环动荷载一方面降低滑坡岩土体的抗剪强度, 另一方面改变滑坡体的力学状态, 坡体应力平衡遭到破坏, 地震力增加坡体下滑力、减小坡体抗滑力, 导致坡体失稳发生滑坡。目前, 税湾滑坡处于欠稳定状态, 遇地震或强降雨有可能再次失稳下滑, 因而有必要进一步开展地震黄土滑坡的成灾模式研究, 为潜在强震区防灾减灾提供科学依据。      

初始应力条件对压实黄土动强度影响的研究

建筑物地基或土坡中的土体在受到地震或其他动荷载作用前往往处于复杂的初始应力状态,对原有的DTC－199型周期扭转荷载三轴仪进行简单的改造后,可以进行压实黄土在这种固结应力状态下动强度的试验研究。试验结果表明,在其他初始固结应力条件不变时,初始主应力方向角α0对压实黄土的动强度具有显著的影响,初始中主应力系数b0对动强度的影响较小;随着α0的增大,动强度逐渐降低,并在α0 = 90o时达到最小值,最大降幅在40 %左右;b0对压实黄土的动强度的影响具有放大效应和区间效应,b0从0增大至0.5时,动强度逐渐增大,b0从0.5增大至1时,动强度逐渐减小,增加的幅度小于降低的幅度约5 %。     

岷县漳县地震灾后重建场地黄土震害预测

通过对取自2013年岷县漳县Ms6.6地震影响区8个灾后重建安置点的黄土进行室内动、静三轴试验,研究了极震区2个灾后重建场地黄土的动、静力学特性,分析了地震影响区内3个灾后重建安置场地的黄土斜坡稳定性和5个场地黄土的震陷性;并结合安置点的地形地貌特点,对灾后重建场地潜在黄土地震地质灾害进行了预测。结果表明:极震区黄土在静力作用下具有明显的应力强化特性,在循环动荷载作用下具有刚度迅速衰减和粘滞性急剧增强的特征;MX-2和MX-3重建场地的斜坡在地震作用下存在失稳的可能;Ⅷ度以上地震作用下,MX-1、ZX-1、LT-1和LX-1场地存在产生不同破坏等级震陷灾害的风险;Ⅷ度以上地震作用下MX-1场地的黄土可产生液化,存在导致山体液化滑坡、泥流以及建构筑物地基失稳和不均匀沉降等地震灾害的风险。     

不同含水量下原状黄土动强度和震陷的试验研究

对原状黄土进行动三轴试验,探讨了黄土的动强度和震陷随含水量的变化规律。试验结果表明,塑限含水量可作为黄土动强度和震陷的界限含水量,小于塑限的含水量变化对震陷临界动应力和动粘聚力的影响非常显著,大于塑限的含水量变化对其影响微弱,而动摩擦角不受含水量的影响。通过对震陷曲线的定量分析,说明有必要对黄土的震陷性进行分类。     

陕西富平黄土震陷特性及震陷小区划

典型黄土由于其特殊的大孔隙架空结构特征,在强震作用下具有强烈的震陷性。陕西富平县地处渭河盆地和鄂尔多斯地台的连接带,区内地震构造背景复杂,黄土分布广泛,黄土场地的震陷危险性较高。文章以富平县城市总体规划建设用地和富阎新区规划范围为研究区,通过资料收集、野外调研、室内试验和理论分析等方法,确定研究区的地震工程地质条件,采用地震危险性概率分析方法确定研究区不同超越概率水平的地震动参数,基于大量黄土动三轴试验确定区内不同地貌单元及不同地层黄土的震陷特性。在此基础上,对富平县强震作用下黄土场地的震陷进行评价,50年超越概率10%条件下,研究区内轻微、中等震陷区分布于浮塬和渭河二级阶地。50年超越概率2%条件下,研究区内轻微及中等黄土震陷区主要分布在石川河三—四级阶地、浮塬和渭河二级阶地。严重震陷区主要分布在渭河二级阶地、石川河三—四级阶地和浮塬。根据震陷等级给出了研究区50年超越概率10%和2%水平下的黄土震陷小区划。研究结果可为富平县的防震减灾工作提供科学依据。     

基于结构性的冻结黄土力学特性试验研究

通过对重塑冻结黄土和人工结构性冻结黄土（通过对重塑黄土添加水泥获取）进行室内三轴剪切试验,研究了围压、含水量、温度、水泥含量等因素对冻结黄土力学行为的影响. 结果表明：不同试验条件下,非饱和土试样和饱和土试样的应力-应变关系呈现不同的特点. 温度和围压是影响冻土体强度的主要因素,温度越低,其破坏强度越高;非饱和土样强度随围压增大而增大,饱和土体强度受围压影响很小. 初始含水量是影响冻土体强度的另一主要因素,对非饱和土样,随着含水量的增加土体强度逐渐增高,达到某一峰值之后随含水量继续增加而减小,饱和土体强度最低. 对非饱和土样,水泥含量越高,对应的破坏强度也就越大;但对饱和土样,水泥含量对冻土的应力-应变行为及强度影响不大. 最后,提出了与所试验土体强度参数相关的综合性系数M,通过回归分析,得出了其与c和tan φ的关系,并验证了其可靠性.     

双向动荷载下黄土的动剪切模量特性研究

利用SDT-20型动三轴仪探究了黄土在双向动荷载下的动剪切模量特性。试验结果表明:初始循环偏应力和径向动荷载幅值对黄土的动剪切模量-动剪应变曲线没有明显影响,其对黄土的动剪切模量-循环次数曲线却有明显影响,初始循环偏应力和径向动荷载幅值越大,相同循环次数下黄土的动剪切模量越小。动剪切应变相等时,黄土的动剪切模量随固结比的增大而增大。双向动荷载作用下黄土存在临界循环偏应力,其值为0 k Pa。当循环偏应力小于临界值时,动剪切模量随动剪应变的增大而增大;当循环偏应力大于临界值时,动剪切模量随动剪应变的增大而减小。利用拐点动剪切模量折减的方式,并同时结合修正Hardin-Drnevich模型,实现了对黄土在双向动荷载下动剪切模量-动剪应变关系的描述。经验证,模型的适用性较好。     

震后黄土动力学特性试验研究

为了研究地震区震后黄土的动力性质,为黄土地区灾后重建提供合理可靠的地震安全性评价参数,本文通过对甘肃省永登地震区震后黄土的动力特性试验研究,探讨了震后黄土的土动力学特性,研究结果表明,震后黄土在动荷载作用下的动力学性质与该地区原状黄土的动力学性质有较大的差异,主要表现在动弹性模量地降低和残余变形(震陷)的明显增大特性。     

汶川Ms8.0地震强震动基线改正及其在位错反演中的初步应用

通过研究近场强震动记录, 发现汶川M_s8.0地震近场峰值加速度在空间上存在较明显的上盘效应和方向性效应, 与汶川引起的地质灾害空间分布具有较好的一致性.但在所有强震仪所记录的汶川M_s8.0地震同震加速度记录积分所得地壳同震速度中, 有的台站数据存在典型的线性偏移, 有的台站数据除线性偏移外还存在明显的非线性偏移.采用非线性基线改正方法处理汶川M_s8.0强震同震记录, 改正后所得同震位移明显要比线性基线改正更合乎实际情况.以强震动、GPS和InSAR同震位移处理结果做约束, 反演了汶川M_s8.0地震同震位错分布, 对于汶川M_s8.0地震主要同震破裂断裂(北川-映秀断裂), 强震动反演结果不仅较好地刻画了汶川M_s8.0地震同震主断裂上地表破裂空间分布详细变化特征, 同时也较好地反映北端破裂衰减情况, 该结果表明: 强震动资料可以为强震后的救援和灾害评估等工作提供具有参考价值的研究结果; 另一方面, 受数据数量的制约, 用强震动改正后位移反演所得位错分布中仅汉旺断裂南段存在较为明显位错, 强震仪布设时应更多地考虑是否相对均匀地分布在具有发震潜势的断裂周缘, 以期更好地在震后应急救灾中发挥更好的作用.      

地震荷载下风积沙路堤动力响应规律

为了研究风积沙路堤在地震动荷载下的动力响应规律,设计和制作了模型路堤并进行振动台试验,通过对模型中埋设的多个加速度传感器和位移传感器记录的数据进行分析,得出风积沙路堤模型在动荷载作用下的动力响应规律。得出如下结论:模型路堤对输入的地震波具有明显的放大作用,加速度反应放大系数PGA随着竖直高度的增加显著增大;在路堤内同一高度沿水平坐标的增大放大效应变化不明显或稍有增加;当控制地震波波形和强度相同时,边坡坡率越大PGA放大效应越明显;另外,风积沙路堤的阻尼比、自震频率、动模量等参数随着动荷载作用历史的变化而变化,从而进一步影响风积沙路堤加速度响应的频谱特性。研究风积沙路堤在动荷载作用下的动力响应,可以为沙漠地区高填方路堤抗震设计提供技术支持。     

增湿时黄土的抗剪强度特性分析

采用固结不排水剪切方法,对非饱和原状Q3黄土进行了增湿情况下的三轴剪切试验,得到了湿陷性黄土的极限强度与初始含水量及围压的关系曲线,分析了增湿过程中黄土抗剪强度的变化规律。结果表明,原始含水量下非饱和原状黄土的强度包线是由两条直线组成的折线,高含水量时的强度包线仍符合莫尔-库仑理论准则。非饱和黄土的黏聚力随初始含水量的增大而迅速降低,而内摩擦角受初始含水量变化的影响较小。随初始含水量的增大,总应力指标始终小于相应的有效应力指标;并发现非饱和黄土的有效黏聚力 与初始含水量w之间的关系能较好地拟合为指数函数。最后简要分析了初始含水量和围压对抗剪强度指标的影响。     

Dynamic liquefaction of shear zones in intact loess during simulated earthquake loading

The 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand exposed loess-mantled slopes in the area to very high levels of seismic excitation (locally measured as >2?g). Few loess slopes showed permanent local downslope deformation, and most of these showed only limited accumulated displacement. A series of innovative dynamic back-pressured shear box tests were undertaken on intact and remoulded loess samples collected from one of the recently active slopes replicating field conditions under different simplified horizontal seismic excitations. During each test, the strength reduction and excess pore water pressures generated were measured as the sample failed. Test results suggest that although dynamic liquefaction could have occurred, a key factor was likely to have been that the loess was largely unsaturated at the times of the large earthquake events. The failure of intact loess samples in the tests was complex and variable due to the highly variable geotechnical characteristics of the material. Some loess samples failed rapidly as a result of dynamic liquefaction as seismic excitation generated an increase in pore water pressure, triggering rapid loss of strength and, thus, of shear resistance. Following initial failure, pore pressure dissipated with continued seismic excitation and the sample consolidated, resulting in partial shear strength recovery. Once excess pore water pressures had dissipated, deformation continued in a critical effective stress state with no further change in volume. Remoulded and weaker samples, however, did not liquefy and instead immediately reduced in volume with an accompanying slower and more sustained increase in pore pressure as the sample consolidated. Thereafter, excess pressures dissipated and deformation continued at a critical state. The complex behaviour explained why, despite exceptionally strong ground shaking, there was only limited displacement and lack of run-out: dynamic liquefaction was unlikely to occur in the freely draining slopes. Dynamic liquefaction, however, remained a plausible mechanism to explain loess failure in some of the low-angle toe slopes, where a permanent water table was present in the loess.     

Dynamic Response of Curved Wall LTSLS Under the Interaction of Rainwater Seepage and Earthquake

When water permeates the loess, the strength of the loess will be greatly reduced; thus, it is necessary to study the effect of seepage on the seismic response of a loess tunnel. Fields of structure and fluid are simulated using ADINA, and the calculation model of a curved wall loess tunnel with a super-large section (LTSLS) is established. Rainwater is simulated using an incompressible constant parameter model. Considering the action of near- and far-field earthquake and pulse effects, the Galerkin method is used to solve the interaction of stress and seepage fields. By contrasting and analyzing the maximum principal stress, the minimum principal stress, the maximum displacement of lining and the internal force of the tunnel structure, the influence of rainwater seepage on the mechanical properties of LTSLS is studied, and meanwhile, dynamic responses of LTSLS under the interaction of rainwater seepage and earthquakes are studied. The results show that if rainwater seepage is only considered for shallow buried LTSLS, the pore water pressure of a tunnel is so small that it may be neglected. The damage degree of LTSLS under the interaction of rainwater seepage and earthquakes is more than that under a single field. When considering the interaction effect of rainwater and earthquakes, the pore water pressure, principal stress and displacement under a near-field earthquake with pulse effect are greater than those under a near-field earthquake without pulse effect and a far-field earthquake under the same condition.     

黄土塬地震动响应特征分析

2008年汶川Ms8.0级强烈地震对远离震中的黄土塬地区造成了较为严重的破坏,局部场地的震害和地震动放大效应显著。以典型黄土塬场地为对象,应用地形台阵流动观测和有限元计算方法,系统开展强震动作用下黄土塬边坡场地动力响应特征研究;应用大型振动台模拟试验和数值计算方法,重点探讨黄土塬平台场地在汶川地震作用下地表加速度响应随覆盖层厚度、地震动强度的变化规律以及对建筑结构的潜在影响。结果表明：黄土塬边坡顶部存在低频但较高放大系数的现象,可能与斜坡高差与入射波波长之比密切相关;大角度（60°～70°）黄土塬边坡对地震动的放大效应十分显著,坡顶加速度峰值（PGA）放大可达2倍,反应谱卓越周期放大可达5倍;较厚黄土塬平台场地加速度放大可达2倍以上,地震烈度增加1度,对于场地上固有周期0.7～2.0 s和周期大于3.0 s的建筑物地震反应将显著增加。     

考虑微结构特征的黄土动力特性影响因素研究

选取1920年海原地震震中滑坡密集分布区宁夏回族自治区西吉县庞湾乡的黄土,分别进行了不同围压,不同含水率条件下的原状、重塑土动三轴试验。结合动三轴试验前后的微观变化图像,探讨围压和水分对黄土试样土颗粒的作用机制,从微结构的角度阐释了两者对黄土动力特性影响的特点。研究结果表明:所取试样动剪切模量与动剪应变的关系可以用H-D模型的推导式拟合,随含水率增加,围压减小,参数a,b值增大;水分在原状试样和重塑试样的作用不同,随着含水率的增加,动剪切模量降低,阻尼比增大,原状试样动剪切模量和阻尼比的变化速率先快后慢,而重塑试样相应值的变化速率先慢后快;除了水分和围压等外在条件的影响,土样本身土体的微观特征如孔隙分布、颗粒大小、粒间间距、联结方式、密实程度等因素对土体动剪切模量和阻尼比等宏观特性产生重要影响。     

Statistical evaluation of the effect of earthquake with other related factors on landslide susceptibility: using the watershed area of Shihmen reservoir in Taiwan as a case study

Landslide susceptibility evaluation is one of the most important issues in watershed management. After an earthquake, the landslide susceptibility decreases functionally with increases in the distance from the epicenter. Under the same rainfall intensity, landslides are more likely to occur in an area where earthquakes occur more frequently. However, the questions of how much an earthquake should be weighted and how to evaluate the effects of an earthquake still need to be studied. To understand how earthquakes affect rainfall-triggered landslides, the horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) data from the Central Weather Bureau Seismic Network is used as the earthquake factor and combined with other factors to determine the weight of earthquakes in landslide susceptibility using logistic regression. The results indicate that the ability of landslide prediction is better when considering the earthquake factor. This study also proved that although there are no co-seismic landslides (after earthquakes) in the study area, the earthquake factor is still required to increase the model accuracy. PGA has been described as a usable factor. In areas with frequent earthquakes and high geological activity, when using historical data to evaluate landslide susceptibility, the earthquake factor should be taken into consideration to prevent errors.     

基于反正切函数的西安黄土动本构模型

基于反正切函数曲线,构造了一种新的黄土非线性动力本构模型。选取西安黄土试样进行室内动三轴试验,得到黄土试样的动应力-应变曲线,并以此得到了所提本构模型的理论曲线。理论曲线与试验结果对比表明,较Hardin-Drnevich模型而言,所提西安黄土动本构模型能够更好地描述三轴应力条件下黄土的强度和变形特征。研究结果表明,加载频率与含水率不变时,动剪切模量随围压的增大而增大。加载频率与围压不变时,动剪切模量随含水率的增大而逐渐减小。含水率与围压不变时,动剪切模量随加载频率的增大而增大。     

Study of shaking table test of seismic subsidence loess landslides induced by the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall

Light rain or moderate rain is the most common meteorological event in the rainy season in the loess area of China, so the probability of landslide hazards induced by the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall under the condition of light rain or moderate rain is relatively higher than that under heavy rain. To study the dynamic response characteristics and instability mechanism of loess slopes by the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall under the conditions of moderate rain and light rain, a low-angle slope model test of a large-scale shaking table after 10 mm of rainfall was carried out. By gradually increasing the dynamic loading, the evolution of the macroscopic deformation and the instability failure mode of the slope model are observed; the temporal and spatial trends of the amplification effect, acceleration spectrum, pore pressure and soil pressure are analyzed; and the failure mechanism of the slope is determined. The results showed that the amplification effect increased along the slope surface upward, and a strong amplification effect appeared at the front of the top of the slope. Because of the stronger dynamic stress action on the upper part of the slope, the immersed soil in the upper part of the slope experienced seismic subsidence deformation, the saturation in the seismic subsidence soil increased, and the water content temporarily increased locally. With the further increase in the loading intensity, a large number of tension cracks were generated in the seismic subsidence area, and water infiltrated down along the cracks and the wetting range expanded under dynamic action. The range of seismic subsidence and cracks further extended to the deep part of the slope. Under the reciprocating action of the subsequent ground motion, the swing amplitude of the soil mass in the seismic subsidence area, which is divided by a large number of cracks in the upper part of the slope, increased further, resulting in the further reduction in the residual strength of the seismic subsidence soil mass located at the crack tip due to the pull and shear action. Finally, under the combined action of gravity and dynamic force, the upper soil mass in the seismic subsidence area dragged the lower soil mass in the seismic subsidence area downward because the sliding force is greater than the residual strength of the soil mass, which induced a seismic subsidence-type loess landslide. Under the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall, the instability mode and mechanism of this landslide are significantly different from those of liquefaction-type landslides.

     

典型黄土滑坡滑带土不同含水率下蠕变特性试验研究

黄土斜坡在受到降雨、人工灌溉、河流水浸润等作用后容易发生蠕变,最终发生滑坡,有时甚至会造成灾难性事故。以往研究中对不同含水率下黄土滑坡滑带土的蠕变性质研究较少,更缺乏定量化的规律分析。以榆林市色草湾村黄土滑坡滑带土为例,进行了一系列三轴蠕变试验,得到了黄土不同含水率下(w=10%、12%、14%、16%、18%,w表示含水率)的应力-应变-时间曲线与应力-应变等时曲线,分析了含水率对黄土蠕变特性的影响,并利用等时曲线法求取了黄土的长期强度,得出如下结论:(1)含水率越大,样品蠕变破坏所需的偏应力越小,轴向应变也越大,含水率增大后自由水厚度增大,土颗粒间胶结程度减小,且水膜会对土颗粒起润滑作用易于其错动滑移;(2)含水率越大,施加每级荷载后样品蠕变曲线达到稳定状态所需时间越长,水分的增加会使土体结构完整性降低,在应力的作用下土体内部结构调整相对缓慢,固结和蠕变过程中孔隙水压力消散需要的时间也越长;(3)通过分析黄土试样蠕变破坏表面形态发现,含水率较小时,蠕变破坏后的试样有明显的剪切破坏面,当试样含水率越大时,越容易发生横向鼓胀,表现出塑性破坏特征,表明含水率较大时,水的软化作用大于水对于...