考虑水力作用的顺层岩质边坡稳定性图解分析

通过分析顺层岩质边坡中的水力作用,建立了出流缝未被堵塞和出流缝被堵塞两种情况下顺层岩质边坡的水力学模型;推导出了用无量纲参数（Q、P、S）形式表达的边坡稳定性安全系数Fs的表达式;绘制了边坡后缘张裂隙充满水后几何要素岩层倾角?、张裂缝高度Z/边坡高度H与无量纲参数（Q、P、S）的关系曲线,能为分析不同的边坡几何要素、水深、不同抗剪强度对边坡稳定性的影响提供方便。选取宜巴高速公路典型顺层岩质边坡进行研究,结果表明：对于出流缝未被堵塞的情况,水力作用使边坡稳定性安全系数降低程度为33.33%,是触发顺层岩质边坡滑移破坏的主要因素;出流缝被堵塞情况下边坡稳定性安全系数要比出流缝未被堵塞情况下约降低0.458。其研究成果对顺层岩质边坡工程设计和施工优化具有重要指导意义。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性影响因素分析

层状岩体抗剪强度具有各向异性的特点,在分析顺层岩质边坡的稳定性与剪切滑动面方向上需要考虑 值方向性变化的影响。首先提出层状岩体 值的表达式,然后在此基础上选用一顺层边坡作为实例,分别计算分析了坡高、岩层面倾角、坡顶堆载特别是强度参数 值各向异性对边坡稳定以及剪切面方向的影响。     

水力作用下顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

通过对顺层岩质边坡中地下水力作用进行分析,认为地下水力作用主要为沿结构面分布的裂隙水压力和拖拽力。分析了滑动破坏中的控稳优势结构面,认为该面上的张裂隙静水压力、滑动面扬压力以及拖拽力的大小均取决于后缘张裂隙的充水高度。将典型岩石边坡进行简化假设,利用简化后的边坡水力学分析模型,推导出边坡稳定系数和决定边坡稳定性的张裂隙充水临界高度的表达式。选取实际边坡进行分析和计算,验证了公式的合理性,结果表明地下水作用下边坡稳定系数的降低主要与静水压力有关,而渗透力的影响很小。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析及加固设计研究

以南京市栖霞古镇顺层岩质边坡为例，采用极限平衡法和强度折减法对开挖后边坡的稳定性、失稳原因和变形特征进行分析。针对边坡潜在的滑坡问题进行加固设计，模拟不同长度和倾角组合下锚杆加固效果，根据边坡稳定性系数及锚固后边坡位移和应力分布情况，确定锚杆长度7 m、倾角20°为最佳方案，并结合其他加固措施提高边坡的稳定性，分析结果表明，加固后边坡稳定性系数满足规范要求，边坡位移控制在安全范围内，加固设计方案合理可行。     

顺层岩质边坡地震动力响应研究

地震作用下边坡的动力响应研究是边坡动力稳定分析的基础,利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立一个顺层岩质边坡动力数值模拟模型,对其在竖向和水平向地震耦合作用下的动力响应全过程进行研究。研究表明,地震竖向和水平向耦合作用模拟比简单的模拟水平向振动更加接近实际情况,对岩土体的破坏更大;顺层岩质边坡在耦合地震作用下存在垂直放大和临空面放大作用;坡面水平向和竖向加速度均随高程增加呈增大趋势,在结构面处增大特别明显;竖向地震波产生的水平与竖向拉裂是触发斜坡体产生初期崩滑破坏的主控因素;边坡动力响应特征值的放大效应表明,其放大系数值从大到小依次是：竖向加速度＞水平加速度＞竖向速度＞水平速度;耦合地震波作用下,随着av /aH的增大,坡面监测各点横向位移基本呈增大趋势,说明竖向地震作用起了重要的破坏作用。     

考虑突变理论的顺层岩质边坡失稳研究

应用突变理论,以顺层岩质边坡为例,考虑地下水对滑面带介质的应变和水致弱化性质,以及地下水对边坡后缘张裂缝的水力效应,构建了边坡的尖点突变模型,分析了顺层岩质边坡失稳的力学机制：边坡失稳过程主要是内部因素和外部因素共同作用的结果,内部因素主要是地下水通过物理化学作用软化了滑面带岩体,使滑面带岩体刚度比降低,在边坡失稳的过程中起主导的定性作用;外部因素主要是指边坡后缘张裂隙的静水压力,不仅使得边坡的滑动势能增加,还对边坡造成一种扰动的作用,加速滑坡的启动。在突变分析的基础上,推导了边坡后缘张裂缝临界充水高度和临界降水强度的关系式,建立了边坡滑移破坏的水力判据;给出了边坡岩体在渐进软化过程中的位移变化规律,剪切位移并非均匀增长,而是呈现出阶梯状跳跃式上升。同时,进行了室内物理模型试验（当刚度比 ）,在一定程度上验证了考虑突变理论来分析顺层岩质边坡失稳的力学机制和边坡岩体在渐进软化过程中位移变化规律的合理性。并提出了此种类型边坡的处治技术与优化方法建议。     

鹰厦铁路典型顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

影响顺层岩质边坡稳定性的主要因素有岩体的粘聚力和节理裂隙面的粘聚力,与一般边坡不同,节理面粘聚力大小决定了顺层边坡的稳定性。选取鹰厦铁路典型顺层边坡进行分析,采用数值模拟方法,比较不同节理面粘聚力下的边坡应力应变规律,得出在岩体粘聚力比较大而节理面粘聚力较小的情况下,顺层边坡会由于节理面产生拉应力而破坏。对于节理面可能出现的破坏形式提出了加固预应力锚固措施,进行加固措施后用数值模拟分析,对边坡的受力特征进行分析,得出预应力锚固方法促进节理边坡的稳定性。     

软硬互层顺层岩质边坡破坏试验

软硬互层结构的顺层岩质边坡破坏类型复杂、难于防治,针对此类边坡地质灾害易发、多发的问题,从坡面角度、岩层倾向及组合形式、节理分布等方面进行了研究.边坡物理模型试验是揭示边坡变形破坏机理的重要手段,基于相似理论,以重庆市万州区孙家滑坡为工程依托,根据滑坡区地质勘探报告设计了室内边坡物理模型试验;试验通过顶升模型箱模拟重力...     

岩质顺层边坡的平面滑移破坏机制分析

沿岩层层面的平面滑动破坏是顺层边坡发生最多、规模很大的一种破坏模式,根据其顺层滑移的力学机制将平面破坏分为滑移-拉裂型和水力驱动型两种类型。根据平面刚体模型,给出了滑移-拉裂型滑坡的失稳判据,即滑坡的条件为边坡高度要大于临界高度。地下水在顺层边坡后缘张裂隙和滑动面形成的渗流通道中运动时,对滑体将产生3个方面的力学作用：张裂隙静水压力、滑动面扬压力和拖曳力。根据水力-驱动型滑坡的计算分析表明,边坡后缘张裂隙充水高度直接决定了3种水压力的大小,当张裂隙充水高度达到临界值后,边坡在水压力作用下发生滑移破坏。     

顺层路堑边坡锚杆支护稳定性的有限元模拟分析

基于理想弹塑性本构模型和Drucker-Prager准则,运用ANSYS软件和有限元数值模拟技术,建立了顺层岩体边坡的有限元分析模型。结合沪蓉国道主干线宜昌至恩施公路白氏坪-榔坪段顺层路堑高边坡工程实例,对顺层岩体路堑边坡布设锚杆支护前后的应力、变形和稳定性进行了模拟分析。分析比较表明,锚杆支护结构可以减小边坡临界状态下的最大位移、增大最危险接触面的摩擦力和提高边坡的稳定性系数,从而能有效地提高边坡的稳定性以防止顺层滑坡的发生。     

Analysis of Inflatable Rock Bolts

An inflatable bolt is integrated in the rock mass through the friction and mechanical interlock at the bolt–rock interface. The pullout resistance of the inflatable bolt is determined by the contact stress at the interface. The contact stress is composed of two parts, termed the primary and secondary contact stresses. The former refers to the stress established during bolt installation and the latter is mobilized when the bolt tends to slip in the borehole owing to the roughness of the borehole surface. The existing analysis of the inflatable rock bolt does not appropriately describe the interaction between the bolt and the rock since the influence of the folded tongue of the bolt on the stiffness of the bolt and the elastic rebound of the bolt tube in the end of bolt installation are ignored. The interaction of the inflatable bolt with the rock is thoroughly analysed by taking into account the elastic displacements of the rock mass and the bolt tube during and after bolt installation in this article. The study aims to reveal the influence of the bolt tongue on the contact stress and the different anchoring mechanisms of the bolt in hard and soft rocks. A new solution to the primary contact stress is derived, which is more realistic than the existing one in describing the interaction between the bolt and the rock. The mechanism of the secondary contact stress is also discussed from the point of view of the mechanical behaviour of the asperities on the borehole surface. The analytical solutions are in agreement with both the laboratory and field pullout test results. The analysis reveals that the primary contact stress decreases with the Young’s modulus of the rock mass and increases with the borehole diameter and installation pump pressure. The primary contact stress can be easily established in soft and weak rock but is low or zero in hard and strong rock. In soft and weak rock, the primary contact stress is crucially important for the anchorage of the bolt, while in hard and strong rock it is the secondary contact stress that plays a vital role.     

The System Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Rock Slopes

The principal of preferred plane analysis is a new research view and model of rock slope engineering geology. It advocates that the rock slope stability, boundary conditions and failure model are controlled by preferred planes. Therefore, the problem of slope stability evaluation can be converted into the search for preferred planes and determination of preferred separating bodies. The organic combination of the deterministic model and the indeterministic model can be realized by applying the systems engineering principle and the research model and method of reliability analysis in the quantitative evaluation and prediction of rock slope stability. Finally, the paper presents the case studies of slopes of the Yangtze Gorge Project and the Ma'anshan openpit mine.     

卸荷条件下锚杆对节理岩体力学参数的影响

岩体在加载和卸荷条件下,其力学性质有本质的区别。采用数值模拟方法,以ADINA软件为计算平台,研究了卸荷条件下,锚固密度、锚杆长度和岩体性质3个因素对节理岩体力学参数的影响。采用等效变形参数的方法计算节理岩体和锚固体的等效变形模量和泊松比。在分析数值计算结果的基础上,分析了加锚后等效变形模量En与锚固密度N和锚杆长度L之间的关系。     

The System Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Rock Slopes1

Abstract The principal of preferred plane analysis is a new research view and model of rock slope engineering geology. It advocates that the rock slope stability, boundary conditions and failure model are controlled by preferred planes. Therefore, the problem of slope stability evaluation can be converted into the search for preferred planes and determination of preferred separating bodies. The organic combination of the deterministic model and the indeterministic model can be realized by applying the systems engineering principle and the research model and method of reliability analysis in the quantitative evaluation and prediction of rock slope stability. Finally, the paper presents the case studies of slopes of the Yangtze Gorge Project and the Ma'anshan openpit mine.     

Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes Against Block-Flexure Toppling Failure

Block-flexure is the most common type of toppling failure in rock slopes. In this case, some rock blocks fail due to tensile bending stresses and some overturn under their own weights. In this paper, first, a literature review of toppling failures is summarized. Then, a theoretical model is proposed for rock slopes with a potential for block-flexure toppling instability. Next, a new analytical approach is presented for the stability analysis of such slopes. Finally, a special computer code is developed for a quick stability assessment of the failures based on the proposed method. This code receives the rock slope parameters from the user as the input data and predicts its stability, along with the corresponding factor of safety against the failure, as the output. In addition, two case studies are used for practical verification of the proposed approach and the corresponding computer code as well.     

动静组合加载下刀具破岩的力学模型

基于初始弹性和动静荷分工的假设,将动静复合加载下坚硬完整的脆性岩石的破碎过程分为弹性、损伤和断裂3阶段,综合运用弹性力学、岩石力学、损伤力学和断裂力学进行分析。由集中力作用下弹性半空间的应力场和单元体的剪切破坏,得出了岩石损伤的裂纹源和其曲线扩展路径;选定Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型裂纹作为动载冲击作用下压剪裂纹的扩展模式。提出了以冲击能（次数）来定义损伤度的方法。以相邻破碎坑的侧向裂纹扩展贯通作为岩石破碎的终点。本力学模型可以用于动静复合加载破碎岩石的系统仿真、数值模拟和机具设计。     

在卸荷产生拉剪情况下裂隙岩体的力学行为

据岩体在卸荷情况下的拉剪应力状态,确定了节理岩体的线弹性断裂力学模型。依照此模型,可以得到相对远离裂隙(该位置的点到裂隙中心的距离比裂缝长度大)且受裂隙影响区域内应力、应变和变形方程。这些对评估裂隙岩石变形有重要的参考意义。通过用理论方程的计算结果和卸荷情况下试验观测所得的数据对比,证明该模型应用于实际工程中具有可行性。     

Earthquake Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes: a Case Study

Stability analysis of Surabhi landslide in the Dehradun and Tehri districts of Uttaranchal located in Mussoorie, India, has been simulated numerically using the distinct element method focusing on the weak zones (fracture). This is an active landslide on the main road toward the town centre, which was triggered after rainfall in July–August 1998. Understanding the behaviour of this landslide will be helpful for planning and implementing mitigation measures. The first stage of the study includes the total area of the landslide. The area identified as the zone of detachment is considered the most vulnerable part of the landslide. Ingress of water and increased pore pressures result in reduced mobilized effective frictional resistance, causing the top layer of the zone of detachment to start moving. The corresponding total volume of rock mass that is potentially unstable is estimated to 11.58 million m³. The second stage of this study includes a 2D model focussing only on the zone of detachment. The result of the analyses including both static and dynamic loading indicates that most of the total displacement observed in the slide model is due to the zone of detachment. The discontinuum modelling in the present study gives reasonable agreement with actual observations and has improved understanding of the stability of the slide slope.