福建南安市地质灾害特征及防治对策

根据福建省南安市地质灾害调查和区划工作成果，总结该区地质灾害类型主要有滑坡、崩塌和泥石流，尤以滑坡和崩塌的危害性最大。全市共发现地质灾害140处，其中滑坡72处(含土质滑坡67处)，崩塌65处(土质崩塌55处)，泥石流3处。南安市地质灾害具有分布广、规模小、突发性强、危害性大等特点，其控制因素：包括地形地貌、岩土体性质、降雨和人类工程活动等。南安市属于低山丘陵地貌，其中低山山地占全市面积的50％，丘陵、台地占25％；花岗岩、凝灰岩分布面积广，其残积层厚度较大，约5～17m，岩性为残积砾(砂)质粘性土，是致灾的主要土体。98％的地质灾害与降雨有直接的关系，当过程雨量达到100mm时，滑坡开始产生；过程雨量大于200mm时，滑坡普遍发生。直接与人类工程活动有关的地质灾害共134处，占地质灾害总数的95％，坡脚开挖是引发地质灾害的主要因素，占调查总数的84．4％。论文还提出了地质灾害防治的相应对策。     

The application of GIS-based bivariate statistical methods for landslide hazards assessment in the upper Tons river valley,Western Himalaya,India

Landslides are one of the most frequent and common natural hazards in many parts of Himalaya. To reduce the potential risk, the landslide susceptibility maps are one of the first and most important steps in the landslide hazard mitigation. Earth observation satellite and geographical information system-based techniques have been used to derive and analyse various geo-environmental parameters significant to landslide hazards. In this study, a bivariate statistics method was used for spatial modelling of landslide susceptibility zones. For this purpose, thematic layers including landslide inventory, geology, slope angle, slope aspect, geomorphology, slope morphology, drainage density, lineament and land use/land cover were used. A large number of landslide occurrences have been observed in the upper Tons river valley area of Western Himalaya. The result has been used to spatially classify the study area into zones of very high, high, moderate, low and very low landslide susceptibility zones. About 72% of active landslides have been observed to occur in very high and high hazard zones. The result of the analysis was verified using the landslide location data. The validation result shows significant agreement between the susceptibility map and landslide location. The result can be used to reduce landslide hazards by proper planning.     

贵州安顺-六枝-纳雍地区地质灾害特点

贵州安顺-六枝一带是贵州省地质灾害多发地区.主要地质灾害为滑坡、崩塌、泥石流.调查发现地质灾害共有785处,其中滑坡372处,崩塌246处,地裂缝77处,泥石流47处,岩溶塌陷11处,洪涝洼地32处.纳雍县的岩脚寨的的基岩顺层滑坡、六枝旧院的切层滑坡、六枝特区龙潭乡朱家寨的松散层滑坡、纳雍县菁口寨崩塌、纳雍县垮山口泥石沟的泥石流等是区内不同类型的地质灾害实例.纳雍县的岩脚寨地区有几个村寨、六枝旧院坐落在古滑坡体上,有很大的隐患,建议通过移民方式解决这个问题.     

Spatio-temporal estimation of shallow landslide hazard triggered by rainfall using a three-dimensional model

A shallow landslide triggered by rainfall can be forecast in real-time by modeling the relationship between rainfall infiltration and decrease of slope stability. This paper describes a promising approach that combines an improved three-dimensional slope stability model with an approximate method based on the Green and Ampt model, to estimate the time–space distribution of shallow landslide hazards. Once a forecast of rainfall intensity and slope stability-related data, e.g., terrain and geology data, are acquired, this approach is shown to have the ability to estimate the variation of slope stability of a wide natural area during rainfall and to identify the location of potential failure surfaces. The effectiveness of the estimation procedures described has been tested by comparison with a one-dimensional method and by application to a landslide-prone area in Japan.     

阿拉斯加德纳里国家公园公路沿线冰椎和融化失稳问题的减灾备选方案

Only one access road leads into Denali Park. The serviceability and safety of this gravel road is obviously of paramount importance to the National Park Service (NPS). Since the late 1950s and mid1960s major icings and a landslide, respectively, have occurred along the Denali Park access road. During the summer of 1990 the landslide activity intensified. The central section of the Park through which the access road traverses is designated as a wilderness area. Consequently, off road field exploration required to quantify the hazards and remediation activities that may be proposed to mitigate icings and stabilize the landslide, are severely restricted and closely scrutinized by the NPS. The results of an evaluation of (1) the current state-of-the-practice to control icings, and (2) thaw stabilization techniques that could be appiled to the northwest corner of the landslide are presented herein. The recommendations which followed, respecting the wilderness area designation for the Park, are also presented.     

藏东冻土区滑坡形变时序InSAR监测分析

受气候暖湿化和冻融作用的影响,近年来西藏东部地区的山体滑坡多发频发,对人民生命财产安全造成严重威胁,制约了当地经济社会发展,因此,迫切需要利用有效手段对滑坡灾害隐患开展大范围调查与早期识别。以藏东317国道矮拉山地区为例,利用小基线集时序InSAR（Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar）技术,分别对2017年3月—2019年7月期间Sentinel-1A SAR升、降轨数据集进行地表形变监测分析,获取了该地区滑坡体隐患的分布情况,并讨论了滑坡历史形变演化特征及成因。结果表明：大部分区域较为稳定,滑坡隐患主要集中在山谷两侧,升降轨InSAR提高了滑坡监测识别的准确性和覆盖度;冻融滑坡形变过程与降雨型滑坡存在差异,呈现平稳期和失稳期交替出现的季节性变化特征;形变过程主要受冻融和降雨影响,两者共同作用加速坡体变形。实验结果验证了InSAR技术能够有效弥补传统监测手段的不足,可在高山冻土区滑坡隐患早期识别与监测防治中发挥重要作用。     

Assessment of rainfall-induced shallow landslides in Phetchabun and Krabi provinces,Thailand

Shallow landslides are a common type of rainfall-induced landslide, and various methods are currently used to predict their occurrence on a regional scale. Physically based models, such as the shallow landslide instability prediction (SLIP) model, have many advantages because these models can assess the hazards of shallow landslides dynamically, based on physical stability equations that consider rainfall as a triggering factor. The main objective of this research is to test the SLIP model’s potential to predict shallow landslide hazards in Thailand. To achieve this goal, the SLIP model was applied to two massive landslide events in Thailand. The results predicted by the SLIP model for the two study areas are outlined, and the model prediction capabilities were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic plot. The Phetchabun results showed that the western part of the catchment had the lowest factor of safety (F _S) value, whereas the Krabi results showed that the slopes surrounding the peak of Khao Panom Mountain had the lowest F _S value, explaining the highest potentials for shallow landslides in each area. The SLIP model showed good performance: The global accuracies were 0.828 for the Phetchabun area and 0.824 for the Krabi area. The SLIP model predicted the daily time-varying percentage of unstable areas over the analyzed periods. The SLIP model simulated a negligible percentage of unstable areas over all considered periods, except for expected dates, suggesting that the prediction capability is reasonably accurate.     

Analysis of landslide causes and associated damages in the Kashmir Himalayas of Pakistan

This article deals with the analysis of landslide causes and associated damages in the Kashmir Himalayas of Pakistan. The present study is based on Muzaffarabad, which lies in the lesser Himalayas. Geologically, the Kashmir Himalaya is the young and most dynamic system in the world. In Muzaffarabad, mostly, people live on the fragile mountain slopes, and therefore, they are highly vulnerable to the risk of landslides. To achieve the objectives of the study, data were collected both from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were obtained through intensive field work and human perception survey, while secondary data were obtained from the related line agencies. The analysis reveals that in the study area, immature geology, active seismic zone, wide range of temperature and seasonal rain are the major physical factors, whereas human interventions on the fragile slopes are intensifying factors which in effect contribute to the landslide incidence. As a result, the adverse impacts on housing, sources of livelihood earnings and human casualties are escalating day-by-day. There are several implementing agencies which are responsible for reducing the risk of landsliding. So far, these agencies have not reduced the landslide damages rather their intensity and frequency have been increased especially after 2005 Kashmir earthquake.     

汶川地震地质灾害发育特点及动因机制分析

汶川地震地质灾害具有发生范围大、密度大、明显的成群成带性、灾害类型以崩塌滑坡为主、且崩塌远多于滑坡以及次生地质灾害将长期存在的特点.这些特点主要是由于地震波自(地壳)内而外的、纵波和横波的连环传播导致山体先是结构性损伤,继而使表层岩土体失稳而造成的.岩性、地形地貌以及岩层倾向的差异也在一定程度上影响着灾害类型的发育和空间分布.汶川地震次生地质灾害防治将是一个任务艰巨、过程漫长、前所未有、充满科技挑战的一项系统工程.     

国道213汶川—松潘段滑坡隐患遥感识别与易发性评价

国道213汶川—松潘段位于强震山区,滑坡灾害频发,每年都会因滑坡灾害导致交通中断,迫切需要查明沿线滑坡隐患的空间分布,并对其易发性进行评价。利用光学遥感和InSAR综合遥感技术对沿线滑坡隐患进行识别,共识别滑坡隐患288处,其中InSAR探测出有形变的滑坡隐患点27处。以识别出的滑坡隐患为评价样本,选取高程、坡度、坡向、地表曲率、工程地质岩组、归一化植被指数(normalizied difference vegetation index,NDVI)、距道路距离、距河流距离、距断层距离等9个影响因素作为评价因子,采用Logistic回归模型评价该沿线滑坡隐患易发性,评价结果可为国道213汶川—松潘段滑坡灾害防治提供参考。     

四川省丹巴县滑坡地质灾害分布特征浅析

丹巴县滑坡地质灾害具有①集中分布在断裂带两侧的人口密集区;②在河谷两岸的分布数量相当;③主要集中分布于中等海拔的中等坡度区等特征。滑坡地质灾害的发生主要受控于区域独特的地形地貌(尤其是地形坡度)、强烈的构造运动及日益加剧的人类工程经济活动等因素。     

三峡库区塘角村1号滑坡变形特征分析

塘角村1号滑坡是三峡库区地质灾害防治监测预警工程Ⅲ期应急专业监测点。监测方法为滑体深部位移监测、地表位移监测等。本文通过滑坡变形、库区降雨、库区水位变化等资料的相关分析,总结分析了该滑坡在空间和时间域内的变形特征。降雨强度和降雨量的大小是影响滑体变形速率的因素之一,下部滑体变形对于库区水位下降敏感,当水位在一段时期内按一定速率持续下降时,滑体变形速率明显加大。     

Development of hybrid wavelet packet-statistical models (WP-SM) for landslide susceptibility mapping

Landslides are recognized as one of the most important natural hazards in many areas throughout the world. Producing landslide susceptibility maps have received particular attention from a wide range of scientists. The main objective of this study was to produce landslide susceptibility maps using hybrid wavelet packet-statistical models (WP-SM). In the first step, landslide susceptibility maps were produced using single artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), maximum entropy (MaxEnt), and generalized linear model (GLM). In the next step, the input maps were preprocessed using different mother wavelets in different levels. Then, the hybrid models were developed using the wavelet-based preprocessed maps. Results showed that the wavelet packet transform can be effectively used to produce precise landslide susceptibility maps. It was shown that wavelet packet transform significantly enhanced the ability of the single statistical models. The kappa coefficients were increased from 0.829 to 0.941, 0.846 to 0.978, 0.744 to 0.829, and 0.735 to 0.817 in hybrid ANN, SVM, MaxEnt, and GLM, respectively. The best wavelet transform was performed using bior1.5 with a three-level decomposition. It was also recognized that MaxEnt and GLM produced approximately poor results. However, SVM performed better than the other three models both in single and hybrid forms. ANN also outperformed MaxEnt and GLM models. Spatial distribution of the susceptible area is consistent with the observed landslide distribution pattern particularly in maps obtained from the hybrid models. The produced maps showed that the general pattern of susceptible area intensively followed the pattern of roads and sensitive geological formations.     

滑坡次生灾害损失评估方法研究

针对目前滑坡灾害破坏损失评估研究还没有涉及滑坡次生灾害破坏损失评估方面的研究,提出并建立了滑坡次生灾害破坏损失的评估模型与方法。应用故障树分析法（FTA）和事件树分析法（ETA）相结合的因果图方法对滑坡次生灾害作可靠性分析,由此对滑坡次生灾害损失进行了预测及评估。     

六盘山东麓断裂带滑坡类型与变形机理研究——以泾河源区为例

六盘山东麓地层结构特殊,断裂褶皱等构造发育,滑坡及其隐患点等不良地质灾害较多,特殊的地理、构造位置和潜在的孕震背景,致使该区具有产生大型滑坡的可能。本文依据新一轮以图幅带专题研究的地质灾害调查获取大量的数据,通过统计分析,对六盘山东麓断裂带滑坡产生的孕灾地质环境条件及其滑坡特性等进行了剖析,将研究区滑坡归纳为红层软岩滑坡、断层影响型滑坡、堆积层滑坡、黄土型滑坡4种不同类型,同时对其形成机理进行了探讨分析与研究,为完成地质灾害风险性区划评价,提出地质灾害综合防治对策建议提供了重要的理论依据。     

甘肃省矿山地质灾害及其基本特征

甘肃是矿产资源大省,矿产开发利用规模大、强度高,因而矿山地质环境问题突出,其中矿山地质灾害的危害和威胁尤其严重。本文基于实际调查数据,论述分析了甘肃省矿山地质灾害的主要类型、基本特征及其危害特点。根据调查结果,甘肃省主要发育五类矿山地质灾害:采空地面塌陷、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和矿坑突水。在这五类灾害中,采空地面塌陷分布最广、造成的直接经济损失最严重,滑坡发生频次高、造成人员伤亡最大,矿坑突水灾害分布范围、发生频次和危害程度相对最低。各类灾害的分布和发育特征受地质环境条件及矿山开采规模和开采方式的控制,灾害的危害特点与其分布和发育特征和活动特点有关。     

Dam-break risk analysis of the Attabad landslide dam in Pakistan and emergency countermeasures

The Attabad landslide dam caused significant property losses and many human casualties in Pakistan, and also greatly affected the operation of the China-Pakistan Karakoram Highway (KKH). This paper discusses the risk of dam breach and hazards to the KKH project construction site following a dam breach. The paper examines the following three topics. (1) The geomorphologic dimensionless blockage index (DBI) and the analogy method were used to analyze the stability of the Attabad landslide dam. The long-term behaviors of landslide dams downstream of the Attabad landslide dam indicate that the risk of a dam breach exists, but the probability of a total dam failure is low. (2) The peak discharge of a potential breach of the Attabad landslide dam was calculated for scenarios in which 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, and total failure of the dam was breached. The potential breach discharge decreases with the downstream distance. (3) The potential impacts of the landslide dam breach on the KKH project construction site were analyzed. Based on the composition of the landslide dam, the probability of a 1/3 dam breach is high. To ensure the safety of downstream areas, disaster preparedness plans that correspond to the 1/2 dam breach scenario should be developed. Based on experience in addressing the landslide dam that was caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake, artificial controlled drainage measures are suggested and provide a technical reference for addressing the Attabad landslide dam and achieving recovery and normal operation of KKH.     

陕北晋西黄土滑塌灾害的初步研究以西气东输工程为例

黄土滑塌灾害是黄土高原北部地区的-种特殊斜坡变形破坏类型。由于其突发性和频繁发生的特点, 常造成大批窑洞、房屋倒塌和人员伤亡, 并给该区铁路、公路和长输管道建设造成严重危害。由于黄土滑塌灾害具有滑坡和崩塌两种机制和先滑后塌的变形破坏过程, 以往常把它们作为滑坡或崩塌来研究。作者通过陕西靖边县至山西蒲县间 30 0km黄土地质灾害的野外调查和室内的微观分析, 发现黄土滑塌灾害的发生主要受黄土粘粒含量的控制, 因此在空间上具有鲜明的地域性:0.0 0 5mm粘粒含量 10 %的砂黄土区是滑塌灾害严重发育区; 0.0 0 5mm粘粒含量在 10 %～ 2 0 %之间的典型黄土区是滑塌灾害弱发育区; 0.0 0 5mm粘粒含量 2 0 %的粘黄土区是滑塌灾害不发育区。作者在黄土滑塌灾害产生机理和形成条件研究的基础上提出了相应的工程对策。     

Dynamic process analysis for the formation of Yangjiagou landslide-dammed lake triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, China

The damming of rivers by landslides resulting in the formation of a lake was one of the typical secondary geological hazards triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake which occurred on May 12, 2008. Some landslide-dammed lakes were at a high risk of causing further damage since the rainstorm season was expected soon after the earthquake. Understanding the dynamic processes in the formation of landslide-dammed lakes is helpful in planning the mitigation measures. The Yangjiagou landslide-dammed lake was selected as a case study to investigate the typical processes of dam formation. The dynamic simulation of the formation of the Yangjiagou landslide-dammed lake was divided into two steps: the landslide step and the overflow/overtopping step. Two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) was adopted to investigate the mechanics of the Yangjiagou landslide. The landslide process was found to be controlled by the bond strength and residual friction coefficient of the DEM models. Computational results show that the formation of the landslide dam took approximately 35 s. The maximum velocity of a typical particle was approximately 26.8 m/s. The shallow-water equation and finite difference method were used to analyze the hydrodynamic mechanisms of the overflow process of the landslide-dammed lake. Computational results show that overflow would have occurred 15.1 h after the river was blocked, and overtopping failure occurs for the landslide dam in the rainstorm season when the water flow is large enough, causing a major disaster.     

小江断裂带巧家段巨型古滑坡及其工程地质特征

巧家地处小江断裂带与则木河断裂、五莲峰断裂相交地带, 地质构造复杂, 断裂与地震活动频繁, 崩滑流地质灾害极为发育。通过遥感解译与工程地质分析, 在小江断裂带巧家段东侧识别出一处巨型古滑坡。巧家古滑坡平面形态为筲箕形, 堆积体长5.5 km, 宽9 km, 平均厚度约250 m, 预测体积达到约 10亿m3。古滑坡后缘为典型的圈椅状地貌, 两侧边界多沿基岩地层中的次级断层发育, 并在地表呈阶梯式的台阶状地形。堆积体的岩性主要由二叠系阳新组灰岩组成, 局部存在二叠系峨眉山组玄武岩, 多具碎裂-松散结构。整体上看, 该滑坡体风化强烈, 中前部发育大型纵向冲沟, 暗示形成时代较老。综合分析认为, 巧家古滑坡成因极可能是由于小江断裂带强烈左旋走滑作用下, 导致巧家东侧山地发生持续性的构造抬升, 并在巨大地震活动触发下形成。关于小江断裂带巧家段在未来的大地震活动背景下, 是否可能导致古巨型滑坡复活, 或该区是否还存在发生类似巨型地震滑坡的风险等问题, 显然值得进一步深入研究。