汶川地震北川县城地质灾害调查与初步分析

汶川8.0级地震造成了北川县巨大的破坏,导致上万人死亡,整个北川县城变为废墟。现场地震科考分析显示,造成北川县城区建筑物和道路严重损毁,以及人员重大伤亡的三个主要原因为：①强地震产生的振动破坏效应;②活断层错动产生的地表破裂效应;③地震引发的次生地质灾害（崩塌、滑坡和泥石流）。地震次生地质灾害造成了北川县城区上千人死亡、大量房屋被埋、多处路段被毁。在分析地震地质构造背景基础上,对地震引发的北川县城崩塌、滑坡和泥石流次生地质进行了现场调查,查明了地质灾害分布和发育特征,初步分析了王家岩滑坡和景家山崩塌的地震地质灾害破坏机理。     

Field-observed phenomena of seismic liquefaction and subsidence during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, a large number of buildings, water conservancy facilities, and transportation facilities were severely damaged. The damage caused by liquefaction and earthquake-induced soil subsidence was widely distributed, diverse, and extensive. Typical liquefaction and earthquake-induced subsidence damage for this region has been described by investigations of soils and foundations in the earthquake-stricken area. Factors that influenced the liquefaction of soils in Dujiangyan County were analyzed, accounting for regional geological conditions. The results identify several factors that may affect the process of liquefaction and general damage to buildings, roads, levees, and dams. Such factors could serve as the basis for further research into mitigating the damage caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction and subsidence. The importance of detailed ground reconnaissance and the implementation of reasonable and effective measures to improve soft soil are proposed for earthquake hazard reduction in similar areas.     

“5．12”大地震前后汶川县地质灾害发育研究

汶川大地震对地质环境影响很大,由于大地震的影响,其震前震后的地质灾害类型、数量等发生了很大的改变。本文通过搜集前人资料,现场调查,分析了汶川大地震前后汶川县地质灾害的变化。结果表明,地震前汶川县地质灾害类型主要以泥石流为主,地震后,汶川县地质灾害类型主要为崩塌,其次为泥石流和滑坡。地震使汶川县地质灾害数量极大增加,同时,也使得其主要地质灾害类型发生改变。     

汶川地震震害特点及成因探讨

在对汶川、都江堰、彭州和北川等地地震灾害调查的基础上,结合大量文献资料,分析了震害特点并探讨了震害成因。认为汶川地震是在特殊的地质构造和地球动力学背景下产生的,地震震害有许多独特之处。地震产生的许多变形带是浅表层局部变形,与浅表层地质条件有关,不是地震断层,破坏性不严重。地貌在地震中有伸缩现象,其中山体部分伸展、河谷地带收缩、地貌伸缩与地震中应力释放和应变恢复过程产生的多层次滑脱有关。桥梁在地震中遭到了严重破坏,许多桥梁完全垮塌,显示架空结构建筑物对地震的抗击能力差,有的桥梁有中央断裂或垮塌一半的特点,可能是因为河流两岸地震波不连续或不同方向震动强度不同。地震中建筑物的破坏具有不均匀性,主要表现有滑坡和崩塌加重了建筑物的破坏、地基不均匀导致建筑群不均匀破坏、饱和砂土地震液化引起地基失效导致建筑群强烈破坏、斜坡带临空一侧建筑物破坏程度高、建筑物的破坏具有与地震波相关的方向性。汶川地震震害警示,在强烈地震区加强地质研究、地质灾害危险性评估、工程勘察和结合地震破坏特点的工程抗震设防的极端重要性。     

四川省泸定县Ms6.8级地震地质灾害发育规律与减灾对策

2022年9月5日四川省泸定县发生Ms6.8级地震,诱发大量次生地质灾害。为深入认识此次地震地质灾害发育分布规律及特征,分析地质灾害发展趋势及潜在风险,文章基于现场调查获取的一手资料,结合震区首轮地质灾害排查成果、遥感解译和区域地质背景综合研究,对地震地质灾害的特征、控灾条件及防灾减灾对策进行了研究。结果表明：截至2022年9月14日22时,地震重灾区泸定县和石棉县境内,地震共诱发有威胁对象的地质灾害隐患点565处（包括崩塌331处、滑坡234处）,导致81处已有地质灾害隐患点加剧变形;地震诱发的地质灾害类型主要以中、小型群发性高位崩塌和滑坡为主,主要集中分布在震中附近地震烈度Ⅸ度区域,包括泸定县磨西镇、得妥乡、得妥乡—德威镇段大渡河两岸及石棉县草科乡、王岗坪乡;根据汶川地震经验,认为位于地震烈度Ⅸ度区内的湾东河等流域,在未来5 a内泥石流将处于活跃期,泥石流防治工程设计需考虑其高频率、黏性泥石流等特征;得妥乡—德威镇段大渡河两岸残留在坡面的崩滑体在降雨作用下易转化成坡面泥石流,建议在防治工程设计时要充分考虑2种灾害类型的转化形式。研究可为震区地震地质灾害防范及灾后重建规划提供科学参考...     

October 23, 2011 Turkey/Van–Ercis earthquake: structural damages in the residential buildings

On October 23, 2011, a magnitude of Mw 7.2 earthquake struck the Van province in eastern Turkey which caused approximately 600 life loss and 4,000 injured people. Although the recorded peak ground accelerations were relatively low (0.15–0.2 g) compared with that of other recent destructive Turkish earthquakes and the code-based design response spectrum, a large number of reinforced concrete buildings with 4–6 stories and non-engineered masonry buildings were either heavily damaged or collapsed in the region. Based on the post-earthquake technical inspections, the goal of this paper is to introduce major reasons for structural damages in the disaster area and to discuss these failures along with the approaches given in the design code which is renewed after August 17, 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Some remarkable lessons learned from earthquake-induced failures and damages specific to building construction techniques are presented in this paper.     

Surface Rupture and Co-seismic Displacement Produced by the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12th, 2008, Sichuan, China： Eastwards Growth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

An earthquake of Ms 8 struck Wenchuan County,western Sichuan,China,on May 12~(th), 2008 and resulted in long surface ruptures (>300 km).The first-hand observations about the surface ruptures produced by the earthquake in the worst-hit areas of Yingxiu,Beichuan and Qingchuan, ascertained that the causative structure of the earthquake was in the central fault zones of the Longmenshan tectonic belt.Average co-seismic vertical displacements along the individual fault of the Yingxiu-Beichuan rupture zone reach 2.5-4m and the cumulative vertical displacements across the central and frontal Longmenshan fault belt is about 5-6 m.The surface rupture strength was reduced from north of Beichuan to Qingchuan County and shows 2-3 m dextral strike-slip component.The Wenchuan thrust-faulting earthquake is a manifestation of eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau under the action of continuous convergence of the Indian and Eurasian continents.     

Buildings Damages after Elazığ, Turkey Earthquake on January 24, 2020

A 6.8-magnitude earthquake that occurred on January 24, 2020, has been effective in Turkey’s eastern regions. The earthquake, with recorded peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.292 g, caused the destruction or heavy damage of buildings, especially in the city center of Elaz?? province. The purpose of this paper was to share the results of detailed investigation in the earthquake-stricken area. Additionally, the causes of damages and failures observed in the buildings were compared to those that had occurred in previous earthquakes in Turkey. In this study, the damages observed in especially RC buildings as well as in masonry and rural buildings were summarized, the lessons learned were evaluated, and the results were interpreted with reference to Turkish earthquake codes. In the study, it was particularly emphasized why the building stock underwent such damage even though the buildings were exposed to earthquake acceleration well below the design acceleration values.

     

汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析

汶川大地震造成位于震中附近的都江堰-汶川公路多座隧道严重受损。本文通过现场调研、资料收集与分析,将地震区山岭隧道变形破坏的基本类型概括为洞口边坡崩塌与滑塌、洞门裂损、衬砌及围岩坍塌、衬砌开裂及错位、底板开裂及隆起、初期支护变形及开裂等。分析其影响因素,认为发震断裂的次级断层、基覆界面、洞口不稳定斜坡、高地应力环境下的软弱围岩对隧道强烈震害具有控制作用。以汶川地震给予隧道抗震的启示,建议强震区的山岭隧道应将洞口边坡防护、洞口明洞和洞门结构作为一个系统进行综合设计,在条件允许的情况下尽可能采用削竹式洞门结构;隧道穿越活动断裂带的次级断层时在其两侧一定范围内二次衬砌应采用钢筋混凝土结构;基覆界面、围岩软岩与硬岩之间的过渡地带、围岩质量突变地带等应采用改善围岩力学性质且让其渐变的措施进行处理。     

"5·12" 地震后汶川县泥石流特征与演化分析

2008年“5·12”汶川地震极大地改变了震区泥石流的特征,不仅增强了泥石流的活动性,同时也使得震区在相当长的时间内都要面临泥石流的威胁。本文基于前人大量的研究成果,并利用遥感解译结合现场调查等手段,分析了汶川县泥石流沟道纵坡降、沟壑密度、两岸坡度等基本发育特征;进而分析了地震前后汶川县降雨分布及泥石流相关降雨参数变化特征。结果显示,流域内泥石流沟的沟壑密度在0.2~4之间,属于微度土壤侵蚀区域,泥石流的沟床纵坡降偏大,有利于泥石流的发生;泥石流流域内斜坡坡度多为30°~40°,有利于灾害的发生;震后汶川县年均降雨量增加了5.17%,降雨多集中在7~9月份,降雨量由南及北逐渐降低;震后泥石流的降雨阈值在2008~2013年呈现缓慢回升的趋势,但2019年又有所下降,预计恢复到震前水平尚需要一定时间;同时震后汶川县泥石流物源丰富,震后物源量呈现“震荡式衰减”的演化趋势,但体量仍然很大,对泥石流仍需坚持监测预警工作。     

陕西省南郑县地震次生地质灾害特征及其防治

陕西省南郑县地处龙门山大断裂北东延伸方向,距汶川5.12特大地震震中映秀镇约350Km。该县震前共有地质灾害点144处,呈现出突发性、链生性、地域性和季节性的发育规律。此次地震在南郑县境内诱发多起地质灾害,新诱发地质灾害隐患点11处,已经发生2起地质灾害;在震前的133处地质灾害隐患点中,有3处在地震后明显加剧。根据此次所排查的地质灾害的潜在危险性和险情大小的评估,圈定了重点防治区,提出了监测预警、灾害避让搬迁和灾害治理的防治建议。     

Surface Rupture and Co-seismic Displacement Produced by the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12th, 2008, Sichuan, China: Eastwards Growth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

An earthquake of Ms 8 struck Wenchuan County, western Sichuan, China, on May 12^th, 2008 and resulted in long surface ruptures （〉300 km）. The first-hand observations about the surface ruptures produced by the earthquake in the worst-hit areas of Yingxiu, Beichuan and Qingchuan, ascertained that the causative structure of the earthquake was in the central fault zones of the Longmenshan tectonic belt. Average co-seismic vertical displacements along the individual fault of the Yingxiu-Beiehuan rupture zone reach 2.514 m and the cumulative vertical displacements across the central and frontal Longmenshan fault belt is about 5-6 m. The surface rupture strength was reduced from north of Beichuan to Qingchuan County and shows 2-3 m dextral strike-slip component. The Wenchuan thrust-faulting earthquake is a manifestation of eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau under the action of continuous convergence of the Indian and Eurasian continents.     

汶川8.0级地震液化震害及特征

通过现场详细地调查,归纳总结了汶川地震液化导致的工程震害的现象、分布、规律和特征。结果表明,此次地震液化震害现象显著,位于德阳地区的3个液化区域震害严重,都江堰地区、绵阳游仙区以及江油市区的3个液化区域震害中等,其他地区轻微,液化震害分布与液化分布有一定关系,但二者有所不同;液化场地上房屋均不同程度受损,其中结构性差的房屋会直接倒塌,设有圈梁、构造柱的房屋,液化也会导致其整体倾斜、下沉、开裂;学校液化震害具有典型性,部分校区大面积液化,地裂缝纵横,地基不均匀沉降严重,主体结构开裂、倾斜,功能丧失。这次液化震害具有3个显著特征:(1)只要液化出现的地方,震害均比周围重,没有减震现象;(2)Ⅵ度区不仅有液化现象,而且有明显的液化震害;(3)液化伴随地裂缝,是构成此次地震液化震害的主因。     

汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究

2008年9月24日汶川震区的北川县暴雨导致区域性泥石流发生,这次9.24暴雨泥石流灾害导致了42人死亡,对公路和其他基础设施造成严重损毁。本研究采用地面调查和遥感解译方法分析地震与暴雨共同作用下的泥石流特征,获取的气象数据用于分析泥石流起动的临界雨量条件。本文探讨了研究区泥石流起动和输移过程,并根据野外调查,分析了泥石流形成的降雨、岩石和断层作用,特别是强降雨过程与物源区对泥石流发生的作用。根据应急调查发现北川县境内暴雨诱发的泥石流72处,其分布受岩石类型、发震断层和河流等因素控制。根据对研究区震前和震后泥石流发生的临界雨量和雨强的初步分析,汶川地震后,该区域泥石流起动的前期累积雨量降低了14.8%～22.1%,小时雨强降低25.4 %～31.6%。震区泥石流起动方式主要有二种,一是由于暴雨过程形成的斜坡表层径流导致悬挂于斜坡上的滑坡体表面和前缘松散物质向下输移,进入沟道后转为泥石流过程;二是消防水管效应使沟道水流快速集中,并强烈冲刷沟床中松散固体物质,导致沟床物质起动并形成泥石流过程。调查和分析发现沟内堆积的滑坡坝对泥石流的阻塞明显,溃决后可导致瞬时洪峰流量特别大。研究结果表明了汶川震区已进入一个新的活跃期。因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害。     

汶川“5•12”地震前后十年生态环境变化分析

“5?12”汶川大地震使震中汶川的生态环境发生了巨大变化,基于地震前后多年的遥感影像数据和气象站点数据,将生态环境影响因子分为地形因素（高程、坡度、坡向）、自然因素（植被覆盖度、土壤湿度指数）和气象因素（年降水量、年平均气温）3大类。采用综合评价指数法,即加权综合评分法中的层次分析法（AHP）计算出评价因子的影响权重。利用评价因子分级和权重计算生态环境综合指数,对生态环境综合指数进行分级,综合比较研究区生态环境变化,总结汶川地震前后10年的生态环境变化情况。结果表明,研究区的生态环境受地震影响,经历了破坏、修复和超过震前水平的过程,人类活动对生态环境变化有着重要影响     

Seismogenic Structure of the April 20, 2013, Lushan Ms7 Earthquake in Sichuan

At 08:02 on April 20, 2013, a Ms7.0 earthquake occurred in Lushan, Ya'an, in the Longmenshan fault zone, Sichuan. The epicenter was located between Taiping Town and Shuangshi Town, Lushan County and the maximum earthquake intensity at the epicenter reached class IX. Field investigations in the epicenter area found that, although buildings were seriously damaged, no obvious surface rupture structure was produced, only some ground fissures and sand blows and water ejection phenomena being seen. An integrated analysis of high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation, mainshock and aftershock distribution, and focal mechanism solutions indicated that this earthquake was an independent rupturing event in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, belonging to the thrust-type earthquake. Ruptures occurred along the south-central segment of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault and the principal rupture plane dipped SW at 33-43°. It is inferred that the Lushan earthquake might be related to the ramp activity of the basal detachment zone (13-19 km) of the Longmenshan fault zone. Historically, there occurred at least two Ms6-6.5 earthquakes along the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault zone; thus it is thought that the Lushan earthquake, different from the Wenchuan earthquake, was a characteristic one in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone. In-situ stress measurements indicated the Lushan earthquake was the result of stress release of the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone after the Wenchuan earthquake. This paper analyzes the tectonic setting of the seismogenic structure of this earthquake.     

2022年MS6.8级泸定地震诱发地质灾害特征与空间分布规律研究

2022年9月5日四川甘孜泸定县发生6.8级地震,诱发了大量地质灾害,造成房屋损毁和多处道路阻断,并导致了严重的人员伤亡。快速预测地震诱发地质灾害空间分布对震后应急救援至关重要。为此,成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室利用已建立的地震诱发滑坡近实时预测模型,在震后2 h内,快速预测了地震诱发滑坡空间分布概率。同时,利用震后重点区域的无人机影像和国产高分六号影像,对地震诱发滑坡进行了智能识别和人工解译及现场调查复核,共解译滑坡3633处,总面积13.78 km2。研究发现本次泸定地震诱发滑坡,较2008年汶川和2017年九寨沟地震滑坡,规模相对较小。本次地震诱发滑坡主要分布于鲜水河断裂带和大渡河两侧,呈带状分布,在磨西镇、得妥镇及王岗坪彝族藏族乡等Ⅸ度烈度区相对集中。对控制滑坡空间分布的地形地貌、地质和地震3类因素9个因子进行分析,发现其主要分布在坡度35°~55°、高程1000~1800 m范围内;受断层控制强烈,主要分布在距断层1 km范围内;在花岗岩中最为发育。上述研究成果获得的地震诱发滑坡及受损道路和房屋分布情况,为震后应急救援提供了重要支撑。     

Selection of emergency shelter sites for seismic disasters in mountainous regions: Lessons from the 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake,China

In this paper, we use the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake as a background event for analyzing and applying the principles of site selection of emergency shelters for a disastrous earthquake. Based on field investigations and analyses of remote sensing imagery, we identified the distribution of active faults and the locations of co-seismic surface rupture zones—areas in which buildings are at risk of intensive damage. It is important that emergency shelters are located outside of such vulnerable areas. One of the lessons learned from the Wenchuan Earthquake is that high fatality rates occur in areas without life-saving shelters. The principles that underlie the selection of emergency shelter sites are as follows: (1) keep far away from active fault zones, with the distance depending on the characteristics of the fault, including the nature of hangingwall and footwall structures; (2) disaster-mitigation strategies should be developed as a multi-dimensional system for the management of natural hazards, human activities, and urban expansion, involving keeping away from vulnerable slopes and establishing an early-warning system; (3) the accessibility of mountainous regions must be considered, including establishing small emergency shelters that house large numbers of people and covering regions with an uneven distribution of villages; and (4) government and law-making agencies in China must establish new earthquake design codes for buildings, emphasizing the importance of public facilities (including schools, collective welfare institutions, and medical facilities) as emergency shelters during disastrous earthquakes. The site-selection process requires an interdisciplinary approach involving seismologists, engineers, environmental and social scientists, emergency management personnel, and government officials. The parameters upon which the above principles are based can be qualitatively determined, thereby providing a valuable initial database for further quantitative analysis. The preliminary results and knowledge gained in the present paper can be used as a decision-making tool to support the government in earthquake-recovery and reconstruction programs. We also discuss practical examples of site evaluation in regions that suffered heavy damage during the Wenchuan Earthquake.     

基于包络的汶川大地震高频地震波辐射区域反演及近场加速度合成

合理地估计汶川破坏区域的地震动有助于地震灾害的研究.通过利用芦山地震记录建立的加速度包络衰减关系和汶川地震近场30个台站的加速度包络,基于线源模型,采用差分进化方法反演了汶川地震断层面上高频 (＞1 Hz) 辐射区域分布.结果表明:断层面上高频辐射分布很不均匀,辐射较强的区域主要位于:(1) 产生较大地表破裂的映秀、北川和南坝区域;(2) 映秀和北川等凹凸体的周边区域,包括震中东北侧60~90 km区域、北川和南坝东北侧30 km处;(3) 断层破裂停止的东北端约30 km长的区域.其中,破裂贯穿到地表的映秀、北川和南坝是低频和高频辐射都很强的区域.对于无观测记录场点,选择其临近且场地条件类似的台站加速度提取平稳随机过程,结合高频辐射分布和衰减关系得到的包络,合成了加速度时程,可为汶川地震结构震害分析提供地震动输入.      

汶川地震地质灾害后效应分析

汶川地震过去3a了。3a来,大量的国内外学者对地震灾区地震地质灾害的发育分布规律、形成机理及防治对策给予了高度关注,发表了大量的研究成果。人们在关注同震地质灾害的同时,更对地震灾区今后地质灾害的发生规律及演化趋势、持续时间倾注了极大的关心,因为震后连续3a,尤其是2010年,灾区地质灾害的频率和规模均出现较震前显著增大的现象。本文收集整理了震前和震后灾区地质灾害的数据资料,尤其研究了震后3a灾区重大地质灾害的特点和发生规律,在此基础上,分析了震后灾区地质灾害可能的持续时间、演化趋势以及高风险区的范围。分析和研究结果认为,震后汶川地震灾区的地质灾害将持续20~25a; 在这段时间内,地质灾害将以4~5a一个高峰为周期,呈震荡式的衰减下降,并最终恢复到震前的水平。震后地质灾害的高风险区将出现在耿达-映秀、小鱼洞、红白-茶坪、擂鼓-陈家坝和青川东河口-窝前这5个地段上。