疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera Kuster)人工繁育技术研究

本实验开展了疣荔枝螺（Thais clavigera Kuster）室内全人工繁育技术研究;具体包括亲螺人工促熟蓄养、卵囊采集、孵化、幼虫培育、变态和采苗等技术研究,同时,还开展了后期面盘幼虫对不同附着基的喜好选择性实验,以及不同饵料和光照对幼虫附着的影响研究。研究表明：雌螺分批产卵,单个雌螺平均每次产出受精卵为61 750粒;在水温27~29℃时,面盘幼虫经过20 d左右的生长发育,壳长达到约600 μm,此时开始附着变态,由浮游生活转变为底栖生活;附着后10 d左右变态为稚螺。后期面盘幼虫对附着基的选择性实验表明,固着牡蛎苗的栉孔扇贝壳和附有底栖硅藻的波纹板,是稚螺理想的附着基。不同饵料和光照对幼虫附着影响实验结果表明：在附着变态期间,自然光照有利于幼虫附着变态;同时,连续投喂糠虾肉糜可显著提高幼虫变态率和稚螺成活率。本研究结果为今后疣荔枝螺产业化繁育提供了重要的理论和技术支持。     

大西洋浪蛤繁殖生物学研究

于2002年1月至2003年1月 ,在浙江温州对引种养殖的大西洋浪蛤(Spisulasolidissima)的性腺发育、生殖周期、肥满度、胚胎发育、幼虫发育及变态等进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,大西洋浪蛤性腺发育过程分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期、休止期5个阶段。在浙南沿海的大西洋浪蛤繁殖期在4月下旬至6月上旬 (水温19.5～25℃ ) ,可大量产卵二次 ;肥满度最高出现在5月份,为10.37 % ,最低出现在2月份 ,为4.66 %。个体产卵量为14.1×104～111.1×104粒 ,卵沉性 ,卵径50～60μm ;受精卵在水温19.5～23℃ ,经16～20h孵化成D形幼虫 ;初孵D形幼虫平均大小为75μm×62μm ,浮游幼虫经12～13d培养进入壳顶后期 ,15～16d进入附着变态期 ,壳长为260～290μm ,发育变态为稚贝。     

毛嵌线螺的研究Ⅰ.繁殖及幼虫发生特征

毛嵌线螺(Cymatium pileare)的繁殖过程包括交配、产卵、孵育及幼虫从卵囊中游出等4个阶段。交配一般在产卵前10～15d进行,产卵后母体并不离开卵群,而是持续静伏在卵群的开口上进行孵育,直至其中的幼虫离开卵囊。温度和盐度对毛嵌线螺受精卵的发育有重要影响,在22～30℃的适宜温度区域内,将受精卵孵育成能自由生活的晚期面盘幼虫需438日度左右的总积温。毛嵌线螺受精卵的发育与其他前鳃类腹足动物相似,包括卵裂、囊胚期、原肠期及面盘幼虫期4个阶段。     

疣荔枝螺胚胎及早期发育研究

对疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera Kuster)早期发育进行了研究,记录了疣荔枝螺各个发育时期的特征和生长数据。研究表明,在温度27～28℃条件下,疣荔枝螺受精卵在卵囊内经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、膜内担轮幼虫期和膜内面盘又重启,最后出膜进入卵囊外浮游幼虫期,全程需要14 d。在卵囊外浮游幼虫平均每天生长16.35μm,经历25 d左右变态成为稚螺,随后一直营匍匐生活。本研究结果为疣荔枝螺的人工繁育提供了重要理论基础。     

脉红螺(Rapana venosa(Valenciennes))室内人工育苗技术的研究

研究了脉红螺(Rapana venosa(Valenciennes)在室内人工投喂条件下的亲螺交配、卵袋产出、孵化、幼虫培育、采苗。结果为:亲螺促熟培育的适宜饵料是四角蛤蜊,在人工促熟条件下每只雌螺产卵量44.57万粒,胚胎孵化率平均为87.4%;在育苗期间,幼虫前期密度为0.2个/mL,后期0.1个/mL,投喂金藻、小球藻、角毛藻,当平均壳高达到1200μm以上时,投放附有底栖硅藻的聚乙烯波纹板采苗效果最好。本文在稚螺培育中主要研究了脉红螺稚螺食性转换和变态过程中的适宜动物性饵料,以及不同处理方法的附着基对稚螺附着的影响,结果表明:经亲螺爬过和附有底栖硅藻的波纹板,附苗效果好;刚附着变态后稚螺除了投喂牡蛎肉糜外,定期向池内投放活的牡蛎受精卵,可以促进稚螺变态和食性顺利转化,成功培育出壳高1.0cm以上苗种。     

毛嵌线螺的研究Ⅰ.繁殖及幼虫发生特征

毛嵌线螺（ Ｃｙｍａｔｉｕｍ ｐｉｌｅａｒｅ）的繁殖过程包括交配、产卵、孵育及幼虫从卵囊中游出等４个阶段．交配一般在产卵前１０～１５ｄ进行,产卵后母体并不离开卵群,而是持续静伏在卵群的开口上进行孵育,直至其中的幼虫离开卵囊．温度和盐度对毛嵌线螺受精卵的发育有重要影响,在２２～３０℃的适宜温度区域内,将受精卵孵育成能自由生活的晚期面盘幼虫需４３８日度左右的总积温．毛嵌线螺受精卵的发育与其他前鳃类腹足动物相似,包括卵裂、囊胚期、原肠期及面盘幼虫期４个阶段．     

砗蚝(Hippopus hippopus)的人工繁育

于2016年4—9月开展了砗蚝(Hippopus hippopus)人工繁育技术研究。采用五羟色胺进行催产、促使配子排放;精卵分别收集,进行异体间受精以避免自交;受精卵经过30h孵化,选出600万D形幼虫进行培育。砗蚝的早期生活史与砗磲(Tridacna spp.)相似,经历前期面盘幼虫、中期面盘幼虫、后期面盘幼虫、足面盘幼虫、单水管稚贝、双水管稚贝、外套膜触手稚贝、幼贝等阶段。与砗磲不同的是,砗蚝怀卵量较少,但卵径较大,D型幼虫也较大,幼虫趋光性更强,壳长2.0mm以后外套膜不伸出壳缘外,幼贝贝壳形态也不同于砗磲。同砗磲幼虫一样,砗蚝幼虫需要构建虫黄藻系统之后,才能出现鳃、次生壳等,从而完成变态成为稚贝。砗蚝幼虫变态率较低,仅为1.4%。中间育成期间,丝状藻和锥形螺是稚贝培育的主要敌害,需及时清理才能确保稚幼贝正常生长发育。经过120d的精心饲育,培养出平均壳长6.3mm幼贝500余个。本研究为进一步开展砗蚝人工繁育、中间育成、增殖放流、资源修复及移植保育提供了参考。     

大竹蛏的繁殖生物学

2005年1月至2007年12月,采用组织学和实验生态学方法对大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)的性腺发育、生殖周期、肥满度、胚胎发育、幼虫发育及变态等进行了研究.结果表明,大竹蛏性腺发育过程分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期、休止期5个阶段;在浙南沿海大竹蛏繁殖期为4月下旬至5月中旬(水温21～24℃);肥满度最高出现在5月份,为31.2%;最低出现在2月份,为21.2%.大竹蛏卵径为85～95 μm;受精卵在水温22℃,经20～24 h孵化成D形幼虫;初孵D形幼虫平均大小为125 μm,浮游幼虫经5～6 d培养进入附着变态期,壳长为250 μm,发育变态为稚贝.     

方斑东风螺人工育苗试验

2003年3月31日至8月31日，在水温25．0～30．0℃，盐度28．3～35．1，pH8．1～8．5时，在广东省湛江雷州市进行了方斑东风螺人工育苗试验，培育出壳高6～10mm幼螺300多万只。结果表明。投喂新鲜海鱼、蟹类、虾类，短时间阴干、流水刺激或流水培育可以诱导方斑东风螺亲螺交配产卵；幼虫培育密度以2．0～2．5万个／m^3为宜，幼虫培育期间投喂多种天然混合饵料，可以提高幼虫成活率，缩短幼虫浮游时间，提前变态；及时投放附着砂，有利于幼虫顺利变态；壳高5～10mm幼螺培育密度保持在1500个／m^2左右，每10～15d清洗一次附着砂，可加速幼螺的生长，提高幼螺成活率，有效防止病害的发生。     

方斑东风螺早期发育阶段形态的观察

方斑东风螺样品采自福建省南部诏安海域.其卵囊无色透明,叶片状,每个卵囊内有受精卵500～1 600个,卵径为280～308μm.方斑东风螺胚胎发育在卵囊内进行,第一次和第二次卵裂分别为经裂,分裂中有极叶出现.随后其卵裂以螺旋式不等裂方式进行,在胚胎的动物极形成帽状胚盘.其囊胚期胚体开始缓慢转动.在水温为29.0～29.5℃的条件下,产卵后60～63 h其成为早期面盘幼虫.此期以面盘、足、壳的出现为标志.中期面盘幼虫阶段包括囊内的面盘幼虫至出囊后且卵黄尚未消失的浮游幼虫初期阶段.出囊后的幼虫浮游1～2 d后,卵黄囊完全消失成为后期面盘幼虫,心脏搏动频率加快,足变大并伸长.在水温为27.5～28.5℃的条件下,经10～12 d的浮游,后期面盘幼虫转为底栖生活,随后面盘退化、萎缩并完成变态,营爬行生活,贝壳上出现棕褐色斑纹,成为稚螺.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.