2016年门源MS6.4地震孕育—发生的地形变异常特征

利用1999—2007年、 2009—2015年和2015—2017年即2016年1月21日门源M_S6.4地震前后的GPS水平运动资料, 以及震区周边200 km半径范围内跨断层流动短水准观测数据, 借助GPS视应变场计算、 冷龙岭断裂剖面的负位错反演, 以及跨断层形变强度新指标的提炼, 综合分析此次强震前相关断裂的中—长期闭锁背景以及断裂活动的中—短期动态演变过程。 结果显示: ① 2009—2015年相对1999—2007年, 祁连山构造区中东部GPS站点间差异运动和挤压变化增强; 跨断层短水准观测也显示震前2年左右时间内相似的断裂活动或形变应变加速特征。 ② 分层非均匀负位错反演揭示与地震相关的冷龙岭等断裂1999—2007年即震前十数年长期闭锁, 2009—2015年即震前6年半上—中层即地表以下0～15.6 km深度闭锁程度明显增大。 ③震区周边半径200 km内跨断层形变强度新指标显示出震前半年内逆断稍占优势的变幅加剧异常, 反映中短期前兆。     

用GPS数据反演海原断裂带断层滑动速率和闭锁深度c

以ldquo;中国地壳运动观测网络rdquo;区域站在海原断裂带附近的所有观测数据及跨断裂GPS剖面观测数据作为约束,用Smith 3-D体力模型反演了海原断裂带断层滑动速率和断层闭锁深度．从西到东断裂共分为5段,采用遗传算法拟合GPS水平运动速度场,拟合残差均方根为1.1mm/a.反演结果为:毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率为3.5mm/a,闭锁深度为22.0km;老虎山断裂左旋走滑速率为6.5mm/a,闭锁深度为１10.3km;海原断裂带西段、中段和东段的滑动速率依次为4.5mm/a、5.6mm/a和5.5mm/a,闭锁深度依次为8.4km、3.6km和4.3km．表明毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率小,闭锁深度大,有利于应变能的积累,使得该断裂及附近地区存在发生强震的背景．      

用GPS数据反演海原断裂带断层滑动速率和闭锁深度

以"中国地壳运动观测网络"区域站在海原断裂带附近的所有观测数据及跨断裂GPS剖面观测数据作为约束,用Smith 3-D体力模型反演了海原断裂带断层滑动速率和断层闭锁深度.从西到东断裂共分为5段,采用遗传算法拟合GPS水平运动速度场,拟合残差均方根为1.1 mm/a.反演结果为:毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率为3.5 mm/a,闭锁深度为22.0km;老虎山断裂左旋走滑速率为6.5 mm/a,闭锁深度为10.3 km;海原断裂带西段、中段和东段的滑动速率依次为4.5 mm/a、5.6 mm/a和5.5 mm/a,闭锁深度依次为8.4 km、3.6km和4.3 km.表明毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率小,闭锁深度大,有利于应变能的积累,使得该断裂及附近地区存在发生强震的背景.     

近年来南北地震带北段地壳运动特征

南北地震带北段构造活动强烈,强震频发。近年来地震活动有增强的趋势,震防形势严峻。利用GPS速度场、跨断层速度剖面以及基准站基线时间序列数据,分析了近年来南北地震带北段地壳运动的动态特征。结果表明,祁连山断裂具有较高的应变积累;六盘山断裂存在闭锁,静宁、平凉、陇西以及定西地区闭锁程度较深;2004—2009年六盘山断裂闭锁程度加深。2009—2013年与1999—2004年、2004—2009年相比,南北地震带北段地壳运动减弱,且呈现出一些特征:1)祁连山断裂—海原断裂—六盘山断裂附近减弱较显著;2)祁连山-海原断裂以北区域较以南区域减弱显著,造成了2009—2013年祁连山断裂挤压逆冲变形增强以及祁连山断裂和海原断裂带左旋剪切变形减弱;3)六盘山断裂西侧50km以西区域较以东区域减弱显著,导致六盘山断裂2009—2013年闭锁范围扩大到断裂带附近100km以内,而此前六盘山断裂的闭锁范围在断裂带附近50km内。GPS基线时间序列分析还显示银川地堑正在持续拉张,且西部拉张强度强于东部。     

GPS高精度重复测量中的天线相位中心偏差检测及改正

首先通过GPS接收机在超短基线上检测数据计算天线相位中心偏差,然后对民乐跨断层综合观测场地2007~2008年的GPS点位速率进行校正。从计算结果可知,所用GPS天线相位中心偏差多在亚毫米级。对于距离在几千米的点位,由于各期观测所用天线的不同,使得相位中心的偏差对水平运动速率的影响多在亚毫米级;若各期观测所用天线相同,则影响多在10-2毫米量级。对高精度GPS观测来说,多期观测尽可能采用同一天线。     

基于地壳变形观测资料分析广义海原断裂运动状态

广义海原断裂包括冷龙岭断裂、金强河断裂、毛毛山断裂、老虎山断裂、海原断裂等几段,地震地质研究认为该断裂不同断层段处于不同的孕震阶段。利用大地测量观测的地壳运动速率做约束,通过反演确定现今上述各断层的运动状态。首先基于黏弹性地震周期变形模型计算广义海原断裂不同断层带的位移累积速率,然后根据获得的结果与海原大地震的同震位移进行对比分析,最后讨论该区域断裂带上不同孕震阶段的活动特征和运动状态。反演结果表明,1920年海原8.5级地震发震断层闭锁程度整体较低;“天祝空段”的闭锁程度较高,断层累积速率较小;1888年景泰7级地震发震断层的闭锁程度也相对较高;1990年景泰—天祝6.2级地震发震断层的闭锁程度相对较低;广义海原断裂的整体速率由西向东呈阶段性分布,位移累积速率与大地震的发震地区呈对应关系。     

用GPS数据反演分析海原断裂带分段活动特征

首先应用1999-2007年的GPS观测资料分析海原断裂带的运动特征,看出期间该断裂带GPS站点运动速度由南向北逐渐衰减,在NWW和NE走向断层两盘的运动差异较为明显,断层的活动以走滑运动为主.然后依据地质、地球物理等资料给出反演参数初值,利用水平形变资料对断裂三段的走滑速率及断层下界深度进行反演.结果为从西到东断裂带各段走滑速率分别为8.25 mm/a、5.49 mm/a和5.97 mm/a,断层底部深度依次为22.8 km;13.3 km;11.1 km.综合分析认为毛毛山-老虎山断裂运动速度明显高于海原断裂速度,在速度变化梯度较大的毛毛山断裂存在6级以上地震空区,推测具有发生强震的危险性.     

芦山MS7.0地震前远、 近场形变 时空演化特征研究

应用芦山M_S7.0地震震中附近跨断层及连续形变观测资料, 分析了芦山地震前不同阶段地形变变化的特点, 讨论了震中附近区域异常时空演化过程. 结果表明: ① 自2013年1月起, 沿鲜水河断裂带一些跨断层基线观测到显著的加速转折变化, 沿安宁河、 则木河断裂带个别场地的跨断层水准基线, 2010年以来出现的巨幅异常等是突出的场兆变化; 沿龙门山断裂带一些水准观测在汶川M_S8.0地震后持续的调整变化具有近震源区变形特征. ② 鲜水河、 龙门山和安宁河3条主要断裂围成的三叉口地区, 地倾斜、 应变、 重力及断层水准和蠕变观测临震前均未有显著的异常变化, GPS水平、 垂直位移年速率最小, 该地区是形变变化或形变异常分布的“空区”. ③ 在对近场与远场多种连续形变数据通过傅里叶变换提取年周期成分后发现, 临震前2—3年近震源区域的地倾斜、 重力年变化幅度不是增大, 而是减小. 芦山M_S7.0地震前观测到的形变前兆现象特征与汶川M_S8.0地震等震前的前兆现象较为接近. 因此, 芦山地震前近震源区及外围形变异常分布特征不是个别的现象.      

汾渭断裂带近10年GPS观测获得的剖面变形与应变积累分析

利用1999～2009年汾渭断裂带GPS速度场观测资料,研究了跨断裂剖面变形动态演化特性、应变积累的分段差异性以及汶川大地震等的可能影响.结果表明:近10年来山西断陷带南段、渭河盆地中东部应变积累相对较快,山西断陷带北端的蔚广盆地南缘断裂、渭河断裂西段也存在一定程度应变积累.汶川大地震影响相对明显,2007～2009年...     

青藏高原东北缘近期重力与地壳形变综合分析与研究

利用青藏高原东北缘2011—2014年期间的流动重力与GPS观测资料和1970—2011年水准观测获得的垂直运动背景场资料,结合区域地质构造动力环境和区内发生的强震事件,系统分析了区域重力场变化、地壳三维形变与区域构造环境和强震活动的关系,进一步研究和探讨了区域重力场变化与区域三维地壳运动的时空分布特征及其机理。结果表明:1)测区内重力场变化与GPS观测反映的水平运动和水准观测反映的垂直运动在空间上关系密切,地壳形变总体表现为沿水平运动的方向重力增加,高原山地挤压隆升,地面重力减少;断陷盆地相对伸展下沉,地面重力增加,反映了新构造活动的继承性。2)地壳形变场变化与活动断裂密切相关,重力变化和垂直形变等值线走向总体上与呈NWW向的祁连-海原断裂走向基本一致,水平形变也在祁连-海原断裂附近产生明显的左旋走滑运动。3)强震易发生在具有显著重力变化的活动断裂带上,也易发生在沿活动性断裂的断块垂直差异运动强烈或兼有强走滑运动的地方。2016年门源震中附近区域地壳受挤压变形显著、面压缩率和重力剧烈变化的特征最为显著。2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震发生在重力变化高梯度带拐弯的地区,也是面压缩率变化过渡带和垂直形变过渡带地区。4)文中第一作者等曾基于该区地壳形变资料在岷县、门源地震前做过一定程度的中期预测,尤其是地点预测。基于上述认识,进而强调在研究区形成的一些地壳形变异常部位可能仍存在中长期强震/大震危险背景。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.