裂隙岩体渗流-传热耦合的复合单元模型

基于复合单元法建立了裂隙岩体渗流-传热耦合的复合单元模型。该模型前处理简便快捷,网格剖分不受限制,可依据裂隙的真实信息自动将其离散在单元内。其次,采用交叉迭代算法,对裂隙岩体的渗流场和温度场进行耦合分析,耦合算法不仅考虑了温度对流体运动黏度的影响,而且可计算裂隙中流体与相邻岩块间渗流-传热过程以及两者间的渗流量和热量交换。通过与已有近似解析解相比较,验证了复合单元耦合算法的可靠性。算例分析表明,渗流-传热耦合作用对裂隙岩体的渗流场和温度场均有一定的影响。分析了不同岩块热传导系数和裂隙开度对热能提取效率的影响,结果显示,岩块热传导系数越大、裂隙开度越大,低温流体从高温岩块中吸取的热能会较多,出口处流体温度下降得较快。     

土体耦合蠕变模型在基坑数值模拟开挖中的应用

工程实践表明,软黏土地区基坑施工具有显著的时空效应,时间硬化幂函数法则与Druker-Prager屈服破坏准则耦合的蠕变模型可以反映基坑施工中的时间效应。通过室内三轴流变试验数据拟合模型中的参数,并将其用于深基坑工程的施工模拟,重点分析了支护时间对围护结构变形和内力的影响特点。数值计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,可为同类基坑工程设计施工提供参考。     

土壤冻融过程中的多层水热耦合模拟研究

为准确模拟土壤冻融过程中温湿度变化以及水热传递规律,以支撑寒区水循环及其对气候变化的响应研究,在国内具有自主知识产权的WEP-L模型基础上,通过添加土壤层水热耦合计算模块,细化土壤分层结构,构建了多层水热耦合模型。根据吉林省前郭灌区土壤冻融原位实验,确定了模型中的土壤水热参数,并用2011~2012年完整冻融周期内实测的土壤温度和含水率数据进行了模型验证。结果表明,模型能较好的模拟不同深度土层的温湿度变化规律,其中土壤温度模拟的平均NASH效率系数为0.752,土壤含水率和土壤冻结深度的模拟结果和实测值的变化规律较一致。     

基于单元状态指标的盾构隧道水-力耦合模拟分析

针对富水区土压平衡式盾构隧道施工进行了水-力耦合(H-M耦合)数值模拟。首先在既有的研究成果基础上建立了单元状态指标ZSI(Zone State Index),该指标将屈服、破坏接近度等进行适当变换,统一到单元安全度量体系(负值代表破坏),实现了单元的弹性、屈服和破坏3种状态的完整表达。然后将应变-渗透系数方程与ZSI结合,使渗透系数在耦合的过程中随单元状态发生改变,弥补了FLAC~(3D)渗流模拟中渗透系数不变的不足。最后采用FLAC~(3D)的FISH语言二次开发,以大连地铁202标段香工街站-沙河口火车站区间盾构地铁隧道为例,实现H-M耦合过程的模拟。分析了隧道掘进的过程中开挖面及围岩的变形和破坏特征,根据开挖面上ZSI的计算结果对开挖面进行了稳定性评价。研究结果表明,该方法可以较好地进行H-M耦合过程中模拟和分析,与实测结果较为吻合。     

渗流分析中排水孔模拟的空气单元法

提出了用“空气单元”模拟排水孔的思路,即将排水孔看作是以空气作为渗流介质的单元体,在给定了相应的渗透系数后,使它像岩块、土体等单元一样加入传统的有限元渗流计算方法中。通过算例及实际工程应用,证明该法简便可行,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

水文地质计算中的有限单元和边界单元交连耦合法

 本文提出的有限单元和边界单元交连耦合法(CFEBEM)可作为地下水流场和水文地质参数正反演计算的有效工具。该方法改进了Liggett(1983)的代入耦合法,通过内边界节点组和交连方程,实现有限单元和边界单元的多区耦合。CFEBEM方法发挥了有限单元和边界单元各自的特长,具有单元区划分灵活、方程组装简便和计算精度高等特点,可有效地解决结构复杂含水层及大型密集抽水条件下的流场计算和水文地质参数反演。在太原岩溶地下水资源评价和合理开发研究中的应用,证明了这种方法的有效性。     

断裂损伤耦合模型在围岩稳定性分析中的应用

岩体的非线性变形是速率相关的时间过程。岩体开挖后，其内部应力场的调整与其内部的节理裂隙的扩展密不可分。基于损伤力学中等效应变和有效应力的概念，建立考虑节理裂隙断裂损伤耦合的力学模型，并将其应用于山西万家寨引黄中总干线一，二级泵站地下厂房围岩稳定性分析中，计算结果表明，应用所建模可以较好地反映工程岩体的特性。     

变形介质流固耦合渗流的数值模型及其应用

在地下流体的开采过程中,随着地下流体的不断采出,必然造成孔隙流体压力的逐渐降低,由此导致储层岩石骨架的有效应力增大,地层产生变形或压实,甚至造成地表沉陷.针对饱和土固结问题,利用可变形多孔介质中流体渗流的流固耦合有限元数值模型,对该问题进行了数值模拟.同时,对油井开采过程进行了模拟.      

陆气耦合模型在实时暴雨洪水预报中的应用

采用加拿大区域性中尺度大气模式MC2(Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community)和新安江模型单向耦合模型系统,对2005年7月4～15日发生在淮河流域的一场暴雨洪水,进行了实时预报.采用王家坝以上流域的实测降水和王家坝断面的实测洪水资料,对MC2预报降水的时空分布和陆气耦合模型预报的洪水过程进行了分析.结果表明,MC2对该场强降水过程具有很好的预报能力,陆气耦合模型有效地增长了洪水预报的预见期,具有很好的应用前景.     

改进的薄层单元在桩-土动力相互作用中的应用

在地震荷载作用过程中,由于桩身材料性能与周围土体性质差异较大,土体在桩-土接触面上发生张开或滑移,该强非线性接触行为直接影响接触面附近土体与桩体应力状态,从而影响上部结构地震响应水平。真实桩-土接触面由于桩身表面混凝土约束关系,具有一定厚度且存在相关体变规律的接触带。通过有限元软件ABAQUS用户自定义单元UEL程序编写改进Desai薄层接触单元,在Desai薄层接触单元中加入Rayleigh阻尼项以模拟地震作用时桩-土强非线性接触行为能量耗散过程。接触面法向与两切向本构关系采用双曲线模型。规定了Desai薄层接触单元在桩-土接触面上的行为模式以模拟土体在接触面黏结、滑动、张开、再闭合等接触状态。建立精细三维桩-土-结构体系动力相互作用模型以研究改进Desai单元对上部结构峰值动力响应水平影响,为工程结构抗震设计时程分析提供参考依据。     

非线性接触力学模型在地基-基础相互作用弹性分析中的应用

针对多体相互作用体系的非连续变形分析问题和接触问题,采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则和关联流动法则以及接触界面上的非线性应力分布模式,考虑接触界面特性提出了非线性接触力元模型,以结点位移和界面相互接触应力同时作为独立未知变量,建立了离散系统的总体控制方程.进而,通过数值求解能够直接确定变形体内的应力与变形、界面上的接触应力与离散体的位移与运动.将这种以接触力元为基础的多体系统分析方法具体应用于基础与地基相互作用分析,通过数值计算与分析探讨了地基与基础的相对刚度、荷载大小及其偏心距、地基与基础间界面力学参数对接触界面的应力分布和地基变形的影响,所得结果为工程中考虑基础与地基相互作用影响的设计与分析提供了参考依据.     

河网海湾水动力联网数学模型

在一维显式、二维隐式水动力联网数学模型的基础上,建立了一种一维、二维全隐河网海湾水动力联网数学模型。该一维河网模型采用Preissmann四点隐式格式,用节点水位控制法进行数值计算,二维海湾模型采用改进型双向隐式(DSI)法进行数值求解。在河口一维、二维连接处,水力因子通过接口断面法传递,无需重叠一个一维河段来传递水力因子,避免了口门处二维网格需取较小尺度的问题。模型在珠江三角洲河网及横门、洪奇沥口门海域做了检验,验证结果表明,建立的河网海湾水动力联网数学模型是可行的,可以用于河网、河口治理工程的数值研究。     

Finite element simulations of 3D planar hydraulic fracture propagation using a coupled hydro-mechanical interface element

Two-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulations using the cohesive zone model (CZM) can be readily found in the literature; however, to our knowledge, verified 3D cohesive zone modeling is not available. We present the development of a 3D fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite element method (FEM) model (with parallel computation framework) and its application to hydraulic fracturing. A special zero-thickness interface element based on the CZM is developed for modeling fracture propagation and fluid flow. A local traction-separation law with strain softening is used to capture tensile cracking. The model is verified by considering penny-shaped hydraulic fracture and plain strain Kristianovich‑Geertsma‑de Klerk hydraulic fracture (in 3D) in the viscosity- and toughness-dominated regimes. Good agreement between numerical results and analytical solutions has been achieved. The model is used to investigate the influence of rock and fluid properties on hydraulic fracturing. Lower stiffness tip cohesive elements tend to yield a larger elastic deformation around the fracture tips before the tensile strength is reached, generating a larger fracture length and lower fracture pressure compared with higher stiffness elements. It is found that the energy release rate has almost no influence on hydraulic fracturing in the viscosity-dominated regime because the energy spent in creating new fractures is too small when compared with the total input energy. For the toughness-dominated regime, the released energy during fracturing should be accurately captured; relatively large tensile strength should be used in order to match numerical results to the asymptotic analytical solutions. It requires smaller elements when compared with those used in the viscosity-dominated regime.     

A finite element approach to solve contact problems in geotechnical engineering

This paper presents a finite element approach to solve geotechnical problems with interfaces. The behaviours of interfaces obey the Mohr–Coulomb law. The FEM formulae are constructed by means of the principle of virtual displacement with contact boundary. To meet displacement compatibility conditions on contact boundary, independent degrees of freedom are taken as unknowns in FEM equations, instead of conventional nodal displacements. Examples on pressure distribution beneath a rigid strip footing, lateral earth pressure on retaining walls, behaviours of axially loaded bored piles, a shield‐driven metro tunnel, and interaction of a sliding slope with the tunnels going through it are solved with this method. The results show good agreement with analytical solutions or with in situ test results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种解岩土工程变形体-刚体接触问题的有限元法

大多数的岩土工程问题都会涉及到岩土体-结构之间的相互作用,它们之间界面的合理模拟对计算结果有重要的影响。目前常用的Goodman节理单元、Desai薄层单元等虽然简单好用,但也存在着明显的缺陷。相比之下,作为接触问题计算,可更为合理地模拟接触面的力学行为。针对变形体-刚体这种特殊的接触问题,应用变形体的虚功原理建立了相应的虚功方程,在此基础上得出有限元计算公式,并建立了弹塑性接触问题有限元计算的实现方法。通过对刚性条形基础基底压力分布和刚性挡墙土压力分布等算例的计算,验证了该法的正确性和求解工程问题的有效性。     

A rate‐dependent cohesive crack model based on anisotropic damage coupled to plasticity

In quasi‐brittle material the complex process of decohesion between particles in microcracks and localization of the displacement field into macrocracks is limited to a narrow fracture zone, and it is often modelled with cohesive crack models. Since the anisotropic nature of the decohesion process in separation and sliding is essential, it is particularly focused in this paper. Moreover, for cyclic and dynamic loading the unloading, load reversal (including crack closure) and rate dependency are essential features that are included in a new model. The modelling of degradation is based on a ‘localized’ version of anisotropic continuum damage coupled to inelasticity. The concept of strain energy equivalence between the states in the effective and nominal settings is adopted in order to define the free energy of the interface. The proposed fracture criterion is of the Mohr type, with a smooth transition of the failure and kinematics (slip and dilatation) characteristics between tension and shear. The chosen potential, of the Lemaitre‐type, for evolution of the dissipative processes is additively decomposed into plastic and damage parts, and non‐associative constitutive equations are obtained. The constitutive equations are integrated by applying the backward Euler rule and by using Newton iteration. The proposed model is assessed analytically and numerically and a typical calibration procedure for concrete is proposed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of a coupled homogenization-damage model to masonry tunnel vaults

This paper presents an approach developed to study the behavior of the masonry vaulted tunnels in order to evaluate the serviceability state and failure load. An appropriate homogenization technique is used to simulate the global anisotropic behavior across the vault. The model takes into account isotropic damage in each component of the masonry and the variations of the directions of anisotropy in case of a vault. A set of comparisons with experimental tests allowed the validation of the proposed approach. Failure loads and deformation states are correctly assessed. The present model was programmed in the finite element code CESAR-LCPC.     

引入接触单元模拟桩土共同作用

在桩与桩侧土界面引入接触单元模型，并采用参变量变分原理及基于此原理的参变量二次规划法，对接触单元刚度矩阵进行了推导。模型计算结果与实测比较表明，接触单元能较好地模拟桩与土之间的剪力传递和相对位移。