土与结构相互作用对储罐地震响应的影响

为了研究土与结构相互作用对储罐地震响应的影响,基于Haroun-Housner模型,将地基土考虑为平动和转动的弹簧阻尼体系,将储罐结构体系简化为三质点四自由度力学模型,来研究储罐的地震响应受地基土弹性的影响。分析结果表明:与刚性基础相比,考虑土与结构的相互作用时储罐的基底剪力、倾覆力矩和晃动波高均有放大效应,且与储液高度与半径比相关,为获得理想的地震响应储液高度与半径比存在优化取值区间。     

考虑SSI效应的立式储罐水平基础隔震研究

立式储罐在地震作用下破坏严重,损失较大.为了降低立式储罐在水平地震激励下的地震响应,考虑土与结构相互作用对储罐地震响应的影响,将立式储罐基础隔震体系简化为3质点5自由度力学模型.依据Hamilton原理建立立式储罐基础隔震体系的控制方程,给出了立式储罐基底剪力、倾覆弯矩、晃动波高和应力的理论表达.选取150000m3储罐,采用wilson-θ法对其进行了地震动响应分析.结果表明:储罐基础隔震体系能够降低储罐的地震响应;为获得理想的地震响应,场地、隔震周期和阻尼比存在优化取值区间;储罐抗震与减震设计要视设计安全需要来决定是否考虑土与结构的相互作用.     

基底隔震储罐频率特征与减震机理分析研究

研究不同高径比橡胶基底隔震储罐的频率特征,探讨储罐隔震体系3种不同振动频率随支座隔震频率变化规律.分析在不同频谱特性地震波激励下,隔震体系各振型组分对地震响应(基底剪力、支座位移和晃动波高)的影响,以及响应峰值随支座隔震频率和阻尼比的变化特点.研究表明,基底剪力峰值与场地地震波频谱特性密切相关.支座隔震频率不能完全反映减震机理的实质,隔震振型频率是影响基底剪力的重要参数.在软弱场地上隔震储罐的减震效率低,有效隔震频率范围窄.晃动波高峰值是储罐自振特性和地震波频谱特性等多种因素导致的结果,隔震系统设计时需特别考虑晃动波高增大的影响.     

近场地震下立式隔震储罐试验研究及理论分析

针对近场地震激励下隔震储罐响应的问题,采用简化后的三质点力学模型,分别对铅芯橡胶支座隔震储罐模型在近、远场地震作用下的响应进行了对比分析,并将理论分析结果和振动台试验结果进行了对比。对比结果显示,理论分析得出的加速度响应与振动台试验结果相近,但理论分析结果会略微偏小。进一步的理论分析结果表明:近场地震下基础隔震能有效降低储罐的基底剪力和基底弯矩,而晃动波高有所增大;隔震后储罐加速度峰值位于液固耦合质点附近。     

夹层橡胶支座参数对大型LNG储罐地震响应的影响

利用ADINA软件建立董家口16万立方米LNG储罐的有限元模型,在模型中分别设置不同水平刚度、不同隔震频率和阻尼比的夹层橡胶垫作为储罐的隔震装置。对比了隔震前后储罐的位移和加速度反应的变化,同时分析了采用不同隔震参数支座的储罐在液固耦合作用下,储罐内部液面晃动的变化情况。结果表明:夹层橡胶支座的水平刚度对储罐隔震效果的作用不明显,但夹层橡胶支座的隔震频率和阻尼比对储罐隔震效果的影响显著。隔震频率和阻尼比越大,对内外罐位移和加速度的控制效果越明显。因为基底剪力、基底倾覆弯矩和动液压力会增大,而且隔震装置会放大储罐的晃动波高,所以在选取隔震支座时,要综合考虑储罐高径比、隔震支座的隔震频率和阻尼比等参数,选取最优组合,从而达到最佳的减震效果。     

隔震立式储罐地震反应谱分析

基于反应谱理论,研究了的基底隔震储罐的地震响应问题.将储罐简化为三质点体系力学模型,罐内连续液体质量等效为对流质量、脉冲质量和刚性质量,并引入隔震刚度.与时程分析对比,验证反应谱法的适用性,分析隔震立式储罐的地震响应并研究主要参数对隔震储液罐地震响应的影响,主要考虑的参数有:(1)场地类别;(2)隔震周期;(3)高径比.结果表明:反应谱法计算隔震立式储罐地震响应是偏于安全的;随着场地类别和隔震周期的增大,基底剪力减震率逐渐降低,晃动波高变化不明显,隔震后,液动压力呈线性变化,液动压力随着场地类别和高径比的增大而增大,随着隔震周期的增大而减小;高径比存在一定的优化段,在优化段内,基底剪力减震率较大,隔震效果较好.     

非线性隔震立式浮顶储罐双向地震作用分析

研究浮顶振动对立式储罐地震响应的影响时,假定浮顶运动为均质刚性圆板振动,其波高沿半径方向线性变化,建立了含有波高参量的运动方程、基底剪力和倾覆力矩表达式.同时,在Park恢复力模型的基础上,给出了铅芯橡胶支座的双向耦合恢复力计算模型,并用该模型模拟了铅芯橡胶支座的力-变形非线性行为.采用时程分析方法对双向地震作用下的浮顶储罐地震响应进行分析,并与未考虑浮顶作用以及单向地震作用的储罐地震响应进行对比.数值结果表明,考虑浮顶作用具有降低地震响应的效果;特定工况下,地震响应峰值可能出现在非主震方向.     

LRB隔震储罐地震反应的双向耦合效应

建立了双向地震作用下LRB基础隔震储罐地震反应的数值模型,对单向和双向地震作用下隔震储罐的地震反应和隔震支座的力学性能进行了对比研究。提出了衡量双向耦合效应影响的评价指标,分析了不同类型场地上隔震储罐地震反应的双向耦合效应影响规律。研究表明,双向耦合效应使支座滞回曲线变得不规则,呈现出粘滞特性。双向耦合效应不会引起隔震储罐基底剪力、弯矩、晃动波高的明显增大,但忽视双向耦合效应会严重低估支座位移,尤其是在II类和IV类场地上更为明显。因此在LRB隔震储罐双向地震反应分析时,不能简单选取两个单向地震作用下响应的组合值作为地震响应值,必须考虑双向耦合效应的影响。     

近场地震作用下大型储罐三维隔震地震响应分析

为研究近场多维地震作用下三维隔震储罐的动力响应,采用ADINA软件建立了15×104 m3储罐的有限元模型,选取弹簧单元模拟三维隔震支座,分别输入水平与竖向的近场地震动,定量分析了其动力响应。分析结果显示:对于大型储罐应当考虑竖向地震作用;三维隔震装置可以有效降低储罐的动力响应,但是对晃动波高无控制效果;近场竖向地震作用下的晃动波高幅值很小,实际工程中可以忽略不计。     

立式储罐钢筋环梁基础隔震模拟振动台试验研究

为降低储罐隔震基础的工程造价,构建出应用于储罐的钢筋环梁隔震基础。同时针对1 000 m3储罐,根据相似比理论设计1∶5缩尺模型,以隔震周期为0.5 s设计环梁隔震基础。选取四种不同频谱特性的地震波,采用振动台试验方法,对模型罐进行加速度、位移以及晃动波高等地震响应分析,并与储罐基础隔震基本理论和有限元数值仿真分析方法进行对比。结果表明:钢筋环梁隔震基础能够有效降低储罐的地震响应,但晃动波高有所放大;三向地震激励与单向地震激励相比,加速度地震响应明显放大,但对晃动波高影响较小。试验解、理论解和有限元解三者互相验证。建议储罐隔震设计应考虑三向地震激励的影响,但晃动波高可仅按水平地震作用计算。     

Sloshing analysis of rectangular tanks with a submerged structure by using small-amplitude water wave theory

A new sloshing analysis method for rectangular tank systems with a submerged structure are proposed by using the velocity potential and the linear water wave theory. The velocity potential functions are obtained by decomposing the surface wave into a wall-induced wave, reflected and transmitted waves, and a scattered wave. A simplified method using a response spectrum for zero damping is also proposed. The results of the simplified method are in good agreement with those of the analytical method. The sloshing response of the fluid-structure system is found to be very sensitive to the characteristics of the ground motion and the configuration of the system. Under typical earthquakes, the submerged structure shows a tendency to decrease sloshing amplitude, hydrodynamic pressure, and base shear, while it shows a tendency to increase the overturning moment. For the ground excitation dominated by low-frequency contents, the sloshing response increases significantly and the contribution of the higher sloshing modes increases. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of the seismic response of a recycled aggregate concrete frame structure

Based on six-degree-of-freedom three-dimensional shaking table tests, the seismic response of a recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） frame was obtained. The analysis results indicate that the maximum story shear force and overturning moment reduce proportionally along the height of the model under the same earthquake wave. The story shear force, base shear coefficient and overturning moment of the structure increase progressively as the acceleration amplitude increases. The base shear coefficient is primarily controlled by the peak ground acceleration （PGA）. The relationships between the PGA and the shear coefficient as well as between the PGA and the dynamic amplification factor are obtained by mathematical fitting. The dynamic amplification factor decreases rapidly at the elastic-plastic stage, but decreases slowly with the development of the elastic-plasticity stage. The results show that the RAC frame structure has reasonable deformability when compared with natural aggregate concrete frame structures. The maximum inter-story drift ratios of the RAC frame model under frequent and rare intensity 8 test phases are 1/266 and 1/29, respectively, which are larger than the allowable value of 1/500 and 1/50 according to Chinese seismic design requirements. Nevertheless, the RAC frame structure does not collapse under base excitations with PGAs from 0.066 g up to 1.170 g.     

浮放储罐三维地震反应有限元分析

针对立式储罐,考虑液固耦合效应、地基与储罐结构的相互作用,采用有限元分析方法,对储罐在三维地震荷载作用下动反应进行了数值分析。分析结果表明：储罐三维地震加速度反应较一维地震加速度反应增加、提离高度明显放大、储罐轴向应力增加、基底剪力与弯矩增大。     

LARGE AMPLITUDE LIQUID SLOSHING IN SEISMICALLY EXCITED TANKS

An innovative method of analysis was developed to simulate the non-linear seismic finite-amplitude liquid sloshing in two-dimensional containers. In view of the irregular and time-varying liquid surface, the method employed a curvilinear mesh system to transform the non-linear sloshing problem from the physical domain with an irregular free-surface boundary into a computational domain in which rectangular grids can be analysed by the finite difference method. Non-linearities associated with both the unknown location of the free surface and the high-order differential terms were considered. The Crank–Nicolson time marching scheme was employed and the resulting finite difference algorithm is unconditionally stable and very lightly damped with respect to the temporal co-ordinate. In order to minimize numerical instability caused by the computational dispersion in spatially discretized surface wave, a second-order dissipation term was added to the system to filter out the spurious high-frequency waves. Sloshing effects and structural response were measured in terms of sloshing amplitude, base shear and overturning moment generated by the hydrodynamic pressure of the liquid exerted on the container walls. Simulation results of liquid sloshing induced by earthquake and harmonic base excitations were compared with those of the linear wave theory and the limitations of the latter in assessing the response of seismically excited liquids were addressed.     

Wavelet‐based non‐stationary seismic rocking response of flexibly supported tanks

The non‐stationary rocking response of liquid storage tanks under seismic base excitations including soil interaction has been developed based on the wavelet domain random vibration theory. The ground motion has been characterized through statistical functionals of wavelet coefficients of the ground acceleration history. The tank–liquid–foundation system is modelled as a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) system with both lateral and rocking motions of vibration of the foundation. The impulsive and convective modes of vibration of the liquid in the tank have been considered. The wavelet domain coupled dynamic equations are formulated and then solved to get the expressions of instantaneous power spectral density function (PSDF) in terms of functionals of input wavelet coefficients. The moments of the instantaneous PSDF are used to obtain the stochastic responses of the tank in the form of coefficients of hydrodynamic pressure, base shear and overturning base moment for the largest expected peak responses. Parametric variations are carried out to study the effects of various governing parameters like height of liquid in the tank, height–radius ratio of the tank, ratio of total liquid mass to mass of foundation, and shear wave velocity in the soil medium, on the responses of the tank. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内罐影响下LNG储罐外罐地震响应分析

为了考虑内罐在不同方向地震动时对LNG(液化天然气)储罐外罐的影响,对有内罐和无内罐情况下LNG储罐外罐进行了地震响应分析。结果表明:有内罐时地震响应比无内罐时小,内罐的存在对LNG储罐抗震有好的影响;竖向地震波对结构振动的影响不能忽视。     

Sloshing behaviours of rectangular and cylindrical liquid tanks subjected to harmonic and seismic excitations

A numerical and experimental study on the sloshing behaviours of cylindrical and rectangular liquid tanks is addressed. A three‐dimensional boundary element method for space with the second‐order Taylor series expansion in time is established to simulate the sloshing phenomenon and its related physical quantities inside a liquid tank subjected to horizontal harmonic oscillations or recorded earthquake excitations. The small‐scale model experiments are carried out to verify some results of numerical methods in this study. The comparisons between numerical and experimental results show that the numerical method is reliable for both kinds of ground excitations. Finally, the water wave and the base shear force of a rectangular tank due to harmonic excitation are also presented at different frequencies. A huge cylindrical water tank subjected to a recorded earthquake excitation is used for application and discussion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

立式储液罐橡胶基底隔震体系的研究

本文针对弹性圆柱钢制储液容器地震响应问题,建立了基底加橡胶斩力学分析模型,建立了橡胶基底体系的分析方程,给出了求解基底剪力和倾覆力矩的分析方法。     

A cantilever beam analogy for quantifying higher mode effects in multistorey buildings

This paper examines higher mode effects in systems where the ductile mechanism for seismic design is the base moment‐rotation response. The modal properties of flexural and shear beams with uniform mass and elasticity and with a variable amount of base rotational restraint are derived. As the base fixity is released, the first mode becomes the rigid body rotation of the beam about the base, but the higher modes change much less, particularly for the shear beam model. Most response quantities that are of interest in the seismic design of typical mid‐rise buildings are controlled by the first two lateral modes, except at locations along the height where the second mode contributes little. However, the third and higher lateral modes are more significant for high‐rise buildings. Based on the theory of uniform cantilever shear beams, expressions are developed to avoid the need for a modal analysis to estimate the overturning moment, storey shear, and floor acceleration envelopes. Considering the measured response from the shake table testing of a large‐scale eight‐storey controlled rocking steel braced frame, the proposed expressions are shown to be of similar or better accuracy to a modified modal superposition technique, which combines the higher mode response from an elastic modal analysis with the response associated with achieving the maximum base overturning moment according to an inverted triangular load distribution. Because the proposed method uses only parameters that are available at the initial design stage, avoiding the analysis of a structural model, it is likely to be especially useful for preliminary design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.