The Heat Island Effect Response to the Urban Landscape Pattern of Haikou based on the “Source-Sink” Theory

The Landsat images of the 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2018 are selected as the data source to retrieve land cover and surface temperature data. The contribution of Sink-Source landscape pattern to the heat island and its ecological effects on urban and rural gradient were analyzed by using Heat Index (HI), Sink and Source Landscape Contribution (CI_sink, CI_source) and Landscape Effect Index (LI) in Haikou. The results show that the heat island is concentrated on the West Coast, and in the central urban and Jiangdong New Area; the HI shows a pattern of decreasing value with the following land types: “Bare land>Artificial surface﹥Source landscape>Shrub grassland>Farmland>Sink landscape>Woodland>Water body”. In the central city section, the CI_sink and CI_source are relatively large in these five periods. The LI decreases rapidly along the urban-rural gradient, promoting the Urban Heat Island (UHI) to a large degree. In contrast, the suburban area contributes to a lesser degree. Overall, the LI fluctuates, the proportion of mitigating UHI is large, and there is a second peak outside the city center. The existing Source-Sink Landscape contributes the most to UHI in the central urban area, and this contribution decreases along the urban-rural gradient. With the continuous expansion of city-town areas, the proportion of Sink areas has increased along the gradient, and the proportion of Source areas has subsequently declined, resulting in the spatial transfer and diffusion of UHI. Therefore, a UHI mitigation strategy based on the theory of regional landscape systems is proposed here.     

地图与制图术：国际批判制图学/GIS研究进展

地图是地理学的基本语言,也是空间分析必不可少的工具。但长期以来,地图一直被视为一种客观中立的科学成果。受批判地理学的启发,批判制图学/GIS应运而生,其目标是阐明制图实践中所嵌入的话语、权力关系,挑战地图表征中未经检验却被认为是理所当然的假设。经历40余年的争论与磨合,这一研究领域初现轮廓,批判制图学/GIS大致形成2个研究方向：解构路径主要从制图主体身份和地图知识生产过程2个方面出发,分别剖析制图术与国家治理密不可分的联系及其内在的权力作用机制;建构路径主要借助协作制图和反制图手段以实现地图数据的再生产。国内批判制图学/GIS研究刚刚起步,需要继续吸收批判地理学成果,开展不同历史时期、不同类型地图的解构研究,也需要加强建构路径与解构路径的深度弥合,并面向公众开展更加开放、公正的地图应用研究,将研究成果积极应用于社会实践。     

领土VS主权：政治地理学领土陷阱理论研究进展

领土/领域是政治地理学的核心概念,领土陷阱是政治地理学的经典理论之一。论文系统整理了关于领土陷阱的成果文献,在此基础上梳理了领土陷阱理论的源起、发展及其研究议题进展,并对其借鉴意义进行了评述。John Agnew提出的领土陷阱理论基于3个地理假设：领土—国家—主权的“三位一体”、国内—国外的“二分法”、国家是社会的容器。领土陷阱驳斥了既有的国家中心主义领土观,强调重视领土主权之外的多种实效主权形式,如域外治权、分级主权、社会主权等。领土陷阱如今被广泛应用于全球治理、非传统安全、跨境移民、跨境资源保护、跨境水政治等多方面的议题,并随着时代发展展示出其强大的解释力。论文认为,领土陷阱相关研究的主张,如领土是主权的工具、要从领土主权和实效主权的复杂互动中理解领土问题、从中心和边缘的双向视角理解领土问题、从理性和历史情感中审视领土问题等,对于中国当下有效解决领土问题、推动“一带一路”倡议、践行“人类命运共同体”等具有重要的启示意义。     

“第四次创业”中开发区跨界联系的网络特征与微观机制

在区域一体化背景下,产业合作、园区共建、政策互通等形式的开发区间跨界联系日益增强。本文将该现象置于中国开发区转型发展的历史轨迹中来分析,提出开发区“第四次创业”的概念,并以长江三角洲核心区的国家级经济技术开发区为例,基于企业组织视角测度开发区跨界联系的水平及网络特征,随后基于随机行动者导向模型探究其微观机制。研究表明：第四次创业是开发区突破所在城市、在区域尺度寻求新发展机遇的一次转型,是开发区的扩散效应由第三次创业的城市尺度进一步延伸至区域尺度的表现,也是推进区域一体化的一条新路径。在长三角地区,该网络已逐渐发育并呈现出非均衡性和加速生长趋势,网络效应、开发区属性、地理邻近性等对该网络的发育有较显著的影响。     

“本地和非本地”的北京企业联系：时空格局与影响因素

区域的中心—腹地关系一直是区域与城市发展领域关注的经典内容。全球化和信息化的推进产生了“流空间”和“中心流理论”,为现代城市间关系的研究提供了理论支撑,企业联系流反映的城市间关系受到学者的广泛关注,但多数研究聚焦在“整体空间”的城市网络特征表述,少有从特定问题出发,在更广阔的“非本地”范围研究中心城市与腹地的关系。论文基于1990—2018年县域尺度的企业流数据,研究北京与河北(本地)和京津冀区域外(非本地)的企业联系的时空格局和影响因素,从企业联系视角为北京与河北的经济落差提供解释,主要结论如下： ① 1990—2018年北京的本地性企业联系较弱,企业联系较强的县市主要集中在非本地,尤其是长三角等地区,非本地联系是北京企业联系的主要形式。从投资金额来看,北京与本地联系最强的行业为制造业,与非本地(主要是长三角)联系最强的行业为租赁和商务服务业;从建立分支数来看,北京与本地和非本地联系最强的行业都为金融业。② 北京的本地企业联系主要受本地的经营环境(金融环境、政府干预、政策环境)和区位条件(地理邻近)的影响,非本地企业联系主要受关键资源(政治资源、科技投入)、经营环境(经济开放)和市场潜力(消费水平)的影响。河北综合承载力较弱、与首都产业链不协调和不匹配等问题给北京与之建立本地联系上带来了一定的阻力,使北京倾向于与具有更优越市场潜力和经营环境的城市建立跨区域的非本地联系。     

Review of the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products”

One of the characteristics of food safety regulation in China is the separation of agricultural food products (agro-food) from other kinds of food. To this end, a Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products (LQSAP) was enacted to provide for official control at the stage of primary agro-food production. With the enactment and revision of the Food Safety Law, one change in the legislative arrangement is the extension of the scope of this new law to cover the marketing of agro-food and the use of agricultural inputs. However, safety regulation at the stage of primary production of agro-food is still subject to the Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products. It is also important to note that thee LQSAP refers both to agro-food and to agricultural products for non-human consumption; and that it provides rules both for safety assurance and for quality promotion. In the context of intensified official control to ensure food safety and diverse consumer needs for food of higher quality, a revision of the Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products has been initiated. This article describes the goals of this legislation, its institutional arrangements and the directions the revisions are taking in order to provide a better understanding of food safety regulation in China in general and agro-food regulation in particular.     

遍在景观的特点、类型及成景方式——基于中国“八景”景观

旅游业是中国经济高质量发展的重要行业,旅游资源是旅游业发展的基础,深入挖掘“文化”主题的旅游资源是重要课题。本文基于人地关系地域系统、尺度与尺度转化等地理学理论,使用19478个“八景”景观数据资料,运用归类分析等多种研究方法,从旅游景观组成结构与旅游资源的空间分布特性视角,提出了“遍在景观”概念,并探究了旅游景观结构的新模式。主要结论如下：① “遍在景观”概念体系。本研究界定了“遍在景素”内涵与属性,构建了“景素-遍在景素-遍在景观”概念体系与“景观指数、最丰指数假设”的分析指标,从而在理论体系上有所创新。② 遍在景观形成机制与途径。要素之间的相互作用是遍在景观形成的动力来源,要素的区域性是遍在景观价值形成的缘由,要素的整体性是遍在景观形成的基础,尺度转化是遍在景观演变的条件。遍在景观以“借景、择时、选位”三种主要途径组景。③ 遍在景观结构模型与特点。本研究构建并论证了遍在景观“二要素、三要素、四要素”结构模型,推导出了对应的景观指数增量模型,归纳了遍在景观具有近零费用、稀缺性、时间性和人为创造性4个特点。④ 遍在景观组成比例和开发程度。“八景”景观随机抽样和山西省案例研究表明,中国“八景”景观大部分包含遍在景素,自然遍在景素与自然局地景观组成比例最高,为56.28%。遍在景观结构以三要素为主,其中,以择时为主,选位次之。目前国内遍在景观开发利用程度很低,景观指数低于理论值。本研究结论为拓展旅游资源范围提供了一种新视角,为旅游业高质量发展提供了一种新思路,实践意义也很重大。     

Big Data Resource Planning for Food Safety: a Preliminary Exploration of the “Environment,Food and Health” Information Chain

Environmental pollution, food safety and health are closely linked. A key challenge in addressing the problem of food safety and protecting public health is building an integrated knowledge base to inform policy and strengthen governance. This requires breaking down the trans-departmental information barrier across the environment, food and health domains to ensure the effective flow of data and the efficient utilization of resources, and facilitate the collaborative governance of food safety. Achieving this will be crucial for the development of health and medical care in China in the era of big data. Currently, the information resources commanded by various departments are incomplete and fragmented. Data resources are also organized in vertical silos and there is a lack of data sharing within and across policy streams. To provide the basis for more effective integrated collection and analysis of data in future, this study summarizes the information resources of various departments whose work relates to interactions between environment, food and health, and presents measures to strengthen top-down design, and establish unified data standards and a big data sharing platform. It also points to the need for increased training of data analysts with interdisciplinary expertise.     

Governance Logic and Basic Systems of the New “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China”: a Focus on Social Co-Governance

To modernize food safety governance, we must carry out basic restructuring of its internal logic at the national level to reflect the features of contemporary Chinese society that shape food safety. This will entail establishing an overarching, macro-level conception of food safety that integrates “baseline safety”, “hub safety”, “co-constructed safety” and “endogenous safety”. These four dimensions of safety represent four fundamental requirements of food safety governance in modern Chinese society, which is a “risk society” (Beck 1992) and one that is also complex, open and pluralist. These requirements are: maximum legal liability, a unified, authoritative and efficient supervision system, a concept of social co-governance, and enterprises being the primary entities accountable for food safety. This article uses this analytical framework to interpret the basic contents of the newly revised Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, and uses a focus on social co-governance to present the institutional highlights of this law and the transformation of the internal logic of food safety governance.     

From Soil Pollution to “Cadmium Rice” to Public Health Impacts: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Influencing Factors and Possible Responses

This article discusses the causes of the contamination of rice with cadmium in China and considers what we know about the severity of the problem. It argues that it is misleading to extrapolate simply from levels of cadmium in soil to health risks, because the uptake of cadmium by crops and the health impacts of the metal are affected by multiple factors. These include not only background levels of cadmium and pollution from mining and industry, but also soil quality, climatic conditions and the type and variety of crops grown. Social and cultural factors, including dietary habits, other exposure sources, nutritional quality and general health status will also affect the intake of cadmium and the severity of health impacts. For these reasons we argue that interdisciplinary analysis is crucial to a better understanding of patterns of risk to health from cadmium pollution, and to the design of effective responsive measures.     

“全球—地方”视角下中国汽车生产网络的跨域关联与影响因素—— 一汽—大众案例

全球生产网络背景下,生产组织的“全球—地方”跨域关联研究具有重要的理论意义。为探究中国合资汽车生产网络在“全球—地方”互动情景下跨域网络特征及地理空间表征,论文基于“全球—地方”生产关联与多尺度融合视角,利用整车制造一级供应链数据,分析以一汽—大众为代表的中国合资汽车生产网络的跨域关联及其影响因素。研究发现：① “全球—地方”多尺度融合为理解跨国公司构建全球生产网络的产业转移足迹提供了良好视角。德国大众公司通过构建全球生产网络嵌入中国汽车制造业体系,生产网络结构表现出典型的“全球—地方”关联特征。② 一汽—大众整车生产本土一级供应商数量的空间分布与中国国土开发的“T”字形战略高度吻合。供应商资本类型/技术掌控呈现出同类型空间集聚的地域组织模式,集聚程度呈现独资≈合资>内资的差异性特征。③ 一汽—大众通过整车厂生产转移和跨区域供应链采购,生产组织形成了以整车厂所在城市为核心、受地理边界制约的跨区域集群网络结构。④ 地理时空约束、区位优势与集聚效应、模块化生产为代表的技术革新、跨国集团的企业战略与外资俱乐部策略,共同影响了一汽—大众汽车生产网络的空间组织结构。论文通过典型案例研究,为理解“全球—地方”多尺度下中国关键性产业生产网络的组织结构提供了理论与现实依据。     

Commentaries on “Evaluating the Geographic in GIS”

In this article, four geographers who are also GIS practitioners critique “Evaluating the Geographic in GIS.” Sparked by the arguments in that article, they pose fundamental questions about how geography can best contribute to GIS practices.