Microstructural Inhomogeneity and Mechanical Anisotropy Associated with Bedding in Rothbach Sandstone

This study present the result of conventional triaxial tests conducted on samples of Rothbach sandstone cored parallel, oblique (at 45 degrees) and perpendicular to the bedding at effective pressures ranging from 5 to 250 MPa. Mechanical and microstructural data were used to determine the role of the bedding on mechanical strength and failure mode. We find that samples cored at 45 degrees to the bedding yield at intermediate level of differential stress between the ones for parallel and perpendicular samples at all effective pressures. Strain localization at high confining pressure (i.e., in the compactive domain) is observed in samples perpendicular and oblique to the bedding but not in samples cored parallel to the bedding. However, porosity reduction is comparable whether compactive shear bands, compaction bands or homogeneous cataclastic flow develop. Microstructural data suggest that (1) mechanical anisotropy is controlled by a preferred intergranular contact alignment parallel to the bedding and that (2) localization of compaction is controlled by bedding laminations and grain scale heterogeneity, which both prevent the development of well localized compaction features.     

Damage Localization,Sensitivity of Energy Release and the Catastrophe Transition

-- Large earthquakes can be viewed as catastrophic ruptures in the earth's crust. There are two common features prior to the catastrophe transition in heterogeneous media. One is damage localization and the other is critical sensitivity; both of which are related to a cascade of damage coalescence. In this paper, in an attempt to reveal the physics underlying the catastrophe transition, analytic analysis based on mean-field approximation of a heterogeneous medium as well as numerical simulations using a network model are presented. Both the emergence of damage localization and the sensitivity of energy release are examined to explore the inherent statistical precursors prior to the eventual catastrophic rupture. Emergence of damage localization, as predicted by the mean-field analysis, is consistent with observations of the evolution of damage patterns. It is confirmed that precursors can be extracted from the time-series of energy release according to its sensitivity to increasing crustal stress. As a major result, present research indicates that the catastrophe transition and the critical point hypothesis (CPH) of earthquakes are interrelated. The results suggest there may be two cross-checking precursors of large earthquakes: damage localization and critical sensitivity.     

从库仑破裂应力和余震分布角度探讨汶川地震和芦山地震的关系

本文以龙门山及周边地区为研究对象,考虑区域地质构造差异、主要活动断裂带、地表附加重力影响,建立能反映地表起伏和岩石圈分层结构的龙门山地区三维粘弹性有限元模型。以地壳水平运动速率观测值为约束条件重建研究区现今构造背景应力场,在此基础上分别模拟了汶川地震和芦山地震的发生机理。通过分析同震库仑破裂应力变化与余震空间分布的关系,探讨了2次地震主震对余震的触发作用以及汶川地震对芦山地震的影响。研究表明,汶川地震和芦山地震的余震大部分由其主震触发,汶川地震对芦山地震的余震有约6.78%的触发作用。汶川地震的同震库仑破裂应力在芦山地震主震位置的增加值约为0.016MPa,如果龙门山断裂带南段库仑破裂应力年累积速率按照0.4×10-3-0.6×10-3MPa·a-1计算,汶川地震使芦山地震提前了约27-40年。计算还表明汶川地震和芦山地震的发生使鲜水河断裂带南段和虎牙断裂的库仑破裂应力增加,这些断裂带在未来发生地震的可能性增加。     

山西地震活动度的空间分布

用地震活动度定量描述地震活动性的方法，对山西省有史料记载以来的地震资料，通过Ｓ值空间扫描计算，绘制了山西省地震活动度等值线图。定量地表达了山西省地震活动度的空间分布特征。     

Spatial Distribution of Time-independent Seismicity in China

—The seismicity in the territory of China, a seismotectonically complicated region, has been examined by using three complete samples of earthquakes which occurred during the last two centuries (1800–1995). The b value of the Gutenberg-Richter relation was estimated by using this data sample. Taking into account the fact that the b value is spatially more stable than the a value, the b values were calculated at the nodes of a normal grid superposing on the entire area studied, and their distribution was examined. The results showed that the b value increases smoothly from 0.4 in inner-Mongolia to 0.8 in the east, south and southwest of China with higher values (b>0.8) in the Taiwan region. Furthermore, keeping fixed the obtained b values, the a value distribution was also examined. In order to display more detailed information about the seismicity, smaller cell surface (10,000 km²) for the calculation of the a values was chosen. The mean return periods for different cutoff magnitudes were also calculated for each of these small cells. It was observed that the mean return periods are the shortest ones in China, which are 10 and 50 years for the magnitude larger than or equal to 6.0 and 7.0, respectively.     

缅甸弧地区地震的空间分布和震源机制特征

缅甸弧作为印度板块的东边界,印度板块在此俯冲到缅甸板块之下.缅甸弧代表了主喜马拉雅碰撞带与安达曼弧的转换地带,是特提斯构造体系正向碰撞和侧向走滑的转换部位.同时缅甸弧地震带是喜马拉雅地震带上地震最活跃的地区之一,也是中源地震集巾的地区之一.中国川滇及西藏东部的地震活动可能与缅甸北部的地震带有密切的联系,这里显然受到了印度板块和欧亚板块相互作用的影响.     

郯庐断裂带南段及邻区地震b值的空间分布特征

The Tanlu( Tancheng-Lujiang) fault is one of the major structures in eastern China,which cuts across different blocks and controls the tectonic activity. Using the seismic data from the China Earthquake Networks Center,we investigate the spatial variations of the b-value in the Dabie-Sulu( Jiangsu-Shandong) organic belt by calculating the b-value of each grid( 1°×1°) from 1970 to 2010. The study shows that: the b-value is smaller in the Tanlu fault and its adjacent area,which might suggest that the major earthquake recurrence period is relatively long due to the lower frequency of small earthquake activity. In both sides of Tanlu fault,the b-value is higher at the edge of Sulu block and the eastern part of Dabie orogenic belt. The b values are higher in North China central orogenic belt,and small earthquake activity which occurred along the central orogenic belt is frequent. Additionally,combined with geological and geophysical study,we find that the b-value has a certain correspondence relationship with the lithologic distribution,which informs us that seismic activity features are closely related to the inhomogeneous media in the crust.     

汶川大地震曲线梁桥震害及破坏机理分析

以汶川大地震中严重破坏的回澜立交桥为例,基于数值模拟手段并结合现场震害调查,分析了回澜立交桥的地震破坏机理。数值分析表明,地震时设有支座的最矮的1号桥墩支座发生滑移破坏,以致刚度较大（次矮）的2号刚构桥墩承受很大的地震惯性力,2号墩首先发生弯曲屈服,此后随延性发展因抗剪能力不足最终发生剪切破坏直至倒塌损毁,呈现典型的弯剪破坏特征。现场震害调查发现,回澜立交桥震害集中于抗弯刚度较大的刚构墩上,而其余桥墩震害相对较轻,主要表现为混凝土保护层的脱落、混凝土开裂以及墩顶支座的滑移破坏等。数值分析结果与震害调查呈现出较好的一致性。     

Spatial Distribution of Triggered Earthquakes in the Conditions of Mining-Induced Seismicity

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - Abstract—The spatial distribution of the triggered seismic events in mining conditions in the tectonically loaded rock masses is studied using the...     

云南会泽5.3级地震灾害现场调查与烈度分布

通过对2005年8月5日云南会泽5．3级地震现场41个居民点的震害调查资料进行分析，得出了此次地震的等烈度分布图及有关参数，分析了场地条件、震害异常原因及各类房屋、生命线工程、水利设施、沼气池等的震害特征和地质灾害特点，并提出了帮助灾区恢复重建的建议。     

危岩体在地震作用过程中的失稳模式及稳定性评价

地震作用过程中地震加速度通常呈先增大后减小的特征。利用拟静力法对危岩的稳定性进行分析时,考虑地震过程中地震加速度的变化,对山西太原天龙山危岩体加固工程中的同一危岩体分别以滑塌式和倾倒式破坏模式进行计算,发现地震作用过程中危岩体可能在两种破坏失稳模式之间相互转化。将此问题扩展至一般情况进行计算并讨论,得出如下结论:地震力对危岩体破坏作用的贡献大小不同,通常情况下,地震作用力对危岩的倾覆力矩贡献相对较大;进行稳定性评价时应考虑地震作用过程,以安全系数最先达到1.0的破坏模式作为危岩体的可能破坏模式进行计算;对危岩体进行抗震加固设计时应对加固设计进行多种工况下的校核,保证其在地震作用过程中不同危险状态的稳定性。     

地震空间分布函数的确定方法研究

选取了几个反央西南地区地震活动的时间和空间特征的因子，因子量化全部建立在因子与实际地震发生的统计关系上，使因子具有一定的概率预报意义和相互对比的基础，另外还对部分因子的预报效能了作评估和修正，采用３种方法分别求出了３套地震空间分布函数，并作了要相互比较。     

强震作用下地铁车站结构损伤破坏的高效分析方法

地下结构的关键构件(如柱子等)在地震作用下可能发生破坏,进而影响结构体系的整体稳定性。在借鉴传统反应位移法的基础上,提出了一种新的位移时程反应分析方法,采用该方法对日本神户大开地铁车站进行地震响应分析。结果表明:位移时程反应分析方法能够考虑土-结构相互作用、材料非线性、几何非线性、水平地震与竖向地震的耦合作用及地震动传播的时空效应,适用于地下结构地震反应分析,利用该方法得出的地铁车站结构变形及损伤破坏与实际震害观察具有较好的一致性,并指出大开地铁车站结构的整体垮塌是由于柱子剪坏和高轴压联合作用所致。     

首都圈地区地震视应力的计算及空间分布

本文计算了首都圈地区2003年9月到2007年12月117个M_L>2.5地震的视应力, 计算视应力的两个参数地震矩(M₀)和地震辐射能量(E_s)都是通过分析地震波形得到。 首先用多重窗FFT获得观测谱, 在扣除仪器响应后对其进行几何扩散和非弹性衰减校正。 几何扩散使用Gail提出的三分段几何模型, 非弹性衰减用随频率变化的Q值来表征。 之后通过遗传算法找到一组Brune圆盘模型下的低频水平(Ω₀)和拐角频率(f_c), 使得它们的理论震源谱和校正过的观测谱残差最小。 通过Ω₀可以得到M₀, 通过对校正过的观测谱求积分再加上有限仪器响应带宽补偿可以得到E_s, 最后就能通过M₀和E_s获得视应力。 计算结果与先前的一些研究比较符合: 视应力随地震矩不存在系统变化; f_c随着M₀变化和定标率M₀∝f^-3_c符合较好; M₀和M_L的关系与定标率lg(M₀)=1.20M_L+10.0符合较好。 最后给出了视应力的空间分布, 结果显示视应力在邢台、 唐山和晋冀蒙交界处的空间分布有不同的特征。 还显示在2006年7月发生M5.1地震的文安北东方向有一个较大的视应力值, 唐山地区视应力从南西到北东方向大体是增加的。     

Clustering Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Seismicity in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea

According to tie records of seismic station networks of China's continent and Korea Peninsula and the historical data,the complete seismicity pattern was obtained for the first time.The seismic zoning was conducted by means of the cluster analysis method.The map's spatial distribution of seismicity from 1960 to 1994 shows that there are three strong seismic zones:the first one strikes in the NE direction,from the Jiangsu plain in China to the central Korean Peninsula; the second strikes in the NW direction,from the Bohai Sea,China to the southern Korean Peninsula; the third strikes in the NW direction,from the western Liaoning Province to Pyongyang.Most of earthquakes are located along these three zones,the seismic intensity is lower than that in the mainland,and exhibited the feature of fractured crust of a marginal sea basin.     

An Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contamination in Turkey

This study summarizes the relevant information regarding the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in various environmental (e. g., soil, sediment, air, water) and biological (e. g., fish, mussel, adipose tissue, milk) media in Turkey. The information sources used for this purpose, in addition to the scientific literature, were; official import records, governmental reports on monitoring of organochlorines, and reports prepared by international organizations. PCBs were never produced in Turkey; however they were imported and used within equipment or otherwise. The number of studies conducted on the topic is increasing significantly throughout the years and especially in the last decade. Evidence of PCB pollution was compared with the available background monitoring results from the region and other parts of the world, as well as relevant legislative standards. Overall, the presence of a number of important local PCB contamination sources is indicated as a result of this assessment.