孤立中强地震的潜在震源区划分

提出了孤立中强地震的潜在震源区划分其参数确定的思路和方法，即在综合考虑孤立中强地震所在地震区的总体地震构造特征与地震活动水平的基础上，利用历史地震等震线，余震分布，区域应力场及震源机制等资料，确定其潜在震源区的参数。     

一种地震预警监测传感器模块的设计及实现

目前世界上地震预警系统基本都是通过地震台网来确定地震的震级并对地震进行定位,其预警准确性的提高主要依靠台网密度的增加。基于地震预警原理以及传感器技术,本文首次探讨了仅用单台地震监测传感器快速测定地震基本参数的可能性。设计了一种用于地震预警的地震监测传感器模块,阐述了确定地震参数的算法。该传感器模块能自动捡拾P波的到时,然后利用P波的初动信息确定地震的方位角,最后利用P波到达后前3s加速度数据确定地震的震级、震源距,并发出警告,达到地震监测及预警的目的。     

三峡水库地震活动特征研究

在已有速度模型的基础上,选取三峡水库区529个地震重新确定了速度模型和台站校正,并利用该结果对2 138次地震进行了定位。研究表明,在不同区域震源深度存在明显的差异,仙女山断裂附近的地震平均震源深度为5.6km,而巴东地区的地震平均震源深度为2.6km。以震源深度5km为界,浅于5km的地震的b值为1.16,而深于5km地震的b值为0.90,不同深度地震的频次变化与水位关系差异明显     

搜索引擎方法在实时地震监测中的应用

当地震发生时,地震学家需要利用记录的地震图尽快去推断震中、震级和震源机制解。如果能快速判定这些信息,就能进行及时疏散,并采取应急措施以减轻地震灾害。现在有一些先进的方法能在地震后几秒内判断出最初的震中和震级,但可能需要数分钟到几小时才能估算出震源机制解。这里我们提出针对大型地震图数据库,利用一种类似于互联网搜索引擎的地震搜索引擎方法,来寻找输入地震波数据的最佳匹配。该方法比当前的精确查找法快几千倍。以2012年3月8日新疆MW5.9地震为例,该搜索引擎方法能在长周期地震面波到达后1s内推算出地震震源机制参数。     

在确定潜在震源区中地震和地质资料的应用

在确定潜在震源区中如何应用地震和地质资料是编制中国地震烈度区划图(1990)的关键问题,包括如何利用地震和地质资料来勾划地震带和潜在震源区的范围和方向,以及确定本底地震和潜在震源区的震级上限     

珊溪水库M_L4.6震群精确定位与发震构造研究

利用浙江、福建区域地震台网和珊溪水库台网给出的P波走时资料,通过震源位置和速度结构联合反演方法,重新确定了珊溪水库地震的震源参数。并通过假设发震断层可以用一个平面进行拟合的思路,利用重新确定的震源参数拟合得到了发震断层面参数。收集了2267条P波到时数据,求解了ML4.0以上地震震源机制解,结合水库区的断层活动性特征和宏观调查资料,讨论了珊溪水库地震序列的发震构造。     

新版美国地震区划图源及其参数模型的分析与评述

2008年版《美国地震危险性图》（本文称“美国地震区划图”）采用5种类型震源区模型。本文全面分析了这些震源模型的划分目的、划分原则、基本特征、用途、各类型源间的相互关系,及其地震活动性参数确定的原则与基本方法。评述了美国地震区划图震源区模型及其地震活动性参数确定的特点和存在的问题。以期为我国新一代地震动参数区划图编制提供参考。     

小笠原1982年7月4日深震震源参数的研究

对利用全波理论地震图确定震源参数的方法进行研究，在原有的计算程序的基础上，增加了有限移动源效应，以确定破裂面；研究了理论合成地震图“时间窗”的选取及理论合成地震图起始的选了，使其更适用于震源研究。利用世界台网数字化记录，采用ＰＲＥＭ地球模型，确定小笠原１９８２年７月４日深震震源数。结果表明，震源破裂面的倾向为Ｎ７５°Ｅ，倾角１７°，走向为３４５°，接近Ｗａｄｉｔｉ－Ｂｅｎｉｏｆｆ带的走向，形成小倾     

考虑吸收时确定震源深度的宏观地震方法

基于对在近场吸收系数A/km~2和源指标几何扩散率n都因实际地震而异的认识,导出了完整宏观地震震源深度公式,获得确定震源深度考虑吸收的宏观地震方法的通解。对此通解及宏观地震震源深度公式各提出三种算法以满足三种需要,经过三个实例,两公式六种算法对比计算结果都很好,并利用所得震源类型结合宏观场探索了震源几何学,为钻探地震直接观察震源的钻孔设计提供依据。     

利用震源扫描方法计算2008年大柴旦6．3级地震震源破裂过程

2008年11月10日在青海大柴旦地区发生Ms6．3级地震。运用甘、青区域数字地震台网观测资料,采用震源扫描方法对此次地震进行亮度函数归一化扫描分析研究,得到研究区域内分层归一化亮度函数的空间成像结果,最大亮度空间分布与青海省野外考察结果基本吻合。震源扫描方法不需要计算理论地震图,利用包括相对振幅和到时在内的波形信息,无需事先假定震源的几何参数,最大限度地利用波形数据信息,得到地震的整个空间分布,提高了获取中强地震震源运动空间分布信息的速度为震后快速趋势判定、应急救援提供技术支持。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.