小行星(58)Concordia测光研究

小行星基本物理参量(周期、形状、自转)对于理解小行星起源、演化和碰撞具有重要意义.利用测光手段可以获得小行星的光变曲线,通过光变曲线可以确定小行星基本参数.利用云南天文台1 m望远镜在2000和2015年对小行星(58) Concordia进行观测,结合前人测光观测数据,通过凸面体光变曲线反演模型获得该小行星的周期、形状和轴指向.(58) Concordia的恒星周期为9.894541 h,在黄道坐标系下,极轴指向为λ_1=15.3?±0.7?,β_1=-4.2?±2.6?,另外一组解为λ_2=195.9?±1.0?,β_2=4.8?±1.2?.     

小行星(26)Proserpina的测光观测和建模研究

2011年12月到2012年2月期间对小行星(26)Proserpina进行了时序测光观测,获得其自转的会合周期为p=(13.107±0.002)h.结合历史测光数据,采用光变曲线凸壳反演方法对其自转状态和形状进行反演研究,并提出采用Bootstrap方法对反演参数进行误差估计.测定出(26)Proserpina是一个逆转的小行星,其极轴指向解为λ1=90.8?±1.4?,β1=-53.1?±3.2?和λ2=259.3?±2.2?,β2=-62.0?±2.0?;测定其自转的恒星周期为(13.109777±3.8×10-6)h;并基于两个极轴解反演出互为镜像的凸壳形状模型.     

小行星(16)Psyche的自转

本文利用四次冲的观测资料,计算了(16)Psyche小行星的自转.结果如下: (1)极点坐标是λ_(P1950)=225°,β_(p1950)= 5°; (2)顺向自转; (3)恒星周期为P_恒=0.~d17483120±0.~d00000010 =4~h11~m45.~s42±0.~s01. 在1955、1965和1980三次冲期间,太阳、地球和该小行星的空间相对位置几乎一样,且观测曲线也大体相同.因此,可认为,该小行星的自转轴至少在20年的观测期间内是无进动的。这个结论和小行星自转轴不进动的假定是一致的.     

Flora小行星族自转特性研究

小行星族作为灾变碰撞的残留物,其基础物理性质提供了其母体以及后续演化信息.其中轨道以及自转特性分别反映了Yarkovsky效应以及Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack效应(YORP效应)对于小行星族演化的影响.基于小行星光变数据库(Asteroid Lightcurve Database),通过对Flora小行星族自转速率分布进行研究,发现随着直径减小,族成员自转速率倾向于主要集中在3–5 d^-1的范围内.同时,可以注意到Flora小行星族整体表现出更倾向于顺行自转状态的现象,但对于轨道半长轴小于2.2au的成员来说,其顺行自转与逆行自转状态成员数目比接近于近地小行星中顺逆行自转状态源1:3的比例;此外,对于轨道半长轴大于2.2 au且具有顺行自转状态的部分族成员,在轨道半长轴-绝对星等分布中表现出聚集现象,并在聚集区域中有9颗成员展现出类似Slivan状态特征.     

面向天体测量的矮行星Haumea相对测光试验

使用紫金山天文台姚安观测站80 cm望远镜在2022年2月至4月对矮行星Haumea进行了两轮观测。对所有的观测图像使用干涉条纹剔除技术,并利用相对测光导出了Haumea的仪器星等,最后对两轮光度测量结果进行归一化处理以便联合分析。通过相位弥散最小化(Phase Dispersion Minimization, PDM)方法以及Lomb-Scargle周期图法分别求得了Haumea的自转周期。两种方法求得的自转周期结果仅相差0.072 s,这表明所求周期具有良好的一致性。Haumea光度测量结果显示明显的双峰自转光变曲线,自转周期为3.915 4±0.000 2 h,峰峰值幅度为0.26±0.01 mag。通过导出的自转光变曲线,最终估计了Haumea由于自转产生的光度变化对位置测量的影响最大为-9～9 mas。这一测光观测对后续高精度天体位置测量具有基础意义。     

基于Python的自动测光程序设计与实现

本文基于Python设计和实现自动测光程序。首先扫描文件名实现文件分类;然后进行数据检查、预处理与孔径测光,并保存测光数据;最终由观测者指定目标星与比较星,程序从测光结果中提取相应星等与观测时间等数据,获得基于较差测光法的光变曲线。为解决数据提取中星图匹配问题,提出自动追踪移动目标的基于向量特征星图匹配算法,能自动匹配偏移较大的星图,并跟踪不断移动的小行星。使用本程序分别处理双星和小行星观测数据,并与IRAF(Image Reducation and Analysis Facility)测光结果比较,测光结果最大偏差分别为0.04 mag和0.043 mag,标准偏差分别为±0.005 mag和±0.007 mag。     

小行星YORP效应的可探测候选体

YORP (Yarkovsky-O''Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack)效应是小行星长期动力学演化的机制之一. 与碰撞、引力摄动等因素相比, YORP效应作用量级小, 短时标观测效应不明显, 这给直接测量YORP效应带来了很大的困难. 利用小行星光变数据库中已知的小行星数据, 统计了小行星的自转速率分布, 使用核密度估计以及Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验分别分析了近地小行星和主带小行星自转速率的分布特性, 分别给出了在近地小行星和主带小行星中寻找受YORP效应影响减速自转的最佳样本群; 基于7颗已被探测到YORP旋转加速度的近地小行星, 利用YORP强度估计方法和光变探测条件建立了筛选模型, 给出了未来可直接通过光变数据探测\lk YORP效应的10颗近地小行星.     

中国天文学会1962年年会

中国天文学会1962年年会于8月20—26日在北京举行.代表一百多人,会上印发论文报告四十多篇,内容丰富,讨论热烈,盛况空前.在全体会议上,紫金山天文台张钰哲台长宣读的一篇论文“七颗变光小行星的观测研究”受到普遍的重视.该文采用小行星光电测光资料研究确定出七颗小行星的自转周期和自转物理根数,其中特别是确定了它们自转轴的方向.许多同志认为这是一项很有意     

小行星主带上单个行星的质量上限

介绍了N体模拟的Hermite算法,并利用该算法研究了不同质量行星在小行星主带上轨道的演化情况．采用的演化模型是太阳系N体模型(N=7),即把水星、金星、地球的质量加到太阳上,忽略冥王星,同时在小行星主带附近增加一个假想行星,系统演化时间为1亿年．数值模拟显示能够稳定存在于小行星主带上的单个天体的质量上限其量级为10~(25)kg．模拟同时还显示在某些情况下,假想行星与木星之间的低阶共振可以增强系统的稳定性．     

黑洞候选体X射线双星Cyg X-1光变曲线的研究

利用Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer(RXTE)卫星从1996年1月到2005年5月的公共资料,研究了黑洞候选体X射线双星Cyg X-1光变曲线的周期性,并且发现了一些有趣的周期特性(T=1．0±0．2天和T=18．0±3．0天)．在硬态时,T=1．0±0．2天和T=18．0±3．0天的周期特性同时出现在它的光变曲线之中,但在软态时仅有T=1．0±0．2天的周期出现．采用一种新的方法(即微分法),同时为了检验微分法的正确性,还利用传统的方法(即快速傅立叶变换和叠加法)分析了相同的资料,并得到了与微分法相同的结果．另外也对Cyg X-1的轨道周期进行了研究,结果发现T=5．6天的轨道周期不仅出现在硬态,同时也出现在软态,只是在硬态时比在软态时明显．     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Born–Infeld type phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of Born–Infeld (B–I) phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane, which is defined by the equation of state parameter for the dark energy and its derivative with respect to N (the logarithm of the scale factor a). We find the scalar field equation of motion in ω–ω′ plane, and show mathematically the property of attractor solutions which correspond to ω _φ ∼−1, Ω _φ =1, which avoid the “Big rip” problem and meets the current observations well.      

A Comparison of Several Image Locating Algorithms in Astronomical Instruments

In astronomical observations at optical wavelengths, a fast image tracking system can be adopted to reduce the effects of the atmospheric seeing and telescopic tracking error, and therefore improve the observing efficiency. Aiming at the need of astronomical observations, totally 5 kinds of algorithms in two categories were selected to make a comparative study on their accuracies and stabilities under different noise conditions by both numerical experiment and laboratory test. The results indicate that the normalized cross-correlation method and barycenter method have not only a higher accuracy but also a better reliability against interferences, they will be applied to the high-resolution spectrograph of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope and the scienti?c instruments of the SONG (Stellar Observations Network Group) project, respectively.     

Shear and vorticity in a combined Einstein-Cartan-Brans-Dicke inflationary lambda-Universe

A combined BCDE (Brans-Dicke and Einstein-Cartan) theory with lambda-term is developed through Raychaudhuri’s equation, for inflationary scenario. It involves a variable cosmological constant, which decreases with time, jointly with energy density, cosmic pressure, shear, vorticity, and Hubble’s parameter, while the scale factor, total spin and scalar field increase exponentially. The post-inflationary fluid resembles a perfect one, though total spin grows, but the angular speed does not (Astrophys. Space Sci. 312: 275, 2007d).      

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.