三维激光扫描技术在古建筑测绘中的应用

三维激光扫描测绘技术在古建筑测绘中的应用已渐趋成熟。全文介绍了三维激光扫描技术的工作原理,详细介绍了建立市政府6号楼三维模型的应用步骤,通过与传统测量手段获取的数据相比较,充分肯定了该技术在古建筑测绘类项目中应用的可行性及优势,三维激光扫描测绘技术在古建筑测量领域具有巨大的技术优势和应用价值。     

测绘用离轴三反光学系统技术

离轴三反光学系统可以同时兼顾长焦距与大视场, 可以优化为零畸变、低场曲的光学系统, 很好地满足了测绘对光学系统的要求, 被公认为航天遥感测绘相机的发展方向。本文阐述了航天测绘相机的现状和发展趋势, 对离轴三反光学系统应用于测绘的相机内方位元素定义、焦距计算公式的修正、调焦方式对主点位置精度的影响、系统畸变标定以及系统稳定性等问题进行讨论为中国自主获取高分辨率、高精度的测绘数据提供了技术参考。     

纹理映射失真处理中的LOD技术

纹理映射是计算机图形学中广泛应用的一项重要技术,纹理图像可以描述景物表面各点处的反射属性,模拟景物表面丰富的纹理细节,减少建模的工作量,提高计算机生成图形的真实性.但是由于纹理都为栅格图像,放大和缩小会产生一定程度的失真,所以要对纹理进行细节分层处理.文中主要介绍纹理的重采样和建立金字塔技术,提出减少纹理映射失真的方法.     

机载干涉SAR测绘制图应用系统研究

介绍我国机载干涉SAR系统及测绘应用概况,介绍机载干涉SAR生成DEM、SAR正射校正、地形引起的SAR后向散射畸变校正、机载SAR图像解译、雷达图像与光学影像的融合、雷达"空中三角测量"等关键技术研究进展.最后,介绍机载干涉SAR系统在泰山试验区的测绘制图实验情况.     

MapGIS点文件数据分析与读取实验

本文以研究MapGIS点文件为重点,全面详细剖析了点文件数据格式,并利用程序实现了MapGIS点文件的读取实验,减少数据转换中的数据失真,实现了自动成图。实验结果证明了点文件数据格式分析的准确性和数据的精确性。     

Direct georeferencing of airborne LiDAR data in national coordinates

The topographic mapping products of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are usually required in the national coordinates (i.e., using the national datum and a conformal map projection). Since the spatial scale of the national datum is usually slightly different from the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) datum, and the map projection frame is not Cartesian, the georeferencing process in the national coordinates is inevitably affected by various geometric distortions. In this paper, all the major direct georeferencing distortion factors in the national coordinates, including one 3D scale distortion (the datum scale factor distortion), one height distortion (the earth curvature distortion), two length distortions (the horizontal-to-geodesic length distortion and the geodesic-to-projected length distortion), and three angle distortions (the skew-normal distortion, the normal-section-to-geodesic distortion, and the arc-to-chord distortion) are identified and demonstrated in detail; and high-precision map projection correction formulas are provided for the direct georeferencing of the airborne LiDAR data. Given the high computational complexity of the high-precision map projection correction approach, some more approximate correction formulas are also derived for the practical calculations. The simulated experiments show that the magnitude of the datum scale distortion can reach several centimeters to decimeters for the low (e.g., 500 m) and high (e.g., 8000 m) flying heights, and therefore it always needs to be corrected. Our proposed practical map projection correction approach has better accuracy than Legat’s approach,¹ but it needs 25% more computational cost. As the correction accuracy of Legat’s approach can meet the requirements of airborne LiDAR data with low and medium flight height (up to 3000 m above ground), our practical correction approach is more suitable to the high-altitude aerial imagery. The residuals of our proposed high-precision map projection correction approach are trivial even for the high flight height of 8000 m. It can be used for the theoretical applications such as the accurate evaluation of different GPS/INS attitude transformation methods to the national coordinates.     

GPS空间基线向量网与地面控制网的联合平差模型

利用全球定位系统(GPS)所建立的空间基线向量网,对于改善已有地面网,分析网的系统误差和进行地球动力学的监测等具有广泛的意义。本文着重讨论了上述空间基线向量网和地面控制网的三维联合平差和二维联合平差的方法和模型。指出,为了避免地面网高程误差以及引入地面网尺度因子的模型误差对三维联合平差结果的影响,在二维大地坐标系统中进行上述两网联合平差的方法具有重要的现实意义。     

The development and analysis of quasi-linear map projections

Map projections are an essential component of coordinate systems used in applications such as surveying, topographic mapping, and engineering, and care needs to be taken to select ones that minimize distortion for each case. This article explores the selection process for near-linear features on the surface of the Earth and derives limits for the extent of a project that can be projected within specified distortion tolerances. It is then demonstrated that a multifaceted set of projections of the Earth may be used to extend this concept to the mapping of features such as highways and railways that are quasi-linear but do not exactly follow a standard geometrical line (a great circle or a small circle) on the surface of the Earth. A continuous, conformal coordinate system may be derived in such situations, extending to indefinite length and applicable over a swath of several kilometers width, but it cannot be extended to cover situations with extensive variations in height. Instead, the Snake Projection is analyzed, and it is shown that this can be used to develop continuous (non-zonal) projected coordinate systems for major engineering projects extending for hundreds of kilometers and having extensive height ranges. Examples are shown of the application to railway projects.     

基于多方向多源合成孔径雷达数据融合的假彩色正射影像制作

在复杂地形条件下,SAR影像几何失真大,辐射畸变突出,透视收缩、叠掩和阴影等现象严重,制约SAR测图的应用.为此,提出一套基于多方向多源SAR数据融合方法与技术流程,利用不同侧视方向、不同分辨率、多极化的SAR影像数据,融合制作信息量丰富,能够满足应用要求的SAR假彩色正射影像.采用横断山脉区域3 m分辨率的Terra...     

无人机PPK技术支持下的河道测量与精度分析

针对河道带状复杂地形布设控制点困难的问题及高精度的测量要求,本文探讨了一种结合PPK技术的无人机免像控河道测量方法。以DJI Phantom 4 RTK无人机为研究对象,分析了基于PPK的高精度POS辅助空三测量、相机镜头畸变纠正和航线设计等影响航测精度的关键技术,利用UAV-PPK软件对地面基站与无人机POS数据进行事后差分解算,获取高精度POS数据辅助空中三角测量。结合安徽省庄墓河河道治理工程进行试验,结果表明,基于PPK的免像控无人机航测获取了更高精度POS数据且成图精度满足河道1：500大比例尺测图要求。PPK辅助无人机航测提高了复杂地形测绘精度,为后续河道整治工作提供了更加精准的地形数据。     

无人直升机面阵影像高精度对地定位

为提高无人机对地定位精度,必须对系统进行几何标定与补偿。首先进行了直接地理定位实验,检验系统在不经过任何标定时的直接地理定位精度;然后进行了自由网光束法平差实验,以验证无地面控制点时系统的定位精度;最后进行了POS辅助自检校光束法平差,对内方位元素变化、相机畸变、IMU安置角进行标定和补偿,并验证了系统误差补偿后的直接地理定位精度。实验结果表明,未经几何标定的无人直升机直接地理定位的精度可满足应急条件下测绘保障要求;少量地面控制点的辅助下定位精度远优于1∶500比例尺地形图测图的要求,可用于常规测绘生产;系统误差补偿后,直接地理定位精度有明显提升:平面精度提高46.37%,高程精度提高62.49%;系统误差标定和补偿方法正确、有效,无人直升机具有很好的测绘应用前景。     

广州市三维高精度GPS基准网的布设和解算

总结了广州市三维高精度GPS基准网建立的主要方法及技术路线,详细探讨和解决了网形布设、GPS和水准观测、基线解算、二维和三维平差以及质量控制等关键问题,并对成果进行了分析和评价.     

Shapes on a plane: evaluating the impact of projection distortion on spatial binning

ABSTRACT

One method for working with large, dense sets of spatial point data is to aggregate the measure of the data into polygonal containers, such as political boundaries, or into regular spatial bins such as triangles, squares, or hexagons. When mapping these aggregations, the map projection must inevitably distort relationships. This distortion can impact the reader’s ability to compare count and density measures across the map. Spatial binning, particularly via hexagons, is becoming a popular technique for displaying aggregate measures of point data sets. Increasingly, we see questionable use of the technique without attendant discussion of its hazards. In this work, we discuss when and why spatial binning works and how mapmakers can better understand the limitations caused by distortion from projecting to the plane. We introduce equations for evaluating distortion’s impact on one common projection (Web Mercator) and discuss how the methods used generalize to other projections. While we focus on hexagonal binning, these same considerations affect spatial bins of any shape, and more generally, any analysis of geographic data performed in planar space.     

The Development of Camera Calibration Methods and Models

Correction for image distortion in cameras has been an important topic for as long as users have wanted to faithfully reproduce or use observed information. Initially the main application was mapping. While this task continues today, other applications also require precise calibration of cameras, such as close range three dimensional measurement and many two dimensional measurement tasks. In the past, the cameras used were few in number and highly expensive whereas today a typical large industrial company will have many inexpensive cameras being used for highly important measurement tasks. Cameras are used more today than they ever were but the golden age of camera calibration for aerial mapping is now well in the past. This paper considers some of the key developments and attempts to put them into perspective. In particular the driving forces behind each improvement have been highlighted.     

遥感多维空间数据场特征的角度分析与应用

科学计算的可视化是空间数据场的可视化。标题、矢量、张量是线性电磁系统中定义多维数据的基本参数。从瞬变电磁系统的因果律出发，可以将遥感传感器对电磁波的响应看作是地表电磁场量的映射，像元是记录电磁场量的一种方式。由于电磁场量的线性关联，多波段遥感数字图像可以表示为多维空间数据场量。在多维向量空间中可以对数据场量进行度量、分解和构造向量角度函数。遥感多维空间数据场有效弱信息提取方法则是基于多维空间数据场角度分析展开的。     

中国海岸带专用地图投影设计

地图投影是各类海岸带信息的空间定位框架要素之一。通过对目前我国海岸带常用的各种地图投影现状分析,设计并实现全国海岸带专用投影———斜轴等角圆锥投影,该投影不仅使得整个中国海岸带实现无缝的一体化表达,而且使变形达到最小。文中详细阐述该投影的设计思想和设计原理,并将结果与其他各种海岸带投影进行详细的分析比较。     

The assessment of multi-sensor image fusion using wavelet transforms for mapping the Brazilian Savanna

Multi-sensor image fusion using the wavelet approach provides a conceptual framework for the improvement of the spatial resolution with minimal distortion of the spectral content of the source image. This paper assesses whether images with a large ratio of spatial resolution can be fused, and evaluates the potential of using such fused images for mapping the Brazilian Savanna. Three types of wavelet transforms were used to perform the fusion between MODIS and Landsat TM images. Five quality measures were defined to assess the quality of the fused images. The results showed that it was possible to perform the fusion of MODIS and TM images and the pyramidal in Fourier space wavelet transform provided the best quality measures for the fused images. Classification results showed that fused images could be used for mapping the Brazilian Savanna with an accuracy level comparable to the Landsat TM image.     

用SAR与TM数字复合图像编制1:5万～1:10万解译地质图的优点及精度分析

SAR与TM数字复合处理技术,能为地质解译及地质制图提供一份空间与波谱信息都比较丰富 的图像。复合图像的优点是：地物细节详尽,立体感强,图像上阴影又少,便于进行各种图像增 强处理和与其他地学资料对比分析、拟合。试验表明,除岩性解译能力较差外,其它地质体的解译能完全或基本满足中等(大)比例尺区域地质调查的要求。     

基于ArcEngine的三维小区信息系统的开发与实现

以三维建模方法和COM组件开发思想为基础理论,基于VB和ArcEngine,探讨三维小区信息可视化系统的应用开发。     

Equations of the Mayr Projection

In this study, the pseudo-cylindrical projection of Franz Mayr is examined in detail. The computation of one of Mayr's projection equations depends on the solution of an elliptical integral. It is this characteristic of the projection that most likely contributes to it being the neglected one among the group of the pseudo-cylindrical projections available today. Franz Mayr used the Legendre tables for the elliptical functions E and F and gave the plane coordinates within one-degree latitude intervals on the 90° meridian. The research reported here derives analytical expressions instead of using the elliptical integral and the interpolation between the table values. Four different solutions have been introduced for mapping applications. The distortion quantities are also presented and discussed.