A NEW COMPUTER RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

ＡＮＥＷＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＲＥＴＲＩＥＶＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＴＥＯＲＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ￥ＢｅｉＧａｎｇ（贝刚）ＡＮＥＷＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＲＥＴＲＩＥＶＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＴＥＯＲＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＢｅｉ...     

MODEM及UDS V．3225专线设置

ＭＯＤＥＭ是远程数据通信中不可缺少的设备，它主要是将计算机发生的信号进行模／数及数／模转换，使之能在长途话路中传输。本文主要介绍了ＭＯＤＥＭ的作用、ＭＯＤＥＭ全双。操作的方式、ＭＯＤＥＭ协议、ＡＴ命令以及在我省专线联网中使用的ＵＤＳＶ．３２２５ＭＯＤＥＭ的参数设置。     

TEMPERATURE-MEASURING RADIO-ACOUSTIC SOUNDING SYSTEM(RASS)

ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡＤＩＯ－ＡＣＯＵＳＴＩＣＳＯＵＮＤＩＮＧＳＹＳＴＥＭ（ＲＡＳＳ）￥ＬｉＪｉａｎｇｕｏ（李建国），ＷａｎｇＰｉｎｇ（王坪）ａｎｄＭｅｎｇＺｈａｏｌｉｎ（孟昭林）ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡ...     

MODEM及UDS V2.3225专线设置

ＭＯＤＥＭ是远程数据通信中不可缺少的设备，它主要是将计算机发生的信号进行模／数及数／模转换，使之能在长途话路中传输，本文主要介绍了ＭＯＤＥＭ的作用、ＭＯＤＥＭ全双工操作的方式，ＭＯＤＥＭ协议、ＡＴ命令以及在我省专线联网中使用的ＵＤＳ Ｖ．３２２５ＭＯＤＥＭ的参数设置。     

SHORT-TERM CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS CAUSE AND CLIMATE PREDICTION IN CHINA

ＳＨＯＲＴ－ＴＥＲＭＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＣＡＵＳＥＡＮＤＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＰＲＥＤＩＣＴＩＯＮＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷｅｉＦｅｎｇｙｉｎｇ（魏凤英）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｙｎｏｐｔｉｃａｎｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ．）Ｂｅｉｊ...     

TIBETAN PLATEAU FIELD EXPERIMENT（TIPEX）AND STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES OVER TIBETAN PL

ＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＴＩＰＥＸ）ＡＮＤＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＯＦＰＨＹＳＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＥＳＯＶＥＲＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＮＧＬＯＢＡＬＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＡＮＤＤＩＳＡＳＴＲＯＵＳＷＥＡＴＨ...     

探测大气参数的GPS／MET方法

文章介绍了美国在近年发展起来的一种新的遥测地球大气的方法－ＧＰＳ／ＭＥＴ，它是ＧＰＳ导航定位技术与无线电掩星技术相结合的产物，文中比较详细的描述了ＧＰＳ／ＭＥＴ反演折射率和大气参数的方法和步骤，从国外得到的初步反演结果可看出，在５－４０ｋｍ之间，反演出的温度廓与探空资料吻合得到很好，而在５ｋｍ以下和４０ｋｍ以上，反演的结果误差较大，ＧＰＳ／ＭＥＴ探测系统的进一步发展，可能会对天气预报和全球变化研究     

PROGRESSONTIBETANPLATEAUFIELDEXPERIMENT（TIPEX）ANDITSRESEARCHPROGRAMME

ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＮＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＴＩＰＥＸ）ＡＮＤＩＴＳＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＰＲＯＧＲＡＭＭＥ￥ＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ａｎｄＸｕＸｉａｎｇｄｅ（徐祥德）ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＮＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴ...     

自民风预审经验点滴

近年来 ,我国的网络发展速度越来越快 ,上网的人也越来越多 ,而信息高速公路上的堵车现象却有增无减。本人利用修改注册表、对拨号网络进行优化等小窍门 ,提高了ＭＯＤＥＭ的速度。在修改前 ,将注册表文件ＳＹＳＴＥＭ .ＤＡＴ、ＵＳＥＲ .ＤＡＴ和系统配置文件ｓｙｓｔｅｍ .ｉｎｉ进行备份 ,以防不测。具体步骤为 :单击开始菜单运行 ,输入Ｃ :\ＷＩＮＤＯＷＳ \ＲＥＧＥＤＩＴ .ＥＸＥ(注册表编辑器 ) ,单击确定 ;进入目录ＨＫＥＹ -ＬＯＣＡＬ -ＭＡＣＨＩＮＥ \ＥＮＵＭ \ＲＯＯＴ \ＮＥＴ \0 0 0 0 \ＢＩＮＤＩＮＧＳ ,单击ｂｉｎｄ…     

ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA

ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＺｈｏｕＸｉｕｊｉ（周秀骥），ＣｈｅｎＬｏｎｇｘｕｎ（陈隆勋），ＬｉＷｅｉｌｉａｎｇ（李维亮）ａｎｄＬｉＸｉａｏｗｅｎ（李晓文）ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧ...     

Operational Implementation of the ATOVS Processing Procedure in KMA and Its Validation

The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has processed the data from the advanced TOVS(ATOVS) onboard NOAA-16 satellite since May 2001. The operational production utilizes the AAPP(ATOVS and AVHRR Processing Package) of EUMETSAT and IAPP (International ATOVS ProcessingPackage) of the University of Wisconsin. For the initial guess profiles, the predicted fields (usually 6 to 12hour forecasted fields) from the global aviation model of NOAA/NCEP are used. The average number ofprofiles retrieved from the ATOVS data is about 1,300 for each morning and afternoon orbit at about 18 and06 UTC, respectively. The retrieved temperature and dew point temperatures are provided to forecastersin real time and used for initialization of prediction models. With the advanced microwave sensor (AMSU;Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit), accuracy of the ATOVS products is expected to be better than thatof the TOVS products, especially in cloudy conditions. Indeed, the preliminary results from a validationstudy with the collocated radiosonde data during a 8-month period, from May to December 2001, for theEast Asia region show an improved accuracy of the ATOVS products for cloudy skies versus the TOVS,especially for higher altitudes. The RMS (Root Mean Square) difference between the ATOVS productsand radiosonde data is about 1.3℃ for both clear and cloudy conditions, except for near the ground and athigher altitudes, at around 200 hPa. There is no significant temporal variation of the error statistics at allpressure levels. In case of the water vapor mixing ratio, the largest difference is shown at lower altitudes,while the accuracy is much better for the clear sky cases than the cloudy sky cases. The bias and RMSEat lower altitudes is about 0.557 g kg-1 and 2.5 g kg-1 and decrease significantly with increasing altitude.     

数值预报产品释用业务系统历史数据存储与检索

该文介绍了在国家气象中心中短期精细化数值预报产品释用业务系统中的历史数据存储结构的设计原理。基于该数据存储结构,依照用户的要求,可方便地选择区域大小,检索出某要素某段时间的数据,还可通过计算机编程实现国家级数值预报释用业务需求的历史数据处理和预报因子分析功能,表明新的历史数据存储结构简炼合理,灵活实用,能够极大地提高数值预报产品释用的工作效率。     

近44年来我国西北地区干湿特征分析

利用我国西北地区1960—2003年131个测站降水和小型蒸发皿蒸发量资料, 综合考虑降水和蒸发这两个水分平衡最关键的分量构造了降水蒸发均一化干湿指数, 进而研究了西北地区干湿的时空演变特征。结果表明:一致性异常是西北地区近44年干湿特征的最主要空间分布模态; 西北地区干湿异常特征主要分为西风带气候区型, 高原气候区型和季风气候区型; 整个西北地区及其西风带气候区、高原气候区年干湿特征呈较为显著的变湿趋势, 大约在20世纪70年代中期均发生了由干向湿的突变, 而季风气候区表现为变干趋势, 并且在90年代前期发生了由湿向干的突变; 整个西北地区及各分区近44年来主要以年代际周期振荡为主。     

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Trace Element Contents in Xanthoria Parietina Thalli Collected in a Highly Industrialized Area in Northern France as an Element for a Future Epidemiological Study

This work was made in Dunkirk, which is located on the French coast, in the north, near Belgium and Great Britain. The study concerned the industrial and urban surroundings of Dunkirk and Dunkirk itself. Objectives of our study is (1) to monitor spatial patterns and temporal trends (1995–2003) of trace element (As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) deposition and (2) to make a first evaluation of exposed population to highest metals concentrations. This work is the first step of future epidemiological investigation. In 1995, the high lead concentrations were due to industrial emissions and to traffic. Zinc and arsenic concentrations were also high and widespread in the entire studied zone, but higher near industrial area. Mercury concentrations were limited in the western part and clearly revealed the impact of waste incinerator. We did not find any significant difference between trace element contents in lichens between 1995 and 2003 except for mercury, which decreased. In 2003, the contamination by lead was more focused in the biggest metallurgical plant, which is now the predominant source for this element. The traffic impact decreased, but there was still lead remaining. For the other elements the highest concentrations were observed near the industrial zone. Highest contaminations concern 25–33% of the population, who live near industrial zone in districts where annual average incomes are the lowest. Those results confirm the needs for a further epidemiological study, which could take place in priority where population is the most exposed.     

增暖背景下新疆昼夜降水的变化特征

利用新疆地区89个台站1961~2005年昼、夜降水观测数据,分析了该地区昼夜降水过程的时空演变特征,目的是认识这个地区在年降水增加背景下昼夜间降水过程的变化特征及趋势。研究结果表明:(1)1961~2005年,多年平均的降水量为夜大于昼,且昼、夜降水量均呈显著增加趋势;夜降水量增长趋势大于昼降水量,昼、夜年降水量增长趋势分别占年总降水增长趋势的49%、51%,这种变化在南、北疆存在明显的区域差异。昼、夜降水量都存在由少到多的显著突变,但两者发生突变时间不同,昼降水量发生突变的时间为1986年,而夜降水量的突变点却发生在1991年。(2)昼降水日数小于夜降水日数,且昼、夜降水日数都呈显著增加趋势,昼降水日数增加趋势大于夜降水日数。昼、夜降水强度都呈显著增大趋势,夜降水强度及其增长趋势均大于昼降水强度。降水量增加的主要原因是由于降水日数的增多,降水强度对降水量影响较小。(3)昼、夜毛毛雨日数都呈显著减少趋势,昼毛毛雨日数及其减少趋势均大于夜毛毛雨日数。而强降水的日数和强度均呈现增加趋势;昼、夜强降水量和各自的总降水量有很好的相关,强降水量对总降水量的影响很大。引起这些昼、夜间降水变化特征差异的原因有待于进一步研究。     

IMPROVING THE EFFECT OF GREENING ON HEAT ISLAND IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ANALYSIS

Analyzing the thermal distribution on plane conditions objectively is difficult due to lack of enough meteorological observation stations within urban residential areas. In this paper satellite observations synchronous or quasi-synchronous with ground observations are adopted, and a teleconnection model is built between the satellite spectral and surface temperature for quantitative retrieval of temperature. Furthermore, by combining the satellite data with other multiple factors, a GIS comprehensive analysis model and a functional evaluation method for urban residential districts are established, which are used to study the relation between the air temperature and media characteristics on ground as well as the greening cooling effect in recent years in Shanghai. The results show that the air temperature in greened urban residential districts is generally lower than the average temperature and much less than the highest one. In general, the average air temperature in the greened area is at most 1.19℃ lower than the maximum temperature in the districts, which is 0.67℃ and 0.55℃ lower than that of the highest for buildings and roads respectively. The temperature is inversely proportional with greening fraction but is directly proportional with the ratio of roads and buildings. The higher the greening fraction in internal residential districts, the lower the temperature, and the higher the ratio of road and building is, the higher the temperature.     

水稻旱育抛秧生长发育的动态模拟模型

通过分期播种田间试验资料,建立水稻旱育抛秧生长发育的动态模拟模型,包括叶面积发展,光合作用,呼吸作用,干物质积累与分配等。重点探讨叶面积发展与温度的关系,光合作用简化算法,净光含量的求算,分配系数随发育期的变化等。     

天气和气候极端事件的变化及其与全球变暖的联系——纪念2002年世界气象日“减低对天气和气候极端事件的脆弱性”

2002年3月23日世界气象日的主题是“减低天气和气候极端事件的脆弱性”。针对这个主题,作者对以下四方面问题作了阐述：（1）天气与气候极端事件以及脆弱性的定义;（2）近百年来全球天气与气候极端事件的变化及其与全球气候变化的关系;（3）未来天气与气候极端事件及其影响的预测;（4）天气与气候极端事件的适应与减缓对策。由于篇幅有限,未介绍中国在这方面的研究。     

热带气旋相似和最大概率集成预报方法及其预报业务试用

利用建立在计算机系统的热带气旋历史资料,经反复试验提出了一套集热带气旋发生的日期相似、地理位置相似、路径相似和强度相似等相结合的挑选“最相似”热带气旋的方案;并利用所挑选的路径和强度“最相似”历史样本,分别对各预报时效的移动方向、移动速度和强度进行分级概率值统计,根据最大概率值选取相应的移向、移速和强度作为热带气旋路径和强度的预报。本方法已在计算机系统成功开发并投入业务试用,检验结果表明：本方法具有一定的预报能力,其输出的未来24、48、72小时的路径和强度预报对预报员有一定参考价值。     

一个简单的陆面过程模式

本模式为针对大气环流模式所发展的一个简单的陆面过程模式，它包含:（1）地表温度计算，（2）冠层叶面贮水量和土壤湿度计算，（3）陆面与大气之间的水分和能量交换。对于表面温度和含水量的计算，采用的是联立求解计算方案，即耦合计算。植被冠层叶面的辐射特性和冠层形态对冠层中的辐射交换的影响得到有效和尽可能简单的模拟。另外，植被的气孔阻抗、表面与大气之间的水热交换通量和土壤中的水热输导作了较为细致的描写。利用此模式开展了对两个不同覆盖类型的陆面过程的模拟，模拟和观测的表面通量、温度和湿度较为相近。