延边小西南岔金铜矿区早白垩世英云闪长岩的岩石成因

锆石U-Pb测年结果表明小西南岔富金铜矿床矿区内的英云闪长岩形成于(112±1)Ma。该英云闪长岩富Na2O和Al2O3,高Sr、LREE(轻稀土元素),低Y、Yb和HREE(重稀土元素)(如Sr=369~774μg/g,(La/Yb)CN=7.5~17.5),具有类似于埃达克质岩石的元素地球化学特征。在同位素组成上具中等放射成因Sr((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7044~0.7048)、Nd(εNd(t)=+0.5~+1.7)和Hf(εHf(t)=+5.4~+8.6,ΔεHf=2.3~4.2)同位素,高放射成因Pb((206Pb/204Pb)i=18.40~18.60;(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.56~18.60;(208Pb/204Pb)i=38.22~38.36)同位素的特点。结合区域构造背景以及古太平洋板块俯冲历史,笔者倾向认为该岩体可能是玄武质岩浆底侵下地壳部分熔融形成的,而非板片熔融形成的埃达克质岩浆,岩浆源区为石榴子石角闪岩相向角闪岩相过渡的岩石。该岩体侵位的晚古生代((257±3)Ma)镁铁质围岩的角闪石Ar-Ar坪年龄为(110.1±1.5)Ma,与英云闪长岩的侵位时间一致,暗示晚古生代镁铁质侵入岩经历的热液事件与英云闪长岩的侵位作用存在成因联系,区域金铜矿化可能为早白垩世岩浆热液作用下成矿物质富集而形成。     

西昆仑甜水海地区新近纪侵入岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

在甜水海地区北部发现一处新近纪浅成侵入岩岩体,对其进行岩石学特征、地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。结果显示岩体侵位时间为(8.09±0.16) Ma,形成时代为晚中新世。地球化学分析显示,岩石具有轻稀土元素富集,铕负异常,Th、La、Hf明显富集的特征。通过类比研究,其岩浆源可能来自中上地壳,形成于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞后青藏高原隆升的陆内构造演化过程,为地幔上拱、烘烤上地壳岩石使其局部熔融、上侵而成。     

东昆仑南缘布青山地区得力斯坦花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

布青山构造混杂岩带地处青藏高原东北缘,是东昆仑南缘一条重要的构造单元边界,带内构造岩浆活动强烈,早古生代—晚古生代中酸性侵入岩较发育。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年技术,对研究区内得力斯坦花岗闪长岩进行高精度的年代学测试,获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为414.3±1.8Ma,表明其侵位时间为晚志留世—早泥盆世。结合前人研究成果,认为得力斯坦花岗闪长岩是洋壳俯冲板块部分熔融的产物,暗示布青山地区原特提斯洋向北俯冲可能持续到晚志留世—早泥盆世,进而为研究东昆仑地区的地质构造演化提供新的约束。     

冀东下营坊金矿成矿年代学研究

冀东下营坊金矿地处华北地台北缘燕山造山带东段,是该区一个重要的岩浆期后热液型金矿。该金矿产于大铜山杂岩体及外接触带中,有三种矿化类型,即斑岩型、角砾岩型、矽卡岩型,构成了典型的斑岩型金矿成矿系统。为精确厘定下营坊金矿的成矿年代,更好的理解该矿与区内其他金矿的关系,本文采用锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年,获得赋矿斑岩(花岗斑岩)的结晶年龄为163.32±0.90Ma,切穿矿体的煌斑岩脉结晶年龄为159.0±1.5Ma,由此限定成矿年龄可能在163.32Ma~159.0Ma之间;而由辉钼矿获得的Re-Os同位素模式年龄为164.2±2.3Ma。在误差范围内,Re-Os同位素模式年龄与U-Pb同位素年龄是一致的,表明下营坊金矿成矿年龄为164.2±2.3Ma,属于中侏罗世岩浆热液事件。结合前人研究结果,认为下营坊金矿以及冀东中侏罗世金矿的成岩成矿构造背景与区内该时期的岩浆事件一样,可能受古太平洋板块俯冲的影响而处于挤压的构造环境。     

新疆阿尔泰造山带乌希里克地区奥陶纪岩浆活动及其地质意义

阿尔泰乌希里克地区位于阿尔泰造山带的核心部位,本文首次报导该地区出露的早古生代奥陶纪花岗质侵入岩和火山岩。年代学结果表明该地区原来划为中-上奥陶统哈巴河群中的英安岩时代为486±7Ma,斜长角闪岩的原岩时代为482±5Ma,属早奥陶世,而侵位于这套地层中的阿斯恰套岩体、杜洛埃岩体和哈拉尔次岩体的结晶年龄分别为461±2Ma、452±5Ma、455±3Ma,属中-晚奥陶世。这些岩体和围岩的时空关系表明乌希里克地区哈巴河群应属下奥陶统。现有资料表明哈巴河群时间跨度很大,应该通过详细工作将其解体。这些侵入岩和喷出岩均属钙碱性到高钾钙碱性系列,准铝质到过铝质,具有相似的右倾稀土配分模式,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba等,具弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。哈拉尔次岩体和英安岩富K贫Na,尔齐斯-斋桑洋向北俯冲作用的产物。     

阿尔泰造山带早古生代TTG侵入岩石组合的确定及构造意义

利用标准矿物分类系统进行TTG岩石组合鉴别,认为中阿尔泰地区存在早古生代中晚期(416～462 Ma)侵位的英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩组合(T1T2G1)及英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗岩组合(T1T2G2)。岩石具富镁、钙而贫碱特点,Rb,Th,La,Ce,Nd,Zr,Hf相对富集,Ba,Sr,P,Nb强烈亏损。(La/Yb)N比为4.61～5.69,轻稀土分馏程度较高,为板块碰撞前(俯冲期)花岗岩,并与外蒙古地区早古生代GG侵入岩浆构造带组合,构成指示洋壳俯冲方向的TTG-GG岩石组合岩浆带。     

辽东本溪关门山岩体的年代学、地球化学及构造背景

在辽东中部的本溪-宽甸一带发育有较大规模的中生代岩浆岩,关于这些岩体的形成时代、岩浆来源及构造背景的研究相对滞后.本溪关门山岩体由花岗斑岩和碱长花岗岩构成,对其进行了岩石学、岩石地球化学及年代学研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗斑岩侵位年龄为126.4±1.5 Ma,碱长花岗岩侵位年龄为125.7±1.7 Ma,形成于早白垩世.花岗斑岩和碱长花岗岩的主量元素具有富Si、K,贫Fe、Mg、Ca、Ti的特征,A/CNK=0.95~1.12;微量元素富集高场强元素K、Th、Rb,亏损Ba、Sr、Ti、P等;具有明显的负Eu异常,（La/Yb）_N=7.62~17.32,轻重稀土元素分异明显.上述特征表明关门山岩体属于A型花岗岩.结合地球化学特征,关门山岩体为非造山的伸展构造背景下的岩浆活动产物,其受控于古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的岩石圈减薄环境,是华北板块东部伸展地球动力学背景的具体体现.      

华北克拉通南缘蓝田和牧护关花岗岩体：LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

蓝田和牧护关花岗岩体位于华北克拉通南缘、东秦岭西北端,同时地处大兴安岭-太行山重力梯度带西侧,准确限定其侵位时代对于正确理解华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的时空分布特征及东、西秦岭中生代岩浆作用的时空分布均具有重要意义。蓝田岩体主要由巨斑状二长花岗岩和中细粒二长花岗岩组成,牧护关岩体主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和富黑云母花岗岩组成。对其中主体岩性的锆石LA—ICPMSU—Pb定年结果表明,蓝田和牧护关岩体的侵位时代分别为（154±1）Ma和（151±2）Ma,说明它们是燕山期（晚侏罗世-早白垩世）岩浆活动的产物。蓝田-牧护关岩体以西的西秦岭广大地区印支期岩浆岩分布广泛,但迄今为止尚未发现燕山期岩浆活动的证据,相反在蓝田一牧护关岩体以东的华北克拉通南缘和东秦岭地区,燕山期侵入岩十分发育。秦岭造山带中生代花岗岩类侵位时代的系统差异表明,东秦岭和西秦岭自晚侏罗世以后受不同的构造背景控制。一般认为,西秦岭印支期岩浆岩与扬子和华北板块的碰撞拼合有关,而东秦岭燕山期岩浆岩则与华北克拉通岩石圈减薄或太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲有关。因此,蓝田和牧护关岩体可能代表了滨太平洋构造一岩浆域和华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的西界。     

滇西哀牢山镇沅煌斑岩~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年代学和地球化学特征

滇西镇沅煌斑岩呈岩脉状产出于金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带南段。不同脉体的矿物组合特征相似,均为云煌岩。煌斑岩黑云母40Ar-39Ar坪年龄结果为35.69±0.40Ma和36.21±0.43Ma,与区域富碱斑岩年代一致。煌斑岩Si O2含量为43.26%~47.66%,K2O+Na2O含量为6.39%~8.22%,K2O/Na2O比值为3.68~5.55,属于碱性、高钾钙碱性系列。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K、Sr)和轻稀土元素(LREE);相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr)和重稀土元素(HREE);LREE/HREE为6.32~7.44,δEu为0.80~0.91;Nb/U值为1.15~2.18,接近俯冲带含水流体的Nb/U比值(Nb/U≈0.22)。La/Sm比值与La值具有弱的正相关趋势。岩石学和地球化学特征显示,哀牢山古特提斯洋壳俯冲交代作用形成的富集地幔,在新生代三江地区岩石圈地幔拆沉-软流圈上涌形成的伸展背景下经过部分熔融,上升侵位形成煌斑岩脉。     

浙江长乐绿溪花岗岩体U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究

浙东长乐地区岩浆岩受区域构造控制较明显,沿北东向余姚—丽水断裂带广泛分布。本文对绿溪正长花岗岩进行了U-Pb锆石年代学和岩石地球化学研究,发现该岩体具高硅、富碱且富钾的准铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性特征,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有较强的Eu负异常,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)P、Ti,轻微富集Th、La、Zr、Hf,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、K和轻稀土元素(LREE),相对亏损Sr、Ba,岩石成因为高分异I型花岗岩;岩体侵位年龄为127.6±1.5Ma,属浙东燕山期侵入活动集中的早白垩世中晚期产物,形成于同碰撞-后碰撞环境下,而其Sr、P、Ti等元素的亏损指示了其具有陆缘弧构造岩浆属性,反映其源岩为古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲作用的产物。     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Parents,permission, and possibility: Young women,college, and imagined futures in Gujarat,India

This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Entropy,materials, and posterity

Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.

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Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.

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Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.

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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians     

Models,validation, and applied geochemistry: Issues in science,communication, and philosophy

Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.     

Pools,riffles, and channelization

The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.