山东灵山岛青山群硅质岩的地球化学特征及地质意义

山东东部灵山岛地区发育一套火山碎屑岩、硅质岩、火山碎屑岩夹火山弹的特殊沉积层,为查明这套地层中硅质岩的形成原因及其大地构造背景,对硅质岩进行岩相学和地球化学分析。结果表明,研究区SiO2平均含量为70. 08%,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、δEu、Ba/Sr、Ni/Co及地球化学示踪投影指示其为热水成因;Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、MnO/TiO2、V/Cr、Ni/Co、Th/Sc、U/Th、δCe、(La/Ce)N表明其形成于大陆边缘环境;K2O/Na2O、Al2O3/TiO2、SiO2/Al2O3、SiO2/MgO、Ni/Co值暗示其形成与火山作用有关。研究区硅质岩应为热水成因,且形成过程中受到陆源物质和火山作用的双重影响,形成于大陆边缘裂谷沉积环境。     

银额盆地及邻区二叠系硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征及沉积环境

通过对研究区二叠系硅质岩岩石学特征、主量及稀土元素地球化学研究,探讨硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。结果表明,杭乌拉下二叠统埋汗哈达组硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.68~0.78之间,平均值为0.73,δCe值为0.89~0.94,平均值为0.90,二断井中二叠统菊石滩组Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.50~0.67之间,平均值为0.60,δCe值介于0.85~0.90之间,平均值为0.88,在Al-Fe-Mn三角图上,样品点落入生物成因硅质岩区,指示研究区硅质岩为海水生物沉积成因。杭乌拉下二叠统埋汗哈达组硅质岩Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.78~0.86,平均值为0.83,Mn O/Ti O2值为0.04~0.40,平均值为0.16,(La/Ce)N值为1.02~1.15,平均值为1.10,Ceanom值为-0.041~-0.001,平均值为-0.029,二断井中二叠统菊石滩组硅质岩Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.82~0.91,平均值为0.87,Mn O/Ti O2值为0.05~0.47,平均值为0.24,(La/Ce)N值为1.00~1.12,平均值为1.06,Ceanom值为-0.058~-0.033,平均值为-0.045。这些地球化学指标指示了研究区硅质岩沉积于大陆边缘缺氧的水体环境中。     

重庆石柱吴家坪组硅质岩地球化学特征

重庆石柱上二叠统吴家坪组硅质岩广泛发育。通过野外剖面的观察和硅质岩主量、稀土及同位素的分析,认为吴家坪组硅质岩为受到热水影响的生物成因。其化学成份以SiO2为主,质量分数为65.52%~97.76%,富集Fe,Mn等元素,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)平均值为0.38,但约一半样品的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值接近于纯生物成因的比值;REE总量平均值为38.55×10-6,δCe值为0.48~0.93,为中-弱负异常,δEu值为0.70~1.12,无明显的正负异常;δ30Si的值为0.7‰~1.4‰,更多地接近(或高于)现代放射虫的δ30Si;根据δ18O计算出硅质岩形成时古海水的温度为45℃~95℃。硅质岩的形成与火山活动和断裂有关,下渗的海水与岩浆热液混合,并被加温,溶解了大量SiO2等;然后以热泉形式通过断裂喷出,使附近海水中SiO2含量极大提高,促使放射虫和海绵等硅质生物大量繁殖,最终形成生物硅质岩沉淀下来。     

贵州遵义锰矿区“白泥塘层”硅质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

遵义锰矿区锰矿体底部发育一套碳泥质硅质岩建造,称为"白泥塘层",主要由微晶石英和隐晶质玉髓组成,常含少量的碳泥质、黄铁矿和碳酸盐矿物等。"白泥塘层"硅质岩与含锰建造呈连生关系,环绕含锰建造分布。本文通过对代表性的硅质岩样品主量和微量-稀土元素及氧同位素地球化学分析,发现其SiO2含量范围为95.00%⁹8.80%,均值为96.86%,表明其属于化学成分比较纯净的硅质岩;TFeO、MnO含量相对富集,Al2O3、TiO2含量相对亏损,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti和Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)的均值分别为83.80、93.90和0.21,与热水沉积物相似,表明其具有热水沉积特征;微量以富集As、Sb、Cd、U,而亏损Co、Ni、Ga为特征,其中U/Th平均比值为2.66,Ni/Co平均比值为1.58,表现出热水沉积岩的微量元素地球化学特征;稀土总量较低,均值为56.91×10-6,δ(Eu)=0.9198.80%,均值为96.86%,表明其属于化学成分比较纯净的硅质岩;TFeO、MnO含量相对富集,Al2O3、TiO2含量相对亏损,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti和Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)的均值分别为83.80、93.90和0.21,与热水沉积物相似,表明其具有热水沉积特征;微量以富集As、Sb、Cd、U,而亏损Co、Ni、Ga为特征,其中U/Th平均比值为2.66,Ni/Co平均比值为1.58,表现出热水沉积岩的微量元素地球化学特征;稀土总量较低,均值为56.91×10-6,δ(Eu)=0.91¹.42,Eu异常不显著,δ(Ce)=0.471.42,Eu异常不显著,δ(Ce)=0.47¹.03,大部分样品具有负Ce异常特征,稀土元素北美页岩标准化配分模式图略呈重稀土富集特征,与典型热水沉积硅质岩稀土元素配分模式相似;硅质岩δ18OSMOW值,与热泉硅华及生物成因硅质岩比较接近。综上,"白泥塘层"硅质岩可能属于热水沉积成因,在沉积的过程中混有非化学沉积物。     

川东茅口组硅质岩地球化学特征及成因

川东地区中二叠统茅口组硅质岩广泛分布。通过野外剖面的详细研究和硅质岩主量、稀土和同位素的分析,认为茅口组硅质岩为沉积于台盆相中的热水硅质岩,其化学成分以SiO2为主,含量为80.09%～97.91%,富集Fe、Mn等元素,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)平均值为0.30;REE总量平均值为8.72×10-6,δCe值为0.39～0.81,为负异常,δEu值为0.35～5.85,从Eu负异常到Eu正异常;δ30Si值为0.2‰～1.2‰,与热水来源石英较为接近;根据δ18O计算出硅质岩形成时古海水的温度为34～89℃。热水硅质岩的形成与火山活动和断裂有关,下渗的海水与岩浆热液混合,并被加温,溶解了大量SiO2等有关元素;然后以热泉形式通过断裂喷出,使附近海水中SiO2含量极大提高并沉淀。     

新疆达坂城西南一带奇尔古斯套组硅质岩地球化学特征及成因讨论

奇尔古斯套组硅质岩SiO2含量较高,Al2O3、TiO2含量变化较大,反映出较多的外来物质的加入;Si/ (Al+Fe+Mn)、Al/ (Al+ Fe+ Mn)、MnO/TiO2、Al2 O3/(Al2 O3+ Fe3 O2)值较高,反映其为生物化学成因,形成于大陆边缘环境;Fe2O3/TiO2对Al2O3/(Al2 O3+ Fe2O3)图解同样说明其形成于大陆边缘环境.REE较高,HREE富集不明显,北美页岩标准化后的稀土配分模式曲线较为平坦,向左倾斜不明显,(La/Ce)shale值较低,δCeshale值较高,无明显Ce负异常,反映奇尔古斯套组硅质岩属生物化学成因硅质岩,形成于大陆边缘环境; (La/Ce)shale对Al2 O3/(Al2 O3+Fe2 O3)图解亦说明其形成于大陆边缘环境.微量元素中Hf含量高,而Be、Li、Nb、Rb、Sr、Ta、Th、U、V、Zr含量低;Ba元素含量低;Co、Ni贫富相当,Co/Ni值较高,U/Th值低,说明奇尔古斯套组硅质岩属于正常的生物化学成因的硅质岩.     

甘肃北山红山铁矿区硅质岩地球化学特征及其成因意义

甘肃北山地区红山铁矿区硅质岩与铁矿体紧密伴生,且有些硅质岩本身就是铁矿石。常量元素分析表明:硅质岩普遍具有高Si、高Fe、低Al特征,K2O含量普遍高于Na2O,且Fe/Ti值为57.14～218.74,(Fe+Mn)/Ti值为57.54～224.16,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值为0.05～0.14,均符合热水沉积硅质岩的特征,但存在少量陆源物质介入。稀土微量元素分析表明:硅质岩大部分微量元素相对于克拉克值亏损,稀土元素总量低,经北美页岩标准化后,Ce异常明显或微明显,Eu呈现明显的正异常,重稀土相对轻稀土富集;δCe值为0.93～1.05,平均为0.99;La/Ce值为0.43～0.49,平均为0.44,更接近于大陆边缘硅质岩的特征。综合以上地球化学特征,硅质岩具有明显的热水沉积成因属性,同时有陆源组分的加入,进而得出红山铁矿为与热水沉积成因有关的铁矿床,当时形成环境为大陆边缘环境。     

贵州松桃道坨锰矿含锰岩系地球化学特征 和沉积环境分析

道坨锰矿床是贵州锰矿整装勘查过程中新发现的全隐伏超大型锰矿床,其含锰岩系赋存于南华系大塘坡组第一段底部黑色页岩中,呈层状、似层状、透镜状产出。对含锰岩系主量及微量元素地球化学特征分析:其V/(V+Ni)、V/(V+Cr)、V/Cr、Ce/La值,及U、V、Ni、Mo等氧化还原敏感元素的富集程度显示其形成于缺氧环境。含锰岩系富集As、Mo、Ag、Sb,及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Co/Zn值均显示热水沉积物特征,且在(Cu+Ni+Co)×10—Fe—Mn、Co/Zn—(Cu+Ni+Co)关系图解中,岩矿样品投影点均落在热水沉积区内,反映了热水作用对锰的富集和成矿影响甚重。此外,Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、Al/(Al+Fe)、Al/(A1+Fe+Mn)、(La/Ce)N值及(K2O+NaO2)—SiO2、La/Ce—Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)图解指示含锰岩系形成于被动大陆边缘背景。     

福建李坊重晶石矿床形成环境及矿床成因

为了解福建李坊重晶石矿床成因和成矿物质来源,对重晶石单矿物的主量元素、稀土元素、微量元素和硫同位素进行了研究,研究结果显示:重晶石单矿物表现出富Al、Si、Fe的特征;ΣREE总量较低,富集轻稀土元素;δEu呈正异常,δCe呈负异常;微量元素富集Ba、Rb、Nb、Th、P等元素,亏损K、Zr等元素;各个中段δ34S均值大于32.6‰,且直方图中只显示一个主峰。重晶石单矿物成因判别图解、ΣREE-La/Yb图解,分别指示了重晶石单矿物形成于热水沉积区,成矿物质来源于沉积岩区;Si O2/Al2O3、MnO/TFe2O3、U/Th等比值指示了弱碱性—碱性的氧化环境;(La/Ce)N、Al/(Al+Fe)等比值指示大陆边缘环境。研究表明,李坊重晶石矿床形成于大陆边缘构造环境的热水沉积成矿作用,其Ba主要来源于沉积岩区,S主要来源于寒武纪海水,并且有较多陆源物质的输入。     

且干布拉克早寒武世硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对西山布拉克组第一岩性段硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征研究,探讨其沉积环境和成因,推测其与库鲁克塔格早古生代地壳演化关系。研究区硅质岩夹泥质硅岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩的岩石组合,硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe)值(~0.6)、Ce/Ce*值(~0.57)、(La/Yb)n值(~0.66)等特征指示为欠补偿、缺氧的深水盆地沉积环境。其Fe/Ti值(~29.2),Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(~0.54),(Fe+Mn)/Ti值(~31.3),富集Ag,As,Sb,Ba元素等特征,表明该区硅质岩为热水和海水混合成因,形成过程中海水有较高的生产力。硅质岩∑REE在剖面底部为14.9×10-6,向上减小为8.6×10-6,至顶部增加到105.6×10-6,表明剖面底部到顶部热水活动强度呈减弱趋势。早寒武世硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征表明,硅质岩形成于裂陷槽盆地中,是上升洋流将海底热水物质带至沉积地点与海水发生不同程度混合的产物,为库鲁克塔格早寒武世早期处于拉张裂解环境提供了岩石学和地球化学证据。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the