地球化学工程学——为环境治理服务的地球化学新分支

地球化学工程学是地球化学的新分支学科,一经提出就由于富有哲理的科学思想、高效简单的技术、巨大的环境-经济-社会效益而受到地球化学家、环境学家、环保公司和政府部门的重视,并迅速进入NASDAQ市场。地球化学工程学的概念和应用包括稳定化、净化和适宜化,治理途径可归结为降解、中和、浓缩、稀释、隔离和固定等自然界常见的地球化学作用。许多看起来简单的地球化学过程在环境治理与管理中发挥了巨大作用。     

环境地球化学的新起点——非线性环境地球化学过程的研究

文章综述了我国环境地球化学发展的历程、环境地球化学在科学领域和环境科学中的位置以及学科的综合性和边缘性。作者系统阐述非线性环境地球化学出现的必然性,指出研究目标、内容和入门的途径,以及研究的方法和程序。从元索地球化学分布的静态数学模型到地质历史演化过程的动态数学模型,以及元素地球化学循环耦合作用模型,作者认为非线性是环境地球化学过程最本质的特征。     

城市环境地球化学研究综述

近年来地球科学越来越多地面向城市,城市环境受到人类活动的广泛影响,自然及人类活动引起的城市地球化学问题日益受到人们的重视。城市环境地球化学是应用地球化学的原理和方法研究城市生态环境问题,主要研究城市土壤、沉积物、尘埃、地表水、地下水、生物、空气等介质中化学元素及同位素的分布、演化、环境作用及健康效应,重点解决城市地球化学环境质量变化的原理及由此产生的生态环境效应及人体健康效应。城市环境地球化学的主要研究对象是传统工业城市、典型矿业城市及国际化的大都市。在城市地球化学概念出现之后短短的10余年时间内,很多国家开展了城市环境地球化学调查和研究工作,取得了重要的成果和进展,并发展成为环境地球化学与城市环境的重要方向,但仍存在着一定的问题,需要深入研究。目前,城市环境系统的地球化学填图、城市地球化学与环境污染研究、城市地球化学与生态风险研究、城市地球化学与人体健康研究、城市地球化学系统的调控与环境规划等领域是国际城市环境地球化学的热点和前沿。     

Environmental geochemistry in disaster response and planning

Large volumes of solid, gaseous, or liquid materials that are of potential concern from an environmental or public health perspective are commonly produced by natural or anthropogenic disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, urban fires, landslides, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, windstorms, industrial spills, and terrorist attacks. Geochemical processes play key roles in the environmental and health impacts of these materials. Yet, process-focused environmental geochemistry expertise and characterization methods are often underutilized in disaster response and planning. In part, the scientific studies needed for detailed process characterization are difficult to plan and implement while the events are still underway, and delayed responses can miss key transient processes and byproducts. Further, emergency responders are focused primarily on identifying the types, amounts, and health hazards of contaminants produced by the event, thus the responders do not have the time or the need to collect the full range of appropriate geological, geochemical, microbiological and other data necessary to understand the full range of physical and chemical processes that influence contamination from these extreme events. A thorough characterization and understanding of geochemical and environmental processes that occur during specific disasters can be used to better anticipate effects of and plan for similar future disasters. A broad spectrum of environmental geochemistry capabilities can be applied to help emergency response authorities and the public health community in their initial hazardous materials assessments immediately following disasters.     

Geochemical background in soils: a linear process domain? An example from Istria (Croatia)

Definition of geochemical background in exploration and environmental geochemistry has always been regarded as contingent upon scale and investigated locality but mostly under assumption that hosts of processes that produce the data more or less conform individually to Gaussian law of “central tendencies”. Recently, understanding of pedogenesis as synergetic process being characterized by non-linear dynamics renders thermodynamic approach directly applicable in assessment of geochemical thresholds, with concepts of linearity and normality set alongside in solving the problems of soil geochemistry. Seen from this perspective the work is an attempt to relate conceptual fundamentals of non-linear dynamical theory to basic statistical methods in order to elucidate the nature and origins of element subpopulations hidden in the original geochemical data from the soils of Istrian Peninsula (western Croatia). To this purpose the two major groups of soils were selected for analysis depending on the type of bedrock as one of the main soil-forming factors. Geochemical data were subjected to the trimming procedure by which the outliers were removed from the total data collective and attributed to non-linear causes precluding simple cause-and-effect relationships as the sine qua non of Gaussian distribution. Geochemical background is then defined as the normal range of data of the remaining (trimmed) dataset indicating the “thermodynamic branch” of the specific soil processes as opposed to outliers being described as dissipative structures.     

地球化学场时-空结构分析的方法体系

地球化学场可定义为地球化学变量在各种尺度的区域上的分布,地球化学场是各种地质地球化学作用的对象和空间载体。成矿作用及其他各类地球化学过程都可理解为地球化学场空间结构随时间的演化,即地球化学场的时－空结构。本文把地球化学场时－空结构分析厘定为一维时－空序列的分析,二维场空间结构分析,三维场空间结构分析和数值矿床模型,时－空结构的动力学分析等４部分内容,并讨论了各自的分析方法。     

The problem of defining geochemical baselines. A case study of selected elements and geological materials in Finland

Although the term ‘geochemical baseline’ appears in the international geochemical mapping programmes IGCP 259 and 360, it has never been well defined. Several considerations relevant to such a definition are discussed. A geochemical baseline for an element refers to its natural variations in concentration in the surficial environment. Geochemical baselines were studied in Finland by comparing results from regional geochemical mapping programmes based on samples of till, clay and organic stream sediment. The geochemical background changes regionally with the basic geology and locally with the type and genesis of the overburden. Baseline concentrations depend on sample material collected, grain size and extraction method. In Finland, concentrations of potentially harmful elements tend to be higher in fine-grained marine and lacustrine sediments than in glacial till. Concentrations are also systematically higher in the < 0.06 mm fraction than in the < 2 mm size fraction of till samples. Only small proportions of the total heavy metal concentrations in Finnish marine clays are bioavailable. Geochemical baselines are needed for environmental legislation and political decision-making, especially in the assessment of contaminated soil. In many areas of Finland, natural concentrations of several heavy metals exceed the guide or limit values designated for contaminated soils. Thus baselines must always be verified in any assessment of sites for contamination.     

地壳全元素探测——构建“化学地球”

地壳物质探测是地壳探测工程的重要组成部分。化学元素是地球物质组成的最基本单位,被称为地球的基因。矿产资源是由化学元素组成的,环境是受化学元素行为制约的,因此,对地壳中所有元素精确含量和分布的探测,对解决人类所面临的资源和环境问题具有重大意义。地壳全元素探测项目拟发展4种地球化学探测技术,包括地壳中所有天然元素的精确分析技术,中下地壳物质成分识别技术,穿透性地球化学探测技术,海量地球化学数据和图形显示技术。建立1个覆盖全国的地球化学基准网,系统采集代表性岩石样品10000件,疏松物样品6000件,按标准化的方法分析其主量元素和微量元素含量(包含78种元素),建立中国大陆地球化学基准值,为研究化学元素的分布、演化和成矿物质背景提供基准参考数据。进行总长度3300km的3条地球化学走廊带的实验与示范,采集各类代表性岩石样品5000件,进行元素和同位素测定,构建走廊带地壳地球化学模型、跨越不同大地构造单元的元素空间变化和大型矿集区成矿物质背景。为开展全国地壳探测工程奠定基础,并为最终建立"化学地球"进行技术准备和先导性实验。     

区域化探异常的地球化学勘查评价方法技术进展综述

区域地球化学异常筛选与评价之地球化学勘查方法技术一直是矿产勘查技术领域的一个热点问题。章回顾了近十几年来区域地球化学异常筛选的方法与思路以及评价异常的勘查地球化学方法的一些进展，并根据不同的覆盖条件和勘查地球化学技术应用条件，把它们分为厚覆盖区勘查地球化学方法技术、基岩区勘查地球化学技术和生物地球化学勘查技术加以评述，最后提出多种地学信息综合集成，尤其是信息科学技术，如地理信息系统、卫星定位系统和遥感技术等互相协作较准确的筛选异常，多学科结合的立体勘查地球化学方法是区域地球化学异常评价以预测隐伏矿床的主要趋势。     

Predictive geochemical mapping using environmental correlation

The distribution of chemical elements at and near the Earth's surface, the so-called critical zone, is complex and reflects the geochemistry and mineralogy of the original substrate modified by environmental factors that include physical, chemical and biological processes over time.Geochemical data typically is illustrated in the form of plan view maps or vertical cross-sections, where the composition of regolith, soil, bedrock or any other material is represented. These are primarily point observations that frequently are interpolated to produce rasters of element distributions. Here we propose the application of environmental or covariate regression modelling to predict and better understand the controls on major and trace element geochemistry within the regolith. Available environmental covariate datasets (raster or vector) representing factors influencing regolith or soil composition are intersected with the geochemical point data in a spatial statistical correlation model to develop a system of multiple linear correlations. The spatial resolution of the environmental covariates, which typically is much finer (e.g. ∼90 m pixel) than that of geochemical surveys (e.g. 1 sample per 10-10,000 km²), carries over to the predictions. Therefore the derived predictive models of element concentrations take the form of continuous geochemical landscape representations that are potentially much more informative than geostatistical interpolations.Environmental correlation is applied to the Sir Samuel 1:250,000 scale map sheet in Western Australia to produce distribution models of individual elements describing the geochemical composition of the regolith and exposed bedrock. As an example we model the distribution of two elements – chromium and sodium. We show that the environmental correlation approach generates high resolution predictive maps that are statistically more accurate and effective than ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting interpolation methods. Furthermore, insights can be gained into the landscape processes controlling element concentration, distribution and mobility from analysis of the covariates used in the model. This modelling approach can be extended to groups of elements (indices), element ratios, isotopes or mineralogy over a range of scales and in a variety of environments.     

全球地球化学基准:了解过去,预测未来

要认识地球的演化和全球变化,就必须有一致性的全球尺度地球化学基准或基线作为参照标尺。文中阐述了地球化学基准概念、建立方法和应用实例。地球化学基准是指系统记录元素及其化合物在地球表层的含量和空间分布,作为了解过去地球化学演化和预测未来地球化学变化的定量参照标尺。要建立全球地球化学基准,首先必须建立一个覆盖全球的地球化学基准网,在中国以1∶20万图幅为基准网格单元,在全国系统采集有代表性岩石组合样品约10 000件,疏松沉积物样品约6 000件,精确分析涵盖元素周期表上除惰性气体以外几乎所有元素的含量,制作化学元素时空分布基准地球化学图,提供衡量中国大陆化学元素演化和未来变化的标尺。以不同时代岩石代表性样品建立原生岩石圈地球化学基准,作为了解过去地球化学演化参照标尺,如云南禄丰龙产地楚雄—兰坪盆地白垩系-古近系界面(K-T界面)的凝灰质灰岩和凝灰质泥岩中发现Ir的含量为0.25～0.8ng/g,是白垩系和古近系地层基准含量的10～20倍。以疏松沉积物样品建立次生土壤圈地球化学基准,用于作为预测未来变化的参照标尺,如CaO含量分布与气候和酸雨分布有关,CaO在南方酸雨作用下淋失贫化,在西北碱性条件下富集。在过去15年里,由于酸雨的持续作用,CaO平均含量下降了22.6%,CaO含量<1%的分布面积扩大了23.0%。同时,这种原生和次生地球化学基准的建立,提供了具有时间和空间分布的成矿物质背景,对矿产资源评价和预测具有重要意义。     

Some problems, strategical and tactical, in international geochemical mapping

The International Geochemical Mapping (IGM) Project (IGCP 259) is the inevitable outcome of the historical development of geochemical exploration from local to regional and then to national scales. For the successful implementation of this project, its long-term and short-term aims should be clarified and many strategical and tactical problems have to be solved. In this paper, the author lays special emphasis on two problems: (1) obtaining geochemical data for this project that are more informative for mineral exploration, basic geology and environmental study; and (2) methods for rendering the data globally comparable. The experiences of China's Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance (RGNR) Project in dealing with these two critical problems are discussed.     

Environmental geochemistry of calcium isotopes： Applications of a new stable isotope approach

1IntroductionIn nature, calcium has six naturally occurring sta-ble isotopes with atomic mass units (amu) and the a-bundances of40Ca (96.941%),42Ca (0.647%),43Ca (0.135%),44Ca (2.086%),46Ca (0.004%)and48Ca (0.187%) are presented in this paper.These analyt…     

地球化学动力学研究现状与趋势

地球化学动力学是地球化学的一个重要分支学科,现在已经成为研究地球化学过程演化发展的必然途径之一。全面总结了国内外地球化学动力学形成发展与研究现状,并指出了地球化学动力学（特别是成矿作用动力学）的某些发展趋势。     

中国西北地区的干旱与旱灾——变化趋势与对策

地质灾害是地质环境极端恶化的一种表象。通过简要回顾中国的环境地质工作与存在问题,初步架构了山地区域工程地质环境质量评价—功能区划—工程容量评价—地质灾害风险管理等四阶段递进的研究框架。地质环境质量主要研究地质环境自身的工程属性。功能区划是基于地质环境质量研究提出地质环境的最佳土地开发利用方式或工程类型。针对地质环境与工程建设的相互作用特点,容量研究具体给出某一地质环境功能区对工程规模、数量、作用强度与持续时间的响应能力或包容能力。风险评估主要研究工程建设与运营过程中遭遇地质灾害风险的概率、可接受性和减灾对策。     

地球化学工程学——21世纪的环保产业

地球化学工程学是一门新兴学科。它的基本特点是:以系统论为指导,把环境问题及其治理与保护放在天然地球化学系统中来考虑;依据地球化学的原理和规律,充分利用废弃物和被废弃天然物料的特性,开发废物利用工艺;工艺设计与自然条件和天然地球化学作用相结合,尽力降低成本、提高效益。地球化学工程学在产业化方向上的完善和推广,需要得到政府和产业界的认知和大力支持。     

Building a scientific and ecological earth–on an important field of geo-science: Geo-environment and construction engineering effect

This paper explores the 12 aspects of geo-environment and construction engineering, including the earth evolution, the structure of geological bodies, the comprehensive utilization of resources, the geo-environmental effect, the engineering construction, the sustainable development and, etc. This paper presents that the good environment could only be created through the conservation and efficient utilization of resources, the joint efforts of disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as the avoidance of adverse environmental effect caused by human activities. This paper concludes that, to build a scientific and ecological earth, the development laws of geo-science must be learnt.     

Evolution of coastal sandy aquifer system in Kalpitiya peninsula,Sri Lanka: sedimentological and geochemical approach

The study on the evolution of groundwater sources has arisen because of growing concern about deterioration of groundwater resources due to overexploitation. The chemical nature of a coastal aquifer depends on the initial composition of aquifer media, internal geochemical processes and external chemical inputs. Therefore, geochemical characteristics of an aquifer can be used as indicative components on elaborating the origin of aquifer media and its evolutionary processes. This study was aimed at understanding the evolution of Quaternary coastal aquifers of the Kalpitya area, Sri Lanka, by studying groundwater quality and aquifer media. The textural, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of aquifer media and chemical nature of groundwater of the area imply that the aquifer media may not have been derived from marine processes and paleo coastal formations of the western coast but are indicative of a fluvial origin due to past strong fluvial processes. Fluviatile sand depositions had taken place initially and with the gradual sea level rise, deposits were transported, sorted and then re-deposited to form barrier islands parallel to the coast. These have evolved to the present state during the Quaternary period. Intermittent climatic changes caused several changes in the depositional pattern of the aquifer material and the chemical nature of the aquifer. Present day groundwater geochemistry indicates an evolution of a fresh water aquifer with relics of ionic constituents showing paleo geochemical processes that were active during the evolution. In addition, anthropogenic activities have also significantly altered the geochemical nature of groundwater in the present aquifer system.     

安徽省江淮流域土壤地球化学基准值与背景值研究

基于安徽省江淮流域多目标区域地球化学调查数据资料,统计获得了表层和深层土壤地球化学基准值、背景值及相应的地球化学参数,为研究区生态环境评价及相关学科研究提供了基础。研究表明,成土母质类型对土壤元素地球化学基准值影响显著,表层土壤化学组成表现出既对深层土壤具有一定的继承性,又在表生作用下发生某些变化:表层土壤中迁移活动性强的元素和人为扰动污染的元素明显不同于深层土壤;随着地理空间位置的变化,同类成土母质形成环境、成因来源的差异导致其化学组成的空间变异,造成不同地区同类成土母质地球化学基准值有所不同。因此,土壤地球化学基准值研究应更多地考虑地质背景、物质来源等因素的影响。     

Groundwater Recharge and Mixing in Arid and Semiarid Regions: Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

A sound understanding of groundwater recharged from various sources occurring at different time scales is crucial for water management in arid and semi-arid river basins. Groundwater recharge sources and their geochemical evolution are investigated for the Heihe River Basin(HRB) in northwest China on the basis of a comprehensive compilation of geochemical and isotopic data. Geochemical massbalance modeling indicates that mountain-block recharge accounts for a small fraction(generally less than 5%) of the shallow and deep groundwater sustaining the oasis, whereas infiltration of rivers and irrigation water contribute most of the groundwater recharge. Dedolomitization is the primary process responsible for the changes in groundwater chemical and carbon isotope compositions from the piedmont to the groundwater discharge zone, where the dedolomitization is very likely enhanced by modern agricultural activities affecting the shallow groundwater quality. Analysis of radioactive isotopes suggests that these primary recharge sources occur at two different time scales. Radiocarbon-derived groundwater age profiles indicate a recharge rate of approximately 12 mm/year, which probably occurred during 2000–7000 years B.P., corresponding to the mid-Holocene humid period. The recharge of young groundwater on the tritium-dated time scale is much higher, about 360 mm/year in the oasis region. Infiltration from irrigation canals and irrigation return flow are the primary contributors to the increased young groundwater recharge. This study suggests that groundwater chemistry in the HRB has been influenced by the complex interaction between natural and human-induced geochemical processes and that anthropogenic effects have played a more significant role in terms of both groundwater quantity and quality.