高反射率地区气溶胶光学厚度遥感反演:现状及展望

气溶胶在地球大气辐射收支平衡和全球气候变化中扮演着重要的角色。利用卫星数据反 演水体、浓密植被等暗背景上空的气溶胶光学厚度已经达到了较高的精度, 而对于干旱、半干旱 以及城市等高反射率地区, 气溶胶光学厚度反演仍面临严峻挑战。高反射率地区气溶胶光学厚度 反演的困难主要是地表反射率的确定精度较低; 气溶胶的指示作用随着地表反射率的升高而降 低。为精确反演高反射率地区的气溶胶光学厚度, 国内外开展了大量的研究工作。本文介绍了对 比算法、高反差地表法等几种主要的反演方法, 介绍了这些方法的理论基础, 指出了它们的优势 与不足, 并分析了高反射率地区气溶胶光学厚度反演的发展前景。     

基于MODIS高分辨率气溶胶反演的ETM+影像大气校正

针对陆地遥感影像,提出一种利用MODIS遥感数据反演高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)进行大气效应校正的方法.采用地基和MODIS卫星遥感结合的方法确定气溶胶模型,通过暗目标法确定地表反射率,反演得到1 km高分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度分布.将反演的气溶胶与地面太阳光度计观测值进行对比验证发现,其相对误差小于10%,反演精度很高.将得到的气溶胶参数带入辐射传输模型中,对当天同地区的Landsat ETM+数据进行大气校正试验,结果表明,该方法反演得到的气溶胶参数可以对遥感图像进行有效的大气效应校正.与试验区同步观测地表反射率对比发现,经过大气校正后的ETM+光谱明显比校正前更接近真实地表光谱,从而更有助于地物真实光谱信息的提取及其识别研究.     

中国西北干旱半干旱区气溶胶分类及特征

基于2013—2015年CALIPSO星载激光雷达的Level 2数据集资料,对中国西北干旱半干旱区的气溶胶进行了分类研究,并对不同种类气溶胶在不同光学厚度下的年均发生频率做以分析。结果表明：沙尘气溶胶整体随气溶胶光学厚度值增大呈下降趋势;而污染沙尘型气溶胶在6类型气溶胶出现频率最高;大陆污染型气溶胶频率集中在[0.1,0.35],随气溶胶光学厚度值的增大频率呈升高趋势;烟尘型气溶胶频率集中在[0.2,0.4],在不同气溶胶光学厚度值情况下,频率较大陆污染型气溶胶高,随气溶胶光学厚度值的增大频率呈上升趋势;从四季来看,秋季和冬季当气溶胶光学厚度值大于0.1时,大陆污染型气溶胶频率明显高于沙尘气溶胶。春季,河西地区的气溶胶光学厚度高于其他三季,而在研究区域的南部和东南部,秋、冬季的气溶胶光学厚度值高于春、夏季。气溶胶光学厚度秋季 > 春季 > 夏季 > 冬季。     

近沙尘源区气溶胶光学特性的季节变化及其统计学描述

利用天空辐射计测定了敦煌地区1999年1月至2001年3月期间太阳直接辐射和散射辐射,采用“SKYRAD”反演模式同时反演了敦煌地区气溶胶光学厚度、体积尺度分布和折射指数实部,分析了其季节变化及统计学特性。结果表明,光学厚度存在明显季节变化,大致从12月开始存在明显的上升,3月或4月达到最大值,5—8月光学厚度逐渐减小,9—10月又有所上升,11月达到最小值,而波长指数的变化与光学厚度的变化基本相反;敦煌地区气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数的概率分布与其季节变化具有很好的相关性,并近似满足对数正态分布和正态分布;4个季节的气溶胶波长指数与光学厚度表现出一种相似的关系,并可以简单地利用一个指数函数加以描述;气溶胶尺度分布表现出双峰型结构,一种是位于半径0.25 μm附近的积聚态,另一种是半径7.7 μm左右的粗模态,且春季积聚态与粗模态之间存在着一个假模态;折射指数实部春季明显升高,对波长的敏感性较低,且4个季节的概率分布最大值均处在1.54～1.56范围内;两种情况下对实部值的概率分布进行拟合,发现其概率分布同样可以利用高斯模型加以描述,但是两种情况下春季与其他季节明显不同。     

气溶胶光学厚度的分布特征及其与沙尘天气的关系

 利用MODIS卫星遥感光学厚度资料，分析了中国大气气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征，并与同期沙尘天气进行了对比和相关分析，结果表明：①中国主要内陆地区的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Thickness，简称AOT)分布有4个高值区：①分别位于南疆盆地和青海\,甘肃、内蒙古中西部地区、四川盆地和长江黄河下游地区。②春季北方特别是西北的AOT值明显高于南方，冬季南北AOT值差别不大。③南疆盆地和内蒙古中东部地区AOT值随季节变化明显，而四川盆地、长江黄河下游地区AOT值没有明显的季节变化。④南疆盆地、青海、内蒙古等地区沙尘天气过程与AOT值同步变化。⑤在沙尘天气的多发区，气溶胶光学厚度与沙尘天气有较好的相关性；沙尘天气的少发区，气溶胶光学厚度与沙尘天气基本不相关。因此可以推断，中国北方，特别是干旱荒漠区，大气气溶胶主要来自沙尘天气过程引起的地面沙尘释放。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠中心的沙尘气溶胶观测研究

沙尘气溶胶严重影响中国北方的空气质量,作为一种重要气溶胶并影响区域的辐射平衡。塔克拉玛干沙漠每年释放大量的沙尘气溶胶,而位于塔克拉玛干沙漠中心的塔中站,提供了对沙尘气溶胶的近距离观测。利用该站地面太阳光度计的观测数据分析了沙尘气溶胶的年变化特征,并分析了该站光学厚度、能见度、大气飘尘质量浓度（PM10）和大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度（TSP）之间的相关性。结果显示,气溶胶的440 nm光学厚度在春季最高、秋季最小,440 nm光学厚度与能见度呈现负幂函数关系,TSP与PM10呈现线形相关关系,PM10与能见度呈现负幂函数关系。     

基于FY4A AGRI数据的气溶胶光学厚度反演研究

通过遥感技术反演气溶胶光学厚度,对于全面、动态监测大气污染时空变化具有科学价值和实践意义。基于我国新一代静止气象卫星FY4A获取的2018年4-10月AGRI蓝光波段数据,以京津冀地区为研究区,在交叉辐射定标基础上,利用深蓝算法开展气溶胶光学厚度反演研究,并将反演结果与相近时刻的MODIS气溶胶产品进行对比分析。结果表明:FY4AAGRI蓝光波段反演的气溶胶光学厚度与MODIS产品在空间分布上具有较好的一致性,且AGRI图像反演结果能够更好地反映气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布细节,其中AGRI传感器蓝光波段辐射定标精度、与MODIS成像时刻角度差异、地表反射率准确性等是影响AGRI气溶胶光学厚度反演精度的主要因素。     

2003—2019年新疆气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征

基于2003—2019年MODIS Aqua Aerosol L2反演的新疆大气气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol opt?ical depth,AOD)产品,选取中国气象局大气气溶胶光学特性观测网(Chinese aerosol optical property network,CAOPNET)乌鲁木齐地面观测站点CE-...     

粤港澳大湾区气溶胶对白天城市热岛强度的影响

以粤港澳大湾区为例,利用卫星遥感资料结合大气化学模式模拟,分析2003―2018年城市热岛强度、气溶胶光学厚度的变化规律,定性和定量研究气溶胶对白天城市热岛强度的影响。结果表明：2003―2018年粤港澳大湾区城市热岛强度呈波动上升趋势,夏季热岛强度最大,冬季热岛强度最小;气溶胶光学厚度呈波动下降趋势,春季气溶胶光学厚度最大,冬季气溶胶光学厚度最小。在年际和季节尺度,城市热岛强度与城区、郊区气溶胶光学厚度之差均呈弱的正相关。基于WRF-Chem的模拟实验表明,气溶胶的存在导致城区、郊区地表向下总辐射减少、地表温度降低,且城区地表向下总辐射减少多于郊区、降温幅度大于郊区,进而导致了热岛强度减弱。气溶胶对城市热岛强度的贡献率为?2.187%,冬季贡献率绝对值略高于夏季。     

沙尘天气中气溶胶光学特性的时空分布特征

选取内蒙古境内额济纳旗、乌拉特中旗、东胜、朱日和、锡林浩特5个站的几次沙尘天气过程和晴朗天气下CE-318太阳光度计资料,计算出大气气溶胶光学厚度,结合气象资料分析在沙尘天气发生过程中气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征。分析结果显示,在沙尘天气发生过程中,气溶胶光学厚度是一个相当敏感的变量,其随沙尘的发生、发展和消亡表现出明显不同的日变化特征,且光学厚度值随着沙尘天气的发生和发展,在其空间分布变化上与沙尘天气本身的空间分布变化具有很好的一致性,可以很好的反映沙尘输送过程。此外气溶胶光学厚度与大气稳定度也有一致的日变化趋势。因此,对于大气气溶胶光学厚度的监测可以为沙尘天气的预报提供较为准确的客观依据。     

Quality of the Log-Geometric Distribution Extrapolation for Smaller Undiscovered Oil and Gas Pool Size

The U.S. Geological Survey procedure for the estimation of the general form of the parent distribution requires that the parameters of the log-geometric distribution be calculated and analyzed for the sensitivity of these parameters to different conditions. In this study, we derive the shape factor of a log-geometric distribution from the ratio of frequencies between adjacent bins. The shape factor has a log straight-line relationship with the ratio of frequencies. Additionally, the calculation equations of a ratio of the mean size to the lower size-class boundary are deduced. For a specific log-geometric distribution, we find that the ratio of the mean size to the lower size-class boundary is the same. We apply our analysis to simulations based on oil and gas pool distributions from four petroleum systems of Alberta, Canada and four generated distributions. Each petroleum system in Alberta has a different shape factor. Generally, the shape factors in the four petroleum systems stabilize with the increase of discovered pool numbers. For a log-geometric distribution, the shape factor becomes stable when discovered pool numbers exceed 50 and the shape factor is influenced by the exploration efficiency when the exploration efficiency is less than 1. The simulation results show that calculated shape factors increase with those of the parent distributions, and undiscovered oil and gas resources estimated through the log-geometric distribution extrapolation are smaller than the actual values.     

Mean slope-angle frequency distribution and size frequency distribution of landslide masses in Higashikubiki area, Japan

Landslide mass size frequency distributions and mean slope-angle frequency distributions were calculated for slump, slide, and creep type landslides in the Higashikubiki area. Mean slope-angle frequency distributions closely approximated Weibull distributions. Size frequency distributions show power-law dependencies. Both can be explained by modeling landslides as linked uniform blocks in tensile force. Power coefficients for size frequency distributions were 2.01–2.32 (approximation to power functions) or 2.10–2.24 (approximation to Pareto distributions).     

Size distribution of urban blocks in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region: estimation by urban block density and road width on the basis of normative plane tessellation

The size distribution of urban blocks is important for the characterisation of urban block patterns and is known to follow several parametric statistical distributions. However, it has not previously been analysed on the basis of a normative plane tessellation and in terms of urban block density and mean road width. In this article, we formulate the size distribution of Voronoi cells using the gamma distribution estimated by urban block density and mean road width. We found that (1) both log-normal and gamma distributions can be good candidates for the size distribution of urban blocks at the scale of a region that consists of regular urban blocks and that has a uniform road width; and (2) the size distribution of urban blocks depends on the balance between pattern and width improvement effects. Based on one study region in Tokyo, if the pattern improvement effect is more prominent than the width improvement effect, the mode of urban block sizes tends to be larger than if it is not. These findings are expected to provide scientific support for urban planning (e.g. land readjustment projects).     

库姆塔格沙漠沉积物粒度端元特征及其物源启示

关于沙漠沉积物粒度的研究已经开展得十分广泛,但是从粒度资料中提取沙漠沉积物的搬运和物源信息的工作仍较薄弱。为此,将端元模型分析技术应用到沙漠沉积物物源判断研究中,对库姆塔格沙漠的沉积物(包括沙丘和丘间地)进行粒度端元提取,并结合各端元的沉积动力特征、空间分布格局及与潜在物源的对比,对沙漠的物质来源进行了判断。结果表明:端元1(66.90~309.52 μm)为由三垄沙、雅丹和阿尔金山冲洪积物共同组成的细粒跃移质;端元2(163.48~586.00 μm)为全由三垄沙和雅丹贡献的较粗跃移质;端元3(309.52~2 711.36 μm和66.90~143.90 μm)则为被后期改造了的阿尔金山冲洪积物。通过各端元的空间分布格局和与潜在物源沉积物端元的对比,我们认为三垄沙、雅丹和阿尔金山冲洪积物均为库姆塔格沙漠沙丘和丘间地提供了物源供应,但北部的三垄沙和雅丹对沙丘贡献较多,而南部的阿尔金山冲洪积物则对丘间地贡献较多。另外,通过对端元1的分析,我们更倾向于认为在库姆塔格沙漠沉积物的部分粒级和局部地区存在丘间地为沙丘提供物源这一过程。     

The coast evolution and regulation in Wanquan River Estuary, Hainan Island

In this paper, sediment samples were collected along the Wanquan beaches and sieved in the laboratory in order to obtain the grain size distributions and associated parameters, i.e. mean grain size, sorting coefficient and skewness. Furthermore, we have calculated the longshore drift sediment transport rates and equilibrium cross-sectional areas of the entrance channel by using the method of sedimentary dynamics. The results indicate that the longshore drift sediment transport is dominated by waves with a direction from south to north, which result in rapid changes of the entrance channel. Therefore, some suggestions were proposed for improving the water quality and restoring the ecosystem of estuary. The engineering method includes increasing the sea-route of entrance channel, tidal prism and water exchanges in Shamei Lagoon.     

海南岛万泉河口海岸动态及其整治对策

In this paper, sediment samples were collected along the Wanquan beaches and sieved in the laboratory in order to obtain the grain size distributions and associated parameters, i.e. mean grain size,sorting coefficient and skewness. Furthermore, we have calculated the longshore drift sediment transport rates and equilibrium cross-sectional areas of the entrance channel by using the method of sedimentary dynamics. The results indicate that the longshore drift sediment transport is dominated by waves with a direction from south to north, which result in rapid changes of the entrance channel.Therefore, some suggestions were proposed for improving the water quality and restoring the ecosystem of estuary. The engineering method includes increasing the sea-route of entrance channel,tidal prism and water exchanges in Shamei Lagoon.     

兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度特征比较

选择兰州市典型沙尘天气和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其进行粒度测定。结果表明：两种类型降尘粒度特征差别明显。总体上看沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘都以粉砂为主,但沙尘天气降尘粒度比非沙尘天气降尘偏粗,分选更差。非沙尘天气降尘粒度频率曲线呈双峰态分布。而沙尘天气降尘则呈单峰正偏态分布特征,说明沙尘天气沉降物来源比较单一。沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度分布曲线与兰州黄土的十分相似,说明现代降尘是地质时代风尘活动的继续,现代风积作用仍在进行。而它们粒度参数之间的差异可能与降尘堆积物的粘土化过程有关。     

Lichenometric dating of Little Ice Age glacier moraines using explicit demographic models of lichen colonization,growth, and survival

Contemporary variants of the lichenometric dating technique depend upon statistical correlations between surface age and maximum lichen sizes, rather than an understanding of lichen biology. To date three terminal moraines of an Alaskan glacier, we used a new lichenometric technique in which surfaces are dated by comparing lichen population distributions with the predictions of ecological demography models with explicit rules for the biological processes that govern lichen populations: colonization, growth, and survival. These rules were inferred from size–frequency distributions of lichens on calibration surfaces, but could be taken directly from biological studies. Working with two lichen taxa, we used multinomial‐based likelihood functions to compare model predictions with measured lichen populations, using only the thalli in the largest 25% of the size distribution. Joint likelihoods that combine the results of both species estimated moraine ages of ad 1938, 1917, and 1816. Ages predicted by Rhizocarpon alone were older than those of P. pubescens. Predicted ages are geologically plausible, and reveal glacier terminus retreat after a Little Ice Age maximum advance around ad 1816, with accelerated retreat starting in the early to mid twentieth century. Importantly, our technique permits calculation of prediction and model uncertainty. We attribute large confidence intervals for some dates to the use of the biologically variable Rhizocarpon subgenus, small sample sizes, and high inferred lichen mortality. We also suggest the need for improvement in demographic models. A primary advantage of our technique is that a process‐based approach to lichenometry will allow direct incorporation of ongoing advances in lichen biology.