利用黄钾铁矾类矿物形成过程预处理高浓度含硫废水

利用黄钾铁矾类矿物形成过程对某高浓度工业含硫废水进行预处理,除去一定量的SO42-,使溶液中低价态的硫继续转化成SO42-,再进行氧化处理。采取二次沉淀除去溶液中更多的SO42-,大大降低了该水样的COD值。通过实验得出沉淀的最佳工艺条件为pH值为2.50～3.20,氯化铁晶体(FeCl3.6H2O)最佳投入量为50g/L。经过两次黄钾铁矾类矿物沉淀过程,该废水COD的去除率达到85.29%,结合H2O2的氧化处理,COD去除率可达96%。为高浓度含硫废水进入生化处理前的预处理提供了实验依据。     

层柱粘土及其在催化反应中的应用

层柱粘土是一类新型催化剂材料。它是微孔的固体，结构类似二维分子筛，分布有适合于很多有机反应所需要的催化剂酸性和孔，其层间距大于沸石分子筛的孔径，有利于较大反应物分子的反应，在层柱粘土催化剂作用下，一些催化反应显示出择形选择性。本论述了层柱粘土在有机反应中的应用及其一些示例。规则间层结构的粘土矿物兼有云母的稳定性和膨润土的可膨胀性，是制备稳定性好的层柱粘土的原材料。手性试剂改性的钛层柱粘土可用于不对称氧化反应，为高选择性的新型层柱粘土催化剂的研制提供了有意义的启示。     

Zn-粘土催化剂对染料废水的O3氧化降解性能的影响

对于生物难降解性有机染料废水,用矿物催化剂进行复合催化氧化获 得了比较理想 的实验处理效果。以粘土为载体加载金属锌氧化物制成的可重复使用的固体催化剂,对人工模拟的染料废水进行复合催化臭氧氧化实验,获得了满意的效果。该法进一步提高了臭氧的降解效果,降低了处理成本。     

固体酸SO42-/TiO2-SnO2-ZnO光催化降解苯酚废水

采用共沉淀-湿法研磨-焙烧法制备 SO42-/TiO2-SnO2-ZnO(简写 STSZ)型固体酸催化剂,通过X射线衍射光谱、吡啶-红外光谱和扫描电镜对固体酸催化剂进行表征;以紫外灯为光源,研究催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间以及催化剂回收利用等因素对苯酚降解的影响。结果表明在苯酚浓度为20 mg/L时,催化剂加入量6 g/L,20 W 紫外灯光距10 cm,废水温度40℃下搅拌反应3 h后,苯酚降解率可达到79.3%;催化剂重复使用6次后效果降低约10.6%,催化剂再生后活性与新鲜催化剂相当。     

无机改性膨润土防渗层性能研究

通过实验室实验确定2mol/L氯化镁、0.5mol/L硫酸和450℃高温为天然钠基膨润土盐改性、酸改性和高温改性的最佳条件。采用上述3种无机改性方式填装防渗层,就其对垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物去除的有效性和控制垃圾渗滤液渗透的可行性进行研究。实验结果显示:3种无机改性膨润土的吸附能力和容量有所提高;渗透系数可达到1×10-7cm/s以下,可以作为"反应型"防渗层材料;在相同渗透量下,高温改性膨润土对垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物的去除效果最好,其次是酸改性膨润土,盐改性膨润土最差。     

甘肃平凉钙基膨润土的有机改性与表征

针对甘肃平凉产钙基天然膨润土进行不同钠化试剂、反应时间,反应介质、温度等条件的钠化工艺研究,得出最佳钠化合成工艺,并制得十六烷基氯化吡啶(CPC)改性膨润土.研究该有机改性膨润土红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析及分散性结果表明,插层剂CPC已进入膨润土的片层同.使有机改性膨润土的层间距由1.04 nm增加到2.11nm,热失重率达17%,新型有机改性膨润土在有机介质中表现出很好的分散性.     

混凝-催化氧化处理含油污水实验研究

采用复合化学混凝及催化氧化联合工艺对油田生产废水进行了实验研究.结果表明:含油废水经混凝处理后,剩余ρ(CODcr )可以达到300 mg/L左右,剩余悬浮物质量浓度小于10mg/L;再经活性炭载Cu、Pd催化剂的深度处理,含油污水中的ρ(CODcr )值由315 mg/L降至50 mg/L以下,达到了国家的相关排放标准.催化剂可以再生重复使用.     

无水硫酸铜催化酯化反应性能的研究

研究了无水硫酸铜为催化剂催化合成乙酸异戊酯的方法和条件,并在最佳条件下,以无水硫酸铜为催化剂催化合成了乙酸异戊酯、乙酸乙酯和乙酸丙酯等八种酯,比较了无水硫酸铜对低级脂肪酸的芳香酸酯化反应的催化效果。     

华北克拉通南缘嵩箕地区喀斯特铝(粘)土矿成矿作用及其后生改造研究

华北克拉通铝(粘)土矿是我国喀斯特型铝(粘)土矿的典型代表, 前人针对其物质组成、物质来源、成因机制开展了大量研究, 但对其成矿后生改造尚未开展系统研究。本文对嵩箕地区铝(粘)土矿进行了研究, 野外剖面显示, 含矿岩系由底到顶包括风化壳层、铁质粘土岩、粘土质铝土矿、粘土岩、块状铝土矿层。通过矿物空间穿插关系、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针分析显示, 铝(粘)土矿成矿期主要形成矿物包括硬水铝石、锐钛矿、伊利石、绿泥石等矿物。黄钾铁矾、赤铁矿、针铁矿、高岭石代表了后期改造矿物。矿物垂相分布指示赤铁矿和针铁矿随着深度变浅逐渐减少, 硬水铝石在粘土质铝土矿层显著富集, 黄钾铁矾广泛分布于铁质粘土岩层和风化壳顶部, 穿插于粘土矿物或围绕在硬水铝石周围, 以脉状、颗粒状分布, 且与伊利石含量呈消长关系。同时, 元素地球化学垂相分带显著, 大离子亲石元素(Rb、Cs、Ba、Sr)与K₂O以及高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、U、Th)与TiO₂显示正相关。铝土矿层中Al₂O₃明显富集, 而SiO₂则明显亏损。底板灰岩、风化壳、铁质粘土和粘土岩中, Al₂O₃和SiO₂具有一致的变化规律。铁质粘土岩中黄钾铁矾明显控制了K₂O、Fe₂O₃、S的含量, 但对微量和稀土元素的影响较弱。电子探针分析结果显示不同形态黄钾铁矾成分相似, 结合其空间分布特征, 确定黄钾铁矾是由黄铁矿氧化形成的酸性流体改造含矿岩系形成。因此, 嵩箕铝(粘)土矿成矿之后, 经历了构造抬升作用, 在地下水或大气降水影响下黄铁矿被分解、氧化为黄钾铁矾、针铁矿、赤铁矿等稳定矿物, 早期生成的粘土矿物分解为高岭石。

     

腐殖酸在铝土矿形成中的作用的实验研究

本实验以可能是黔中铝土矿的成矿母岩的两种伊利石粘土岩为主要试样，并选择了与成矿过程有关的高岭石粘土岩和铝铁岩为实验对象，实验研究了碳酸水体系腐殖酸存在的不同条件下，上述岩样中铝、硅、铁的溶解作用；阐明了在碳酸水体系中，腐殖在成矿母岩和风化母岩脱硅、脱铁和富集铝过程中的重要作用；初步分析了腐殖酸在铝质迁移中的护胶作用；指出了腐殖酸在铝土矿形成中的重要意义。     

A review of the synthesis and characterisation of pillared clays and related porous materials for cracking of vegetable oils to produce biofuels

This paper presents an overview of the modification of clay minerals by propping apart the clay layers with an inorganic complex. This expanded material is converted into a permanent two-dimensional structure, known as pillared clay or shortly PILC, by thermal treatment. The resulting material exhibits a two-dimensional porous structure with acidic properties comparable to that of zeolites. Synthetic as well as natural smectites serve as precursors for the synthesis of Al, Zr, Ti, Fe, Cr, Ga, V, Si and other pillared clays as well as mixed Fe/Al, Ga/Al, Si/Al, Zr/Al and other mixed metal pillared clays. Biofuels form an interesting renewable energy source, where these porous, catalytically active materials can play an important role in the conversion of vegetable oils, such as canola oil, into biodiesel. Transesterification of vegetable oil is currently the method of choice for conversion to biofuel. The second part of this review focuses on the catalysts and cracking reaction conditions used for the production of biofuel. A distinction has been made in three different vegetable oils as starting materials: canola oil, palm oil and sunflower oil.     

羟基铁铝柱撑蒙脱石Keggin结构的稳定性

本文利用Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构可以发生类质同象置的性质,制备了含过渡金属离子Ｆｅ的羟基铁铝撑蒙脱石。     

甘肃西峰晚第三纪红粘土的化学组成及化学风化特征

通过对甘肃西峰红粘土样品的地球化学研究,发现其碳酸盐含量较高,而Si、Al、Fe等元素含量相对较低。为消除碳酸盐的影响,样品经酸溶处理后其化学组成十分均一,反映物质来源的一致性。稀土元素以及微量元素分布形式揭示出红粘土与第四纪黄土-古土壤风成成因的相似性。研究表明,红粘土的化学风化尚处于脱Ca、Na为主的早期阶段;CIA值和酸不溶物中的Na/K比及Rb/Sr比参数一致地指示了红粘土化学风化程度高于第四纪的黄土和古土壤,反映出晚第三纪以来黄土高原的气候由相对温暖湿润向第四纪逐渐变干变冷演化的总趋势。      

The glauconite–Fe‐illite–Fe‐smectite problem: a critical review

Iron silicate minerals are a significant component of sedimentary systems but their modes of formation remain controversial. Our analysis of published data identifies end‐member compositions and mixtures and allows us to recognize controls of formation of different mineral species. The compositional fields of glaucony, Fe‐illite, Fe–Al smectites are determined in the M⁺/4Si vs. Fe/Sum of octahedral cations (M⁺ = interlayer charge). Solid solutions could exist between these phases. The Fe–Al and Fe‐rich clay minerals form two distinct solid solutions. The earliest phases to be formed are Fe–Al smectites or berthierine depending on the sedimentation rate. Reductive microsystems appear in the vicinity of organic debris in unconsolidated sediments. The Fe is incorporated first in pyrite and then in silicates after oxidation. Potassium ions diffuse from the sea‐water–sediment interface. If not interrupted, the diffusion process is active until reaction completion is reached, i.e. formation of Fe‐illite or glauconite or a mineral assemblage (berthierine–nontronite) according to the available Al ion amounts in the microsystem. Mixed‐layer minerals are formed when the diffusion process is interrupted because of sedimentation, compaction or cementation. Despite the common belief of their value as palaeoenvironment indicators, these minerals can form in a variety of environments and over a period of millions of years during sediment burial.     

Effects of humic substances on Fe(II) sorption onto aluminum oxide and clay

We studied the effects of humic substances (HS) on the sorption of Fe(II) onto Al-oxide and clay sorbents at pH 7.5 with a combination of batch kinetic experiments and synchrotron Fe K-edge EXAFS analyses. Fe(II) sorption was monitored over the course of 4 months in anoxic clay and Al-oxide suspensions amended with variable HS types (humic acid, HA; or fulvic acid, FA) and levels (0, 1, and 4 wt%), and with differing Fe(II) and HS addition sequences (co-sorption and pre-coated experiments, where Fe(II) sorbate was added alongside and after HS addition, respectively). In the Al-oxide suspensions, the presence of HS slowed down the kinetics of Fe(II) sorption, but had limited, if any, effect on the equilibrium aqueous Fe(II) concentrations. EXAFS analyses revealed precipitation of Fe(II)–Al(III)-layered double hydroxide (LDH) phases as the main mode of Fe(II) sorption in both the HA-containing and HA-free systems. These results demonstrate that HS slow down Fe(II) precipitation in the Al-oxide suspensions, but do not affect the composition or stability of the secondary Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH phases formed. Interference of HS with the precipitation of Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH was attributed to the formation organo-Al complexes HS limiting the availability of Al for incorporation into secondary layered Fe(II)-hydroxides. In the clay systems, the presence of HA caused a change in the main Fe(II) sorption product from Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH to a Fe(II)-phyllosilicate containing little structural Al. This was attributed to complexation of Al by HA, in combination with the presence of dissolved Si in the clay suspension enabling phyllosilicate precipitation. The change in Fe(II) precipitation mechanism did not affect the rate of Fe(II) sorption at the lower HA level, suggesting that the inhibition of Fe(II)–Al(III)-LDH formation in this system was countered by enhanced Fe(II)-phyllosilicate precipitation. Reduced rates of Fe(II) sorption at the higher HA level were attributed to surface masking or poisoning by HA of secondary Fe(II) mineral growth at or near the clay surface. Our results suggest that HS play an important role in controlling the kinetics and products of Fe(II) precipitation in reducing soils, with effects modulated by soil mineralogy, HS content, and HS properties. Further work is needed to assess the importance of layered Fe(II) hydroxides in natural reducing environments.     

New Process for Preparation Alumina and Silica White from Coal Fly Ash

Fly ash was used to prepare alumina and silica white, The 3 stages of the process are as follows: ammonium sulfate calcining, acid leaching and alkali dissolution. The optimum conditions for the experiments to determine are as follows: molar ratio of (NH4)2SO4/Al2O3 is 6, the calcining time is 2h, he H2SO4 concentration is 20%, the leaching temperature is 80℃ and dissolution duration is 2h, the ratio of solution and solid reaction material is 6 for ammonium sulfate calcining and acid leaching stage, reaction time 30min, ratio of liquid to ore 5∶1, alkali concentration 45% and reaction temperature 95 ℃for the alkali dissolution stage. Under these conditions, the total leaching efficiencies of Al2O3 and SiO2 are 78.86% and 95%, respectively. The quality of the main products alumina and silica white can meet the national standards of GB/T24487-2009 and GB10517-89, respectively.     

粘土矿物对形成过渡带气的催化作用研究

本文分析了有机质在粘土矿物中的赋存状态，测定了粘土矿物的表面酸、实验模拟了低演化程度的烃源岩及其抽提物干酪根＋不同粘土矿物的催化机制、并通过粘土催化醇脱水反应对粘土过渡带有机质成气机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明，过渡带气的形成主要是受蒙脱石粘土矿物的催化所致，其原因是成岩过程中蒙脱石向混层矿物转化在蒙脱石晶间发生大量的铝代硅，因此在粘土表面产生电荷不平衡而形成酸性，井以路易斯酸和布郎酸作用于有机质，使碳－碳键发生断裂以形成气态烃。     

焦家金矿床水-岩反应过程及成矿流体组分变化规律

在野外和室内岩相学观察的基础上,详细剖析了蚀变-矿化时序,结合热力学数值模拟方法与定量结果,厘定了水- 岩反应过程中矿物的沉淀次序、流体组分的存在形式、迁移行为、浓度变化和矿物形成机制以及组分之间的化学反应,为 进一步研究水-岩反应与金矿化的关系奠定了基础。研究结果显示反应初期K+由流体带入围岩形成钾长石化,随着反应的 进行,H+浓度持续降低而Fe2+和Al3+含量升高,绢云母和石英大量沉淀,钾长石消失;反应后期各类硫化物开始沉淀,石英 持续沉淀贯穿整个反应过程。成矿流体中SO42-,HS-,Fe2+的含量对蚀变矿物组合影响很大;水-岩反应过程中硫酸盐 （SO42-） 减少生成等量的HS-并伴随着含三价铁矿物的沉淀,可能是焦家金矿床硫化物沉淀的一种重要机制。整个反应过程 中溶液pH值持续升高是原岩中Ca,K,Na,Mg等与溶液中H+发生交换反应的结果;同时pH值的升高也会降低金的溶解度 致使金沉淀。上述研究成果对于理解岩石中的矿物共生组合、生成顺序及蚀变分带的成因机制提供了新的依据。     

沧东凹陷孔二段混合细粒沉积岩相特征及形成环境

沧东凹陷孔二段页岩层系广泛发育混合细粒沉积岩.混合细粒沉积岩的岩石类型划分和沉积环境分析是其成因研究的重要组成部分,有助于总结混合细粒沉积岩的沉积规律,寻找有利勘探目标.通过岩心与薄片观察、二维XRF（X射线荧光光谱）扫描,结合XRD（X射线衍射）、元素地球化学测试等资料,以矿物成分和沉积构造为主要依据,将孔二段混合细粒沉积岩划分为21种岩相;通过Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、Sr/Ba、V/（V+Ni）、Al、Ti含量、Fe/Mn和（Fe+Al）/（Ca+Mg）等地球化学指标的垂向变化及岩相分析沉积环境演化.沧东凹陷孔二段混合细粒沉积岩主要发育在气候干旱、微咸水-咸水相、水体贫氧、陆源输入较强的半深湖-深湖环境中;岩相类型的发育同时受到水体的高盐度和陆源输入的影响,均一细粒沉积岩分布最广,其次为灰云细粒沉积岩,黏土细粒沉积岩不发育.      

Efficiency of chelating agents in retaining sludge-borne heavy metals in intensively applied agricultural soils

This paper presents an evaluation of different chelating agents for their effectiveness in removing Cu, Co and Zn in three distinctly different types of sludge-amended soils. Soil types (Luvisol, Arenosol and Vertisol) were each mixed with an anaerobically digested sludge at a 1:1 ratio followed by leaching with three types of chelating agents, namely: ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid and acetic acid. Aqua regia method was used to quantify pseudo total metal before and after treatment. Generally, chelating agents can be out competed by soil colloids in attracting cations. The efficiency of chelating agents was found to follow this order ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid?<?nitrilotriacetic?=?acetic acid in all the three metals, with ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid being the most effective chelating agent. More heavy metals were removed in Luvisol and Arenosol than in Vertisol implying that soils rich in clay fraction retain more cations than soils with minimal clay fraction. Similarly, copper responded positively to chelation than zinc and cobalt in Luvisols and Arenosols, although the results were not conclusive for Vertisols.