云南金平地区金矿化类型及找矿方向

云南金平地区位于三江造山带哀牢山成矿带南段,是我国重要黄金勘查、生产基地。区内金矿化类型主要有蚀变岩型、石英脉型、红土型和冲(洪)积型。通过对金平地区内的地层、构造、岩浆岩等控矿因素的分析,发现区内的金矿床(点)与构造—岩浆活动关系密切。区内金矿床(点)主要产于古生代浅变质岩系地层中,受NNW向、NW向及NE向断裂及各类侵入岩控制,金矿化与区内岩浆类型有成因上的联系。最后,指出铜厂—大坪一带为区内重要的金成矿远景区。     

云南金平地区金矿化类型及找矿方向

云南金平地区位于三江造山带哀牢山成矿带南段,是我国重要黄金勘查、生产基地。区内金矿化类型主要有蚀变岩型、石英脉型、红土型和冲(洪)积型。通过对金平地区内的地层、构造、岩浆岩等控矿因素的分析,发现区内的金矿床(点)与构造—岩浆活动关系密切。区内金矿床(点)主要产于古生代浅变质岩系地层中,受NNW向、NW向及NE向断裂及各类侵入岩控制,金矿化与区内岩浆类型有成因上的联系。最后,指出铜厂—大坪一带为区内重要的金成矿远景区。     

胶东矿集区金成矿系统组成与演化概论

由于中生代以来构造动力体制多次转换及火山-侵入岩活动形成了胶东矿集区金成矿系统。成矿类型主要以石英脉型、复合脉带型、浸染细脉带型等类型为主，多种类型金矿多为同源成矿溶液在不同构造背景和物化条件下的沉淀产物，从而发育类似的构造-蚀变-矿化分带结构。胶东矿集区存在3期成矿作用，金成矿作用主期明显集中于燕山中期（130~120 Ma），（含金）银矿化为燕山晚期（<97 Ma），含金（银）铅锌矿化介于两者之间、更接近于燕山晚期（100 Ma前后），区域地质事件的定年与因果分析显示这三期成矿过程的物质来源、成矿作用均受壳-幔相互作用等大尺度构造体制转折事件控制。     

金与铅锌矿化的时空关系及应用

近10年来，在秦岭铅锌矿带和青城子铅锌矿田等地相继发现了一批大、中型金矿床。铅锌矿和金矿床共同产出在同一构造背景下，金矿床通常位于铅锌矿之上，金矿的成矿时代明显晚于铅锌矿。初步的地质－地球化学研究表明：铅锌矿床形成于具高水岩比、高卤化物和高盐度特征的海底沉积喷流系统；此时，大多数的金迁移至低温热液柱中并在沉积物中初始富集。在后期（岩浆－）变质－构造作用过程中，金被转移至中高温、低水岩比和低卤化物活度的变质流体中，在有利的构造部位发生沉淀，在同一构造单元内成矿流体的成分和循环方式的差异引起金与铅锌矿床共存和分离。金与铅锌矿床的这一时空分布关系可被视为重要的勘查标志。根据金与铅锌矿化的时空关系，笔者提出应加强对我国元古宇宙裂谷、晚古生代拗陷内重要铅锌矿田的金、铅锌矿的勘查工作。     

内蒙古东部二连浩特-乌兰浩特地区金矿化特征的初步研究

研究区属含古老地块并经中生代改造的中古生代造山带,存在金、锡等丰度较高的锡林浩特元古宙杂岩、古生代蛇绿岩及板块缝合带、二叠系火山岩、中生代伸展构造背景下的大规模火山-侵入活动及锡多金属成矿作用.本区金矿化类型主要有:韧性剪切带中的石英脉型、蚀变岩型金矿,产于幔源中基性侵入岩中的铜金矿,燕山晚期斑岩型铜金矿,与燕山期次火山岩浆活动有关的脉状铜矿床中的伴生金矿化,微细浸染型金矿化,浅成低温热液型金矿化等.研究区金矿成矿时代可分为242~229Ma、169~161.8Ma、132~159Ma (可能以130~140Ma为主)、127~109.2Ma四个区间.认识到存在印支期成矿、燕山期多阶段成矿等特点对于区内金矿勘查有重要意义.新发现7个矿床(点)的伴生金矿化.毛登、大井等多金属矿床的伴生金矿化具有重要的潜在工业意义.     

贵州黎平水口地区金矿化特征及找矿探讨

贵州黎平水口地区金矿化特征明显,矿化类型多样,控矿构造规模大,具有较大的找矿潜力。本文简要阐述区内成矿地质条件、矿化地质特征及其矿化控制因素等,分析总结金矿化类型及其形成机理。     

龙门山南段宝兴至荥经地区铅锌矿的成矿条件和成矿模式

通过龙门山南段宝兴至荥经地区区域地质、铅锌矿化特征的研究，划分矿化类型，着重分析区域成矿地质条件，提出“层─盆─破─热”是本区层控型铅锌矿形成的基本因素。总结出铅锌矿在本区形成时间有“三个高峰期”，空间集中于“一带两弧”的时空分布规律。在分析不同矿化类型成矿模式的基础上，建立了区域综合理想成矿模式，为本区找矿靶区和预测区的确定奠定了坚实基础。     

山东界河金矿矿化类型、地质勘查模型及成矿预测

按照矿石矿物组成、矿石组构、矿石类型以及围岩蚀变特点等,将山东招远界河金矿的金矿化类型分为钾化花岗岩型、黄铁绢英岩型、石英一多金属脉型和似青盘岩型等4种.钾化花岗岩型金矿化分布于"蚀变岩型金矿"成矿系统的深部,是富钾岩浆热液钾交代作用和黄铁矿脉充填作用的结果,一般形成于大矿体的下部或旁侧或作为大矿体的下部或根部的一部分.黄铁绢英岩型矿化位于成矿系统中部的主控矿断裂中的最佳成矿部位,是深部岩浆和浅部天水热液发生混合、交代和充填的最理想部位,往往构成大型和特大型工业矿体.脉状多金属型矿化位于该成矿系统的中浅部,地下水热液参与较多,成矿温度低,只能形成小而富的多金属硫化物型金矿体.在成矿系统的边部,热液活动更弱,形成以绿泥石化为主的似青盘岩化带,矿化较弱或构成无矿节理化带,本身不具工业意义,但可以指示深部成矿作用和隐伏矿体的存在.不同金矿化类型在界河金矿范围内有规律地分布是界河金矿深部和外围探矿的重要地质依据.     

东昆仑五龙沟金成矿系统：基本特征、成矿控制与勘查标志

五龙沟金矿田位于东昆仑造山带东段,金成矿与三叠纪岩浆作用、脆性和/或韧性变形显示密切时空联系。但是,金容矿地质体类型与控矿构造特征尚不清,金成矿受哪些关键要素控矿尚不明确。本文通过广泛深入的文献资料调研与详细的野外调查,详细阐明了五龙沟地区金矿床地质特征与成矿地质环境,系统梳理、总结与对比了不同地段金矿床的矿化类型、容矿地质体与控矿构造。研究表明,五龙沟金矿田发育微细脉型、蚀变岩型、石英脉型等3种矿化类型,容矿地质体主要以元古界—奥陶系变质岩系与侵入岩类为主。早期韧性剪切作用导致矿源层中金的活化与预富集,金矿化主要受控于晚期北西向脆性变形及相关断裂破碎带。大规模金成矿与古特提斯洋关闭及伴随的同/后碰撞构造过程有关。北西向构造—蚀变带、侵入岩类与古老变质基底是五龙沟金矿田的重要勘查标志。     

鄂西地区铅锌矿基本特征与找矿方向

鄂西地区铅锌矿床的成因类型主要有两种:沉积型和热液型.沉积型铅锌矿主要形成于晚震旦世-寒武纪;热液型铅锌矿床主要形成于燕山中晚期,与区域性伸展构造事件密切相关,矿化主要集中于青峰强变形带、神农架断穹西部、黄陵断穹北部及咸丰背斜和长阳走马坪背斜等次级褶皱中.近年来的找矿勘查实践表明,区内铅锌成矿地质条件十分有利,找矿前景良好.     

Sediment-hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in Southwest Sanjiang Tethys and Kangdian Area on the Western Margin of Yangtze Craton

<正>The western margin of Yangtze Craton is known as a significant sediment-hosted base-metal aggregate cluster,especially for Pb-Zn deposits in China,e.g.Jinding,Daliangzi,Tianbaoshan, Kuangshanchang and Qinlinchang deposits.In comparison with the classic MVT deposits in the world, based on the basic geology of the sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits,this paper focuses on temporal-spatial distribution of this deposit to further discuss its large scale mineralization and tectonic evolution history.In the SW Sanjiang Thethys,Jinding deposit is typically thrust fault-controlled and hosted mainly in the sandstones and breccia-bearing sandstones,whereas MVT-type deposits are controlled by lithology and faulting/fracturing with a strong preference for carbonate-hosted rocks.Most importantly,Jinding Pb-Zn deposit differs from the other types of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in which it was formed in a strongly deformed foreland basin within a continental collision zone.In the Kangdian area,the sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits were formed in the extensional basin on the side of the continental orogenic belt along the Yangtze Craton.Compared with classic MVT deposits,the Pb-Zn deposits in the Kangdian area belong to MVT deposits.This paper is significant not only for interpretation of the genesis of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits but also for exploiting large base metal deposits in large sedimentary target areas.     

Sedex型矿床成矿系统

系统总结了Ｓｅｄｅｘ型矿床产出的构造背景、地质环境、矿床地质地球化学特征、矿化流体来源及成矿模式等问题。结合某些最新研究成果,对该类型矿床的Ｐｂ、Ｓｉ、Ｂ同位素地球化学进行了综合研究,并以加拿大科迪勒拉地区页岩容矿的Ｚｎ Ｐｂ矿床、中国大厂锡多金属矿床及澳大利亚布罗肯希尔Ｐｂ Ｚｎ Ａｇ矿床为例,深入讨论了Ｐｂ、Ｓｉ、Ｂ的来源及其对矿床成因的指示意义。对产于不同地质环境下现代海底热液成矿系统的研究证明,有沉积物覆盖和无沉积物覆盖海底成矿热流体的化学组成及Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｂ稳定同位素地球化学明显不同。前者富含与陆壳物质有关的金属组合及ＮＨ４,并富含放射成因Ｐｂ和Ｓｒ的组分,后者富含与洋壳玄武岩有关的金属组合,但特别贫ＮＨ４。这种不同与古代Ｓｅｄｅｘ型和塞浦路斯型矿床之间化学组成的差别十分相似,它意味着前者成矿物质主要来源于下伏陆壳岩石,并为其富含Ｂ,Ｂａ,Ａｇ,Ａｓ,Ｓｂ,Ｗ,Ｓｎ,Ｈｇ,Ｍｎ等元素提供了合理的解释。在此基础上,笔者指出,在特定地球化学背景下,上述那些元素也能形成独立的Ｓｅｄｅｘ型矿床,同时强调了注意寻找这种新型矿床的重要性     

Metallogenic Province and Large Scale Mineralization of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits in China

Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are one of the most important base–metal deposit types in China, are major sources of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, and Au, and significant sources for Co, Sn, Se, Mn, Cd, In, Bi, Te, Ga, and Ge. They typically occur at or near the seafloor in submarine volcanic environments, and are classified according to base metal content, gold content, or host-rock lithology. The spatial distribution of the deposits is determined by the different geological settings, with VMS deposits concentrated in the Sanjiang, Qilian and Altai metallogenic provinces. VMS deposits in China range in age from Archaean to Mesozoic, and have three epochs of large scale mineralization of Proterozoic, Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Only Hongtoushan Cu–Zn deposit has been recognized so far in an Archaean greenstone belt, at the north margin of the North China Platform. The Proterozoic era was one of the important metallogenic periods for the formation of VMS mineralization, mainly in the Early and Late Proterozoic periods. VMS-type Cu–Fe and Cu–Zn deposits related to submarine volcanic-sedimentary rocks, were formed in the Aulacogens and rifts in the interior and along both sides of the North China Platform, and the southern margin of the Yangtze Platform. More than half of the VMS deposits formed in the Palaeozoic, and three important VMS–metallogenic provinces have been recognized, they are Altai–Junggar (i.e. Ashele Cu–Pb–Zn deposit), Sanjiang (i.e. Laochang Zn–Pb–Cu deposit) and Qilian (i.e. Baiyinchang Cu–Zn deposit). The Triassic is a significant tectonic and metallogenic period for China. In the Sanjiang Palaeo–Tethys, the Late Triassic Yidun arc is the latest arc–basin system, in which the Gacun-style VMS Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag deposits developed in the intra-arc rift basins, with bimodal volcanic suites at the northern segment of the arc.     

Sediment-hosted Pb–Zn deposits in the Tethyan domain from China to Iran: Characteristics,tectonic setting,and ore controls

The Tethyan domain from China to Iran hosts many important sediment-hosted Pb–Zn deposits but most have been poorly documented. This study summarizes the salient features of these deposits and discusses the type of ore, tectonic setting, and important ore controls, on the basis of new geological observations and previous publications. The Tethyan domain is characterized by the young and extensive Himalayan–Tibetan and Zagros orogens that formed through collisions between the India/Arabia and Eurasia continents since the Late Cretaceous or early Cenozoic. Abundant Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and subordinate clastic-dominated (CD, also known as SEDEX) Pb–Zn deposits occur in this domain, including in central and eastern Himalayan–Tibetan orogen in China, the Indian passive margin in southern Pakistan, and various tectonic units of Iran. Economically important deposits contain 0.1–21 Mt Pb + Zn and have total metal resources of ∼75 Mt with ∼48% being oxidized ores. All major deposits known in this domain are MVTs (i.e., the Jinding, Huoshaoyun, Mehdiabad, and Angouran deposits).Mississippi Valley-type Pb–Zn deposits occur in continental-collision-related fold-and-thrust belts and forelands, where deposits are mostly located on the margin of the Eurasian continent, with some in the Indian and Arabian continental margins. Clastic-dominated Pb–Zn deposits occur in central Iran and southern Pakistan, hosted by deep-water siliciclastic sequences of the early Cambrian rifted continental margin of Gondwana and the Jurassic passive continental margin of India, respectively. The youngest mineralized rocks and ages constrain that some important MVT deposits (e.g., the Jinding, Chaqupacha, and Angouran deposits) were formed after a main phase of regional compression, during a regional, large-scale strike-slip or crustal-extension stage in a continental collision setting. In sense of lithologic structure, important ore controls for MVT deposits include evaporite diapir structure, carbonate/evaporite dissolution–collapse structure, pre-existing barite, and porous dolostone. Much of the primary sulfide ore in this domain has been oxidized by supergene processes. This is particularly pronounced in the newly discovered Huoshaoyun deposit, where almost all sulfides have been oxidized to smithsonite and cerussite. An understanding of tectonic setting, ore controls, and supergene processes is essential in exploring for MVT deposits in this domain.     

The relationship between hydrocarbon accumulation and Mississippi Valley‐type Pb‐Zn mineralization of the Mayuan metallogenic belt,the northern Yangtze block,SW China: Evidence from ore geology and Rb‐Sr isotopic dating

The coexistence of Pb‐Zn deposits and oil/gas reservoirs demonstrates that a close genetic connection exists between them. The spatiotemporal relationship between Pb‐Zn mineralization and hydrocarbon accumulation is the key to understanding this genetic connection. The Mayuan large‐scale Pb‐Zn metallogenic belt is composed of a number of Mississippi Valley‐type (MVT) Pb‐Zn deposits that were recently discovered on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, China. It is hosted in the dolostone of the Sinian (Ediacaran) Dengying Formation (Z₂dn). In addition to the abundant bitumen in the Mayuan Pb‐Zn metallogenic belt, the paleo‐oil reservoir and the MVT Pb‐Zn deposit overlap in space. In this study, two precise ages of 468.3 ± 3.8 Ma and 206.0 ± 6.5 Ma were obtained via the Rb‐Sr isotopic dating of galena and sphalerite from the Mayuan Pb‐Zn metallogenic belt, respectively. The early metallogenic age of 468.3 ± 3.8 Ma is similar to the previously published age of 486 ± 12 Ma. The age of 206.0 ± 6.5 Ma is consistent with the age of the metallogenic event that occurred at 200 Ma in the Upper Yangtze Pb–Zn metallogenic province of the Sichuan‐Yunnan‐Guizhou polymetallic zone, which is located on the southwest margin of the Sichuan Basin, suggesting that the metallogenic effects of this period were regional in scale in the peripheral areas of the Sichuan Basin. Previous studies have shown that two periods of hydrocarbon accumulation occurred in the oil/gas reservoir that coexists with the Pb‐Zn deposits in the study area. The Pb‐Zn mineralization at 468.3 ± 3.8 Ma occurred during the first period of hydrocarbon accumulation, while the second mineralization at 206.0 ± 6.5 Ma occurred during the transformation of the paleo‐oil reservoir to a paleogas reservoir. The spatial relationship between the paleo‐oil/‐gas reservoir and the MVT Pb‐Zn deposits and the temporal relationship between mineralization and hydrocarbon accumulation show that a close genetic relationship exists between the MVT Pb‐Zn mineralization and hydrocarbon accumulation. Analysis of metals in the source rocks forming the paleo‐oil/‐gas reservoirs show that source rocks which formed paleo‐oil/‐gas reservoirs may have provided metals for Pb‐Zn mineralization. Both the paleo‐oil/‐gas reservoirs and Pb‐Zn mineralizing fluids had the same origin.     

苏丹东北部金矿成矿特征及成矿远景浅析

文章在对苏丹东北部金矿区域构造背景、含金建造及金地球化学特征研究成果的基础上,分析了哈塞、洁比特、瑞达和哈马迪等4个研究程度较高的典型金矿床的矿体赋存规律、矿床类型和金矿石的结构构造等特征,认为该地区至少存在石英脉型、火山成因块状硫化物和韧性剪切带等3种以上金矿床类型.金矿床的形成与岩石建造、构造作用关系密切,总结了苏...     

Notes

There are more than 300 sediment-hosted Zn–Pb deposits and occurrences in Iran and most of them occur within carbonate rocks, including world-class deposits such as Mehdiabad, Irankuh and Angouran. To achieve a broad metallogenetic framework for carbonate-hosted (CH) Zn–Pb resources in Iran, we developed a GIS database with all reported deposits and occurrences of this affinity. From this database and the age of host rocks, two major groups of CH Zn–Pb deposits can be established and linked to different tectonic events: (a) Permian–Triassic-hosted deposits (mainly of the Mississippi Valley-type; MVT), and (b) Cretaceous-hosted deposits. The Permian–Triassic-hosted deposits are concentrated in the Central Alborz metallogenic belt, the NE margin of Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ), and the Tabas-Posht e Badam metallogenic belt, whereas those hosted by Cretaceous carbonate rocks are distributed in the SSZ, the Yazd Block and the Central Iranian Geological and Structural (CIGS) transitional zone. In addition, the formation of numerous F-rich deposits hosted by Permian–Triassic carbonate rocks is also explained by a MVT deposit model. According to our GIS-based metallogenic maps, there is a significant correspondence between the distribution of CH Zn–Pb deposits and the main suture zones in and around the Iran Plate. Most of the orogenic Permian–Triassic-hosted MVT deposits occur along the suture zones that resulted from the collision of the Iran Plate with the Eurasia Plate when the Paleo-Tethys Ocean closed (during Upper Triassic time). The close spatial, temporal and (therefore assumed) genetic relationships between the Permian–Triassic-hosted MVT deposits and the Main-Cimmerian orogenic events reflect the development of a foreland basin during the Upper Triassic, which encompassed Zn–Pb and F mineralising processes. The modern distribution of these deposits in Iran is explained by the formation of this foreland basin, and by the subsequent (post-Upper Triassic) fragmentation of the Central Iranian Microcontinent into blocks that rotated along right-lateral strike-slip faults. This late process split the Permian–Triassic-hosted MVT province into the Tabas-Posht e Badam and the Central Alborz metallogenic belts.     

华北克拉通北缘与盆地流体有关的若干矿床实例

与华南一样,在华北克拉通北缘及其增生带也有与盆地流体有关的矿床产出。矿床的生成总是与张裂型沉积盆地有关。根据基底大地构造性质和盆地动力学演化特征,可划分出两个与盆地流体有关的、特征各异的金属成矿省：1)华北克拉通北部元古代金．多金属成矿省,在克拉通内部,边缘元古代裂谷增生期生成沉积喷流型硫多金属矿床和沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床;2)大兴安岭中南段古生代锡．多金属成矿省,在克拉通北缘早／晚古生代增生带的张裂型沉积盆地内分别生成各具特征的铅锌/锡-多金属矿床。     

新疆阿尔泰萨热阔布-铁木尔特地区两类矿化及成因

新疆阿尔泰南缘萨热阔布-铁木尔特一带的矿床均赋存于下泥盆统康布铁堡组的变质岩系中。早泥盆世的海相火山形成了Zn--Pb ( Cu) 矿化,晚泥盆世--早石炭世的碰撞造山相应形成了Cu--Au 石英脉矿化; 前者以铁木尔特VMS 型Zn--Pb ( Cu) 矿床为代表,后者以造山型萨热阔布金矿为代表,与造山有关的脉状矿化还叠加在铁木尔特等VMS 矿床中。通过对比两类矿化的稳定同位素特征,结合矿化的变形变质和流体包裹体特征,研究了成矿物质、成矿流体来源和矿床成因。萨热阔布金矿主成矿阶段硫化物石英脉和铁木尔特Zn--Pb ( Cu) 矿床中晚期发育的含黄铜矿石英脉中均富含碳质 ( CO2--CH4--N2 ) 流体包裹体,可能与碰撞造山的热液流体作用有关。铁木尔特Zn--Pb ( Cu) 矿床中代表VMS 期的浸染状矿石中硫化物δ34S 为－26. 46 × 10-3 ～ －19. 72 × 10 -3,硫主要来源于海水硫酸盐的无机还原和细菌还原作用; 而代表后期叠加改造的脉状矿化硫化物值与萨热阔布金矿床硫化物石英脉中δ34S 值接近,硫主要来源于造山过程中的深源流体。萨热阔布金矿床硫化物石英脉和铁木尔特Zn-- Pb ( Cu) 矿床晚期含黄铜矿石英脉的δDH2O 值和δ18OH2O 值,均反映了碰撞造山期热液与岩浆活动和变质作用有关。萨热阔布金矿硫化物石英脉中碳质流体包裹体CO2 体系中δ13 C 为－ 21. 15 × 10-3 ～ －7. 51 × 10 -3,CH4 体系的δ13C 为－34. 11 × 10 -3 ～ －28. 38 × 10-3 ; 铁木尔特Zn--Pb ( Cu) 矿床含黄铜矿石英脉中碳质包裹体测得的δ13C 为－8. 02 × 10 -3 ～ －6. 99 × 10 -3,δ13 C 特征与海相火山沉积无关,具岩浆源或深部源的特点。