Consumer spatial choice strategies: A comparative study of some alternative behavioural spatial shopping models

The purpose of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of consumer spatial decision making and choice behaviour and to investigate the use of various combination rules of consumer's evaluations of attributes of shopping centres to predict spatial choice behaviour.The research findings indicate that the linear combination rules perform as well as the multiplicative rules and that both types of rules perform quite acceptably. The paper concludes by discussing some implications for future research on spatial decision making and choice.     

The impact of the parking situation in shopping centres on store choice behaviour

The article discusses the effects of changing the parking situation in the surrounding of shopping centres on consumers store choice behaviour. To get insight into these effects a hierarchical logit model of parking lot and store choice behaviour is estimated and validated. The research is based on before-and-after data of supermarket visitors collected in a major regional shopping centre in a suburban area in The Netherlands. The model is estimated using the before data. At the level of the supermarkets the estimated hierarchical logit model performs very well. The model is less accurate at the level of parking lots but still performs satisfactory. Significant attributes are a constant representing the characteristics of the supermarket, the distance between supermarket and parking lot, the number of parking spaces per parking lot, the location of the parking lot vis-à-vis the origin of the consumer, and the availability of supermarket trolley facilities at the parking lot. Validating the model by reproducing the after data yields less satisfactory results. Especially the model does not perform very well on predicting parking lot choice. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究综述

快速城市化显著改变了城市下垫面空间特征,对地表产汇流过程产生了重要影响。综述城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究进展,以下垫面空间特征对产汇流过程的影响为主线,聚焦不透水面和微地形两类空间特征,总结城市下垫面空间特征及其表征方法;从不透水率与不透水面空间变化、数值模拟与物理实验等方面,分别梳理不透水面和微地形等空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究成果。展望未来城市下垫面空间特征对地表产汇流过程的影响研究重点和发展方向,主要包括影响机理解析、主控空间特征参数识别与敏感性分析、城市水文效应适应性应对等,以期为快速城市化下城市水文效应解析和城市洪涝灾害防治提供一定参考。     

Grounding the virtual: The material effects of electronic grocery shopping

This paper addresses the materiality of computer-mediated retailing. The paper uncovers the “hidden geography” of e-commerce, considering how the seemingly simple act of doorstep food delivery is explicated in urban form, and in transportation and communication infrastructures. The paper categorises electronic grocery shopping (EGS) enterprises into three types: “bricks and clicks”, “pure-play” and the “infomediary”, and examines how each type of operation has been materialised in the urban landscape, and the infrastructure upon which each draws. The paper then considers the strategies EGS operations have used to offset the “killer costs” of logistics for electronic commerce. The paper concludes by considering how electronic grocery shopping is embedded within broader trends in consumer behaviour, and how these trends are manifested in the materiality of urban life. The paper argues that online grocers are in the vanguard of ventures habituating customers to the remote ordering and delayed delivery of products to the home. Through controlling this “last mile”, online retailers hope to extend the product offer to higher-margin and more problematic products, which are in themselves unprofitable to distribute direct to the customer, but which can be profitably combined with a grocery shop.     

Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples

Traditionally, urban analysis has been quick to adopt and benefit from developments in technology (e.g., microcomputer, GIS) and techniques (e.g., statistics, mathematical programming). This has not been the case, however, with newer methods of spatial analysis — in particular, spatial statistics. Only recently has this situation started to change. This paper documents the confluence of spatial statistics and urban analysis by first reviewing developments in spatial statistics, and then presenting examples of recent applications in urban analysis. The developments reviewed fall under the rubric of global and local forms of spatial analysis, and cover three major technical issues: spatial association, spatial heterogeneity and the modifiable areal unit problem. The examples highlight the relevance and usefulness of the techniques reviewed for urban transportation and land-use applications. The paper concludes with conjectures concerning future developments at the intersection of spatial statistics and urban analysis.     

Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples

Traditionally, urban analysis has been quick to adopt and benefit from developments in technology (e.g., microcomputer, GIS) and techniques (e.g., statistics, mathematical programming). This has not been the case, however, with newer methods of spatial analysis — in particular, spatial statistics. Only recently has this situation started to change. This paper documents the confluence of spatial statistics and urban analysis by first reviewing developments in spatial statistics, and then presenting examples of recent applications in urban analysis. The developments reviewed fall under the rubric of global and local forms of spatial analysis, and cover three major technical issues: spatial association, spatial heterogeneity and the modifiable areal unit problem. The examples highlight the relevance and usefulness of the techniques reviewed for urban transportation and land-use applications. The paper concludes with conjectures concerning future developments at the intersection of spatial statistics and urban analysis.     

烟台城市空间扩展的过程与机制研究

城市空间扩展是城市中心的经济、社会、政治和文化等人文因素和土地利用、地貌形态等自然因素在地域上的向外推进与扩散。在遥感影像和统计年鉴等资料的支持下,以烟台市为例,探讨了城市空间扩展的过程与动力机制。烟台市在建国后相当一段时期内城市空间扩展缓慢,1985年城市化开始加速,进入21世纪后城市空间快速扩展;其城市空间扩展机制受自然条件、经济发展水平、交通状况、国家政策与城市规划等诸多因素影响。     

A review of the literature on the formation and location of drumlins

Drumlins remain a major problem in glacial geomorphology such that no satisfactory explanation to their mode of origin exists. This review attempts, by looking at specific subsections of the drumlin problem, to place in perspective the known facts and observations on drumlins. The most recent drumlin origin theories are examined in the light of our knowledge of the subglacial environment. Although it may seem that every aspect of this unusual landform has been researched, the author will suggest areas where new studies might begin. The interdisciplinary nature of present research into drumlins is stressed. Finally emphasis is placed on finding an explanation of drumlin formation that is not unique but one which will explain this landform's development as only one product of the complex subglacial environment.     

A review of recent urban geographic studies in India

This paper reviews the changing nature of the growing specialized trends of urban geography in India since independence, with a particular emphasis to the 1980s and early 1990s. Urban geography has emerged as a major academic sub-field in India with active researchers at its frontier. The 1980s and early 1990s are characterized by a diversified and growing trend of specialization both in inter-urban and intra-urban research in urban geography. This diversification is most clear and pronounced in intra-urban studies where the emphasis is directed towards socio-cultural aspects of the city. Conversely, inter-urban research is concerned both with analysis of patterns and trends of macro level urbanization and the processes. Although model building is in its infancy, a few static, deterministic, probabilistic and dynamic models have been constructed. There has been severe limitations in the use of computers in India, particularly the large-frame ones, so the researcher there cannot use the large scale data on national level.     

A literature review of Algerian salt lakes: values,threats and implications

Chotts are salt lakes located in the arid regions of Northern Africa. These unique wetlands are recognized for their role in the migration and breeding of waterbirds and economic values generated from mineral extraction, agriculture and tourist activities. Despite their importance for flora and fauna biodiversity, they continue to face important threats due to human activities. This article consolidates a literature review of Algerian chotts from global to local importance. An in-depth view demonstrates the changes in land use of two large chotts in the southeastern region of Algeria: Chotts Merouane and Melghir. Land use images highlight a net expansion of agricultural lands, a decrease in grazing area around the lakes and a decrease of salt lake surface area. The local focus highlights the threats and changes of Algerian and Northern African chotts and proposes some perspectives for the future.     

Identifying and quantifying urban recharge: a review

The sources of and pathways for groundwater recharge in urban areas are more numerous and complex than in rural environments. Buildings, roads, and other surface infrastructure combine with man-made drainage networks to change the pathways for precipitation. Some direct recharge is lost, but additional recharge can occur from storm drainage systems. Large amounts of water are imported into most cities for supply, distributed through underground pipes, and collected again in sewers or septic tanks. The leaks from these pipe networks often provide substantial recharge. Sources of recharge in urban areas are identified through piezometry, chemical signatures, and water balances. All three approaches have problems. Recharge is quantified either by individual components (direct recharge, water-mains leakage, septic tanks, etc.) or holistically. Working with individual components requires large amounts of data, much of which is uncertain and is likely to lead to large uncertainties in the final result. Recommended holistic approaches include the use of groundwater modelling and solute balances, where various types of data are integrated. Urban recharge remains an under-researched topic, with few high-quality case studies reported in the literature. Electronic Publication     

城市暴雨强度公式研究进展与述评

能够客观反映城市降雨特征与规律的暴雨强度公式是城市排水防涝基础设施建设、海绵城市建设过程中相关工程规划、设计的重要前提。简述了暴雨强度公式推求的过程,从暴雨强度公式型式、暴雨资料选样方法、频率曲线选择、频率曲线参数估计以及暴雨强度公式的参数求解等方面,系统梳理了国内外发展现状,深入分析、归纳了各种方法的优缺点,对暴雨强度公式编制过程中存在的两步最优与直接拟合、公式拟合的"异参同效"、公式及参数合理性分析以及编制长历时暴雨强度公式等问题进行深入剖析,认为暴雨强度公式还需在全要素误差分析、成果合理性检验、降雨空间分布、气候变化对城市未来降雨的影响等方面进行深入研究。     

Floorspace to worker ratios in shopping centres: A note

The characteristics of employment within the retailing sector are still poorly understood. This short paper expands on a previously presented study of Canberra (Geoforum10, 407–425) by reporting on the systematic variation between the ratio of floorspace to employees and type of shopping centre, and the different relationships between floorspace per worker and size of store by type of shopping centre. The planning implications in terms of employment provision are briefly discussed.     

城市地表径流-灰尘-污染物输移研究进展

城市地表"径流-灰尘-污染物"作为一个三相介质系统,相互作用机理十分复杂。分别从城市地表灰尘颗粒对不同种类污染物的吸附效应及时空分布规律、地表(坡面)降雨径流特性及过程模拟、地表径流-灰尘-污染物协同输移与削减等方面,总结与分析了现有的研究进展。从本质上来看,城市地表灰尘可视为由不同粒径泥沙颗粒组成的综合体,有必要基于泥沙运动力学理论加强对地表径流中灰尘颗粒运动规律的研究,并以灰尘颗粒对不同污染物的吸附、沉淀作用为纽带,探讨"径流-灰尘-污染物"的协同输移与削减机制。其中,如何有效扩展城市调查样本容量,比较研究不同下垫面径流动力特性,并从径流能量或功率角度出发,研究不同粒径灰尘颗粒的分组起动与输移规律,并建立在径流输送过程中的挟沙力方程,将是今后需要深入研究的问题。     

城市地表径流-灰尘-污染物输移研究进展

城市地表"径流-灰尘-污染物"作为一个三相介质系统，相互作用机理十分复杂。分别从城市地表灰尘颗粒对不同种类污染物的吸附效应及时空分布规律、地表（坡面）降雨径流特性及过程模拟、地表径流-灰尘-污染物协同输移与削减等方面，总结与分析了现有的研究进展。从本质上来看，城市地表灰尘可视为由不同粒径泥沙颗粒组成的综合体，有必要基于泥沙运动力学理论加强对地表径流中灰尘颗粒运动规律的研究，并以灰尘颗粒对不同污染物的吸附、沉淀作用为纽带，探讨"径流-灰尘-污染物"的协同输移与削减机制。其中，如何有效扩展城市调查样本容量，比较研究不同下垫面径流动力特性，并从径流能量或功率角度出发，研究不同粒径灰尘颗粒的分组起动与输移规律，并建立在径流输送过程中的挟沙力方程，将是今后需要深入研究的问题。     

Towards models of strategic spatial choice behaviour: theory and application issues

Models of spatial choice behaviour have been around in geography urban planning for decades to assess the feasibility of planning actions or to predict external (competition) effects on existing destinations. Although these models differ in terms of complexity and key concepts, they all have in common that spatial choice behaviour is predicted as a function of the attributes of the choice alternatives and distance or travel time separation only. None of these models do take into account that the attributes of choice alternatives and travel time may be highly non-stationary and that often the utility that people derive from visiting a particular location also depends on the choice behaviour of other individuals. Under these circumstances, individuals may exhibit strategic choice behaviour. That is, they will choose particular choice options taking into account their expected behaviour of others such as to maximize their own utility. The purpose of the proposed paper is to discuss possible models of strategic choice behaviour for these urban planning problems. Theory will be outlined and some critical issues in the application of such models to problems of spatial choice will be discussed.