我国北方部分地区大气粉尘的特征研究

针对北方部分地区大气粉尘进行的粒度、成分、物相和形貌特性分析表明,大气粉尘中微小颗粒集中分布在0．3μm～5μm内,小于2μm的超过85％,粉尘主要以Si,Al,Fe,ca等风砂和土壤的地壳元素,矿物相主要为石英,钠长石,方解石,绢云母。颗粒呈无规则形的团、块状,颗粒表面高低不平或有冲刷痕迹或有小孔。K,Na的含量较低,SiO2的含量很高。不同性质的粉尘在水溶液中其pH值变化趋势不尽相同,大气粉尘在水溶液里的电离受粉尘的成分、粒度和表面吸附的协同作用。     

拉萨河地区的大气降水同位素分布特征

拉萨河地区的雨水方程为δＤ＝７．２δ＾１８Ｏ＋１２．３６,表现出该地区为较强烈蒸发特征。氢、氧同位素空间分布特征：墨竹工卡以北,δＤ,δ＾１８Ｏ东部高,西部低;墨竹工卡以南,δＤ,δ＾１８Ｄ东部氏,西部高。这种区域性分布特征与孟加拉湾降水云气的形成,运移过程及拉萨河地区的自然环境,气候条件有关。     

乌鲁木齐河源区大气降水的化学特征

根据乌鲁木齐河源区一个完整年周期的大气降水样品，初步探讨了该研究区域的降水化学特征，结果表明，在所有被测离子中，阳离子成分以Ca^2 为主，阴离子成分以SO4^2-为主，Ca2 ,Mg2 ,Na ,K ,SO4^2-,NO3^-和Cl-的浓度范围分别为0－12．63ug.g^-1,0-2.0ug.g^-1,0.03-5.56ug.g^-1,0-5.57ug.g^-1,0.19-40.46ug.g^-1,0-11.58ug.g^-1和0－24．43ug.g^-1，通过相关分析和经验正交函数分析，确定降水化学成分主要来源于区域性粉尘物质，局地来源物质，人类活动产生的酸性成分以及海洋或周围盐湖来源物质等，虽然区域性粉尘物质对降水化学特征的影响居于主导地,但降水中的Ca^2 受局地来源物质的影响较大，NO3－为主要的污染物，并在相当大程度上控制降水的酸碱性，海洋或周围盐湖来源物质处于非常次要的位置。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中,下游地区大气降水同位素分布特征

雅鲁藏布江中、下游地我的雨水方程为：δＤ＝７．５４δ＾１８Ｏ＋１５．９２,表现出该地区为强烈蒸发特征。氢、氧同位素空间分布特征：δＤ、δ＾１８Ｏ东部高,西部低;氚值（Ｔ）东部低,西部高,这与孟加拉湾降水云气的形成、动态运移过程及青藏高原的自然环境、气候条件有关。     

长春市城区大气湿沉降中重金属及pH值调查

为弄清长春市城区大气降水pH值及重金属湿沉降状况,于2006年8月-2007年7月在3个采样点分4季系统收集了大气降水样品12件,采用全谱直读电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr,采用原子荧光光度法(AFS)分析了Hg.结果表明:长春市大气降水年平均pH值为6.43,总体上为中性雨;降水中重金属质量浓度较低,Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd分别为0.042、3.59、9.25、148.6、18.44、21.71、0.933 μg/L,且受气象条件(如气温、风速、相对湿度等)影响明显,同时随区域的不同而略有差异.总体而言,除Cr外,各重金属元素质量浓度在春冬季明显高于夏秋季,汽车厂附近区域大气降水中重金属质量浓度最低.经估算,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn湿沉降通量分别为2.13、0.21、1.70、3.74、0.019、6.82、65.78 mg/(m2·a),且主要集中在3-9月.     

贵阳市大气降水中的重金属特征

采集了贵阳市2003年9月—2004年10月的72场降雨样品,用ICP-MS测定了雨水溶解态的Pb、Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Al、Sr等重金属离子,阐述了贵阳市降雨的重金属含量特征,并分析了重金属的来源及变化规律。结果表明,贵阳市雨水重金属含量高,Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn均高于地表水,雨水的重金属含量受人为因素影响明显,燃煤及汽车尾气是雨水重金属的主要来源,为评价贵阳市大气中的重金属污染提供了有力的证据。     

大气降水对地下水化学特征的影响

大气降水污染是影响地下水化学特征的主要因素之一。本文在考虑雨水和雪水的化学成分的基础上，研究了地下水中常，微量元素浓度的变化情况。．     

矿物纤维粉尘的电化学特性研究及其意义

本文主要测定了６对矿物粉尘的电导率和ｐＨ值,对比分析了形态、粒度、温度、时间对粉尘电化学特征的影响。研究结果表明,矿物在水介质中的ｐＨ值／电导率比值与其粒度细度成正相关关系,电导率对温度的变化较为敏感,其最大值出现在６０℃左右,在８０℃以后所有样品的电导率均出现大幅下降拐点。多数样品的ｐＨ值表现出逐渐上升的趋势,８小时以后所有样品均接近平衡时的稳定值,具阳离子交换性质的矿尘的溶解、电离、导电模式是     

西藏东部大气降水氧同位素组成特征

The Xizang Plateau, with a common altitude of more than 4000 m sbove sea level,has long been celebrated as “The Roof of the World”. In order to study oxygen isotopic composition of meteoric water in the Xizang Plateau Region and its relationship with the attitude, we made an investigation tour to the Xizang Plateau, starting from Guizhow, during 1979 from July to October, and 79 meteoric Water samples were collected, including brook, well, lake, snow, firn, spring and running waters, at different altitudes. Oxygen isotope analyses indicate that the isotopie composition of meteoric water in the areas more than 4000g and in the western parts of SichuanGaizhow shows remarkable altitude effect. There is a negative correlation between δ^28O and altitude, which is reflected by --δ^18O = 0.0026H 7.75. The average δ^18O value for metcoric water in the areas: more than 4000m above sea level turns out to be --18.15‰ is evident that δ^18O value for lake water on the plateau is related to its water supply. δ^18O value for lake water, in which the evaporation is greater than supply,is approximately three or four times higher than that of supplied water, averaging -5.74‰. Oxygen isotopic compasition of geothermal water can be compared with that of local meteoric water, but shows certain δ^18O-shift, suggesting that the main water-supply source seems to be meteoric water in the same area.     

珠江流域大气降水稳定性氢氧同位素特征

大气降水稳定同位素的特征对于明确流域水循环过程、水汽来源和气候变化等方面都有重要指示作用。选取珠江流域的广州、桂林、柳州和香港4个站点的IAEA大气降水氢氧同位素数据,对其时空分布特点及影响因素进行了研究。结果显示:该地区降水中氧同位素的变化呈现出旱季高、雨季低的特点。全年尺度下,4个站点主要受温度效应影响,只在旱季有着较为微弱的降水量效应;得到的珠江流域大气降水线方程:δD=8.084δ~(18)O+10.998,R=0.965,对比全球及中国大气降水线方程,都较为接近,证明该地区降水主要遵循瑞利分馏过程;d盈余值的变化呈现出雨季低、旱季高的特征,表明珠江流域水汽主要源于海洋,在旱季受到北方空气南下及局地水循环的影响。     

玉龙雪山浅冰芯pH值对冰川作用区降水量变化的响应

玉龙雪山10.10 m浅冰芯的pH和电导率(EC)变化分析以及与Ca2 、 Mg2 、 K 和Na 浓度的对比表明, 玉龙雪山主要受局地碱性陆源物质的控制.与丽江气象台站的降雨量资料比较发现, 在海洋性冰川区浅冰芯pH和电导率的变化与降雨量和周围地表可溶性离子的输入量关系密切, 并与降雨量呈显著的负相关关系.结合玉龙雪山主要由局地来源补给的特征, 引入TSP(总悬浮颗粒物)作为局地可溶盐补给能力的代用指标分析玉龙浅冰芯pH值对降水量年际变化的响应.在相对湿润年, pH值较低, 若TSP值较高, 则pH值相对较高, TSP值较低, 则pH值较低.在相对干旱年, pH值较高, 若TSP值较高, pH值较高, 若TSP值较低, 则pH值相对较低;在海洋性冰川区, 浅冰芯pH和电导率的变化, 并结合TSP能够有效的反映出冰川作用区干湿的年际变化, 是大气环境状况的敏感指示器.     

Characteristics of modern atmospheric dust deposition in snow in the Mt. Yulong region,southeastern Tibetan Plateau

We evaluated the concentration, size and distribution, and temporal variation of insoluble dust micro-particles in the snow, rainfall and water taken from the areas surrounding the Mt. Yulong to define the characteristics of modern atmospheric dust deposition and the contributions of different dust sources. The mean mass concentration (4511 μg kg⁻¹) of micro-particles with 0.57 < d < 26 μm, and the diameter (11.5 μm) of dust contained in the water bodies of the Mt. Yulong are roughly similar to those observed in other sites, implying that dust is primarily supplied through short-range transport from proximal source regions (several or hundreds of km distances). The mean mass concentrations of micro-particles with 0.57 < d < 26 μm is lower in the rainfall than in the snow and the river water, suggesting the rain water is an ideal source/carrier for detecting the characteristics of modern atmospheric micro-particles. Volume size distributions of micro-particles in the snow and water showed single modal structures having volume median diameters from 3 to 26 μm. Number concentrations of micro-particles in the snow were higher than that in the rainfall, the river water contains the least amount of micro-particles. Vertical profiles of the snowpits show that there is a strong lateral correlation among the dust peaks, indicating a regional uniformity of dust deposition and suitability of snow analysis for dust deposition. In addition, the bare rock of snow-free terrain in the Mt. Yulong region and the mineral particles from local rock weathering are also important sources for the dust deposition.     

玉龙雪山冰川退缩对丽江社会经济的可能影响

玉龙雪山分布有中国最南的海洋性温冰川,其独特的地理位置和冰川特性使其成为丽江旅游资源最重要的组成要素之一.但温冰川对气候变化极为敏感,玉龙雪山的冰川自20世纪以来,总体呈退缩趋势.通过综合分析历史资料与调查资料,认为冰川的退缩可能对当地社会经济尤其是丽江的旅游业和居民生活状态产生深远影响.     

玉龙雪山白水1号冰川运动速度测量与研究

采用玉龙雪山白水1号冰川2011年6～9月的高精度GPS实测数据,对白水1号冰川的运动速度进行了探索性研究,并与其他数条典型冰川作了对比分析。结果表明,与北半球典型大陆性冰川相比,玉龙雪山白水1号冰川运动速度明显偏快,介于2.34～4.74 m/月之间,是同规模大陆性冰川的月运动速度的6～10倍,有独特的海洋性冰川运动特征。与藏东南同一类型的帕隆94冰川相比,玉龙雪山白水1号冰川运动速度约为其一半,这说明海洋性冰川的运动速度与规模成正比。同时,白水1号冰川末端平均海拔为4 381 m,近10年几乎保持了相同的退缩速度,说明在当今气候变化背景下,白水1号冰川对气候变暖的响应程度相同。     

The Features of Climate Variation and Glacier Response in Mt.Yulong,Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The Features of climate change in Mt.Yulong, southeasten Tibetan Plateau were analyzed using linear regression, Mann Kendall abrupt test and Morlet wavelet analyses. In addition, the relationship between glacier retreating (Baishui Glacier No.1) and climate warming wasalso analyzed in this study. The main results are showedas follow: ① The annual mean temperature, precipitation have an increasing trend, withinclination rates being 0.15℃/10a and 9.0 mm/10a;annual temperaturedramatically ascend in 1998 with the change values 0.7 ℃; Morlet waveletsin annual temperature andtemperature in dry season mainly have a 10 to 15 year periods,while annual precipitation amount and the precipitation in rainy season presented a quasi 10 year periods. ②Prior to 1998, the important meteorological factor influencing the change of Baishui Glacier No.1 are temperature and precipitation, while in the following years, temperature plays a more important role in affecting its retreat and advance; The main characteristic ofvertical climate change in Mt. Yulong (1982/2009) is that the cold season shortens and temperature rises with elevation, and the maximal value of increased temperature in glacier zone is 2.2~2.5 ℃, resulting in greatly accelerated glacier ablation.     

玉龙雪山国家地质公园地质遗迹资源类型划分及其综合评价

通过文献综述和多次野外考察,依据国土资源部针对地质遗迹印发的最新分类标准,对玉龙雪山地质公园内地质遗迹资源进行分类,并运用层次分析法与综合评估方法对地质遗迹资源亚类进行评价。结果表明：地质公园内地质遗迹资源可分为地质剖面、地质构造、地貌景观、环境地质遗迹景观、水体景观5个大类、9个类、15个亚类;评价因子权重文化属性>自然属性,科研价值=科普价值>美学价值>经济社会价值>典型性>稀有性>系统性>历史文化价值>自然性;地质遗迹资源亚类划分为三级,其中有I级地质遗迹亚类4个、Ⅱ级8个、Ⅲ级3个。总体上,玉龙雪山国家地质公园内地质遗迹类型多样且保存完整,以河流地貌和构造地质遗迹为主要代表,以冰川地质遗迹为主要特色。地质遗迹资源丰富、普遍品质高,有极高的科研、科普价值,尤其是地学方面的研究意义重大。通过对玉龙雪山国家地质公园地质遗迹评价,为地质公园内地质遗迹资源保护和可持续发展提供基础资料和科学参考。     

玉龙雪山冰川沉积序列OSL定年

位于青藏高原东南缘的玉龙雪山分布有欧亚大陆纬度最低的海洋型冰川,其主峰及周边地区保存了大量清晰完整的第四纪冰川遗迹。研究该区第四纪冰川作用遗迹及其冰川作用史,具有重要的理论与实际价值。应用光释光（OSL）测年技术对玉龙雪山冰川沉积物进行了定年,结合前人研究资料,重建玉龙雪山冰川作用史。研究结果表明：玉龙雪山东麓的末次冰期冰碛物主要形成于晚更新世末次冰期最盛时期,其平均年代约在25ka,西麓末次冰期冰碛物形成年代约为50ka,对应于深海氧同位素3阶段中期（MIS3b）。而倒数第二次冰期的年代在240ka左右,处于中更新世晚期,对应于MIS8阶段,当时玉龙雪山存在多条复式山谷冰川。该研究可为玉龙雪山第四纪冰川作用历史的重新认识以及光释光测年技术在该区的应用提供基础资料。     

气候变化背景下玉龙雪山漾弓江流域径流变化 及其影响因素分析

利用1979-2016年金沙江支流漾弓江流域木家桥水文站流量资料和丽江市气象资料,揭示了漾弓江流域径流变化特征及其主要影响因素。研究结果表明：漾弓江流域年径流量呈先增加后减小趋势。在年代际时间尺度, 20世纪80年代、90年代以及2000-2009年,径流量呈现增加趋势,而2010-2016年径流量呈减小趋势,与2000-2009年相比, 2010-2016年径流量减少了42%（减少径流量为0.88×10⁸ m³）。气温和降水量对径流的影响均较为显著,其中,降水量对径流的影响主要体现在雨季,而气温对径流的影响主要体现在消融期。气温升高导致冰川累积负物质平衡,进而引起冰雪融水变化,漾弓江流域2000-2009年径流变化的主要原因。     

Environmental significance of snowpit chemistry in the typical monsoonal temperate glacier region,Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong,China

Samples were collected from two snowpits in Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong, China, in May 2006. Snowpit chemistry was studied, using ion tracer techniques, HYSPLIT model, factor analysis, correlation and trend analysis. It indicated that total cation concentration is higher in 4,900-m snowpit than in 4,750-m snowpit, whereas total anion concentration is higher in 4,750-m snowpit. Cations, especially Ca²⁺, dominate ionic concentrations in Baishui glacier no. 1. According to correlation analysis and factor analysis, ions can be categorized as follows: Cl⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ as Group 1, SO₄ ²⁻ as Group 2, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ as Group 3, Na⁺ as Group 4, K⁺ as Group 5. Contribution made by terrestrial dust to ionic concentration accounts for 52.27, 100, 99.36, 98.91, 96.16 and 99.97% of Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, respectively, in 4,900-m snowpit, and for 64.00, 100, 99.57, 98.63, 96.25 and 99.97% in 4,750-m snowpit. Local dust is the principal source of snowpit chemical components. Pollutants brought from industrial areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia and South China by monsoonal circulation also makes some contribution to anion concentrations, but pollution associated with human activities makes a very slight contribution in study area. The chemical characteristics of two snowpits are different owing to the difference of deposition mechanism and local environment in different altitudes.     

Chemical Composition of Aerosol and Fresh Snow and Tourism Influences at Baishui Glacier No.1 from Mt. Yulong,Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Aerosol and snow samples were collected at ablation zone of Baishui(白水) Glacier No.1,Mt.Yulong(玉龙),from May to June,2006.The concentrations of Cl-,NO3-,SO42-,Na+,K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+ were determined by ion chromatograph both in aerosol and snow samples.The average totalaerosol loading is 25.45 neq·scm-1,NO3-and Na+ are the dominant soluble ions in the aerosol,accounting for 39% and 21% of average total aerosol loading,respectively.Monsoon circulation reduces the concentration of most ions,indicating that wet sc...