考虑各向异性的层土-盾构隧道地震反应数值模拟

在层状各向异性土体-盾构隧道地震反应分析中,引入了横观各向同性弹塑性模型理论,建立了适合于横观各向同性介质的双渐近-多向透射边界条件。针对地铁区间盾构隧道抗震设计的特点,基于横观各向同性弹塑性模型,研制了考虑层状土体各向异性和施工开挖效应,适合于盾构隧道动力计算的各向异性弹塑性动力有限元程序。在程序中对于不同的材料采用了不同的本构关系和不同的单元形式,并采用了关联流动法则和多种屈服准则,可同时进行各向异性土体与地下结构的二维平面应力、平面应变和轴对称问题的静力和动力数值分析。最后利用所研制的程序进行了上海地铁二号线石门一路站附近区间隧道在不同超越概率地震动输入下的隧道反应计算。结果表明,在层状土体-地铁区间隧道的抗震分析中考虑土体各向异性的影响是必要的,所提出的计算模型是可行的。     

基于OpenSees的砂土本构模型对比研究

饱和砂土液化是由地震引起的一种最常见的工程地质现象,也是造成重大地震灾害的主要原因之一。由于成因的复杂性和所造成灾害的严重性,饱和砂土液化一直是土动力学和岩土地震工程研究领域的重要课题。针对饱和砂土液化问题,基于开源地震工程数值计算平台OpenSees,对材料库中的4种砂土本构模型进行数值计算。采用二维u-p单元模拟土颗粒位移和孔隙水压力,分析和对比4种模型在循环动力荷载作用下的加速度、超孔隙水压力、位移、剪应力-剪应变和平均有效应力路径方面的响应结果。研究结果表明:(1)砂土对输入加速度表现出一定的放大效应,对于不同的模型,该放大效应存在一些差异;(2) Stress Density模型在循环动力荷载作用下易产生永久变形;(3)在循环动力荷载作用下,PDMY模型和CycLiqCPSP模型的强度逐渐降低,直到完全消失;(4) Stress Density模型和Manzari Dafalias模型在循环动力荷载下表现出明显的剪胀效应。研究成果对砂土液化的数值模拟问题具有重要的理论价值,可为饱和砂土的液化模拟和砂土本构模型的选取提供参考。     

粉粒含量对粉土场地液化后变形影响的试验研究

利用全自动多功能三轴仪进行了粉土场地的液化后变形试验,探讨了粉粒含量对液化后应力应变关系的影响.试验时施加动加载使试样达到设定的液化程度,然后立即施加单调荷载,以模拟地震现场发生强震时初始液化到液化后变形的整个过程.研究发现,不同粉粒含量粉土场地发生液化后变形得到的液化后应力应变关系可采用推导的同一理论关系式表示,其系数的差异表明了粉粒含量对粉土液化后变形的影响.验证结果表明该关系式能较好地模拟粉粒含量对粉土场地液化后应力-应变的影响,为同一地区或相似地区粉粒含量变化的粉土场地液化评估提供依据.     

软土动力特性动三轴试验研究

许多学者对软土在动力作用下的变形特性进行了大量的研究,并提出了相应的经验公式,但其经验公式参数较多且试验复杂,不易被一般工程技术人员掌握运用。本文采用天津滨海地区软土为研究对象,进行钻探取样、波速测试、室内静力学和动三轴试验,获取该地区软土的静、动力学参数,并利用相对简单的模型对残余应变和软化指数随振次的变化规律采用最小二乘法进行拟合,取得很好的效果。成果表明,利用简单的模型对软土的动力特性进行区域性研究是可行的。该成果可为今后软土动力特性和软土震陷计算方法研究提供参考和基础性资料。     

Experimental research on the development of residual strain in seasonal frozen soil under freezing-thawing and impact type traffic loads

Vehicle load is among the main factors affecting the deformation of subgrade soil.In this research study,the concept of impact type traffic load is introduced to investigate the effects of vehicle load based on the dynamic stress and displacement time histories acquired from seasonal frozen subgrade soils.Using freezing-thawing and dynamic triaxial tests and considering the amplitude and loading sequence of impact type traffic load,the residual deformation characteristics of subgrade soil under impact type traffic loads and freezing-thawing cycles is studied.It was found that under impact type traffic load,the residual deformation of soils increased sharply as the amplitude of impact type traffic load increased.It was also found that the increase in the amplitude of impact type traffic load led to the increase of residual deformation in a scale of power and exponential function.The amplitudes of impact type traffic load affect the development stress-strain path of the residual strain.After the soil experienced the proper amount of pre-vibration of the light load,residual deformation decreased by 15%.After freezing-thawing,the residual strain of soil increased as the amplitude of the impact type traffic loads increased.Also,when the amplification effect of freezing-thawing on the residual strain was basically stable,the residual deformation increased by about 10%.The peak impact type traffic load had a large effect on soil deformation after the freezing-thawing process,leading to the observation that of the earlier the peaks,the stronger the effect of freezing-thawing.After the soil was subjected to preloading with a small load,the influence of the freezing-thawing cycles gradually stabilized.The results may be useful in preventing and controlling the risk of subgrade soil failure when construction takes place spring thaw periods.     

Direct differentiation method for response sensitivity analysis of a bounding surface plasticity soil model

Finite element (FE) response sensitivity analysis is an important component in gradient-based structural optimization, reliability analysis, system identification, and FE model updating. In this paper, the FE response sensitivity analysis methodology based on the direct differentiation method (DDM) is applied to a bounding surface plasticity material model that has been widely used to simulate nonlinear soil behavior under static and dynamic loading conditions. The DDM-based algorithm is derived and implemented in the general-purpose nonlinear finite element analysis program OpenSees. The algorithm is validated through simulation of the nonlinear cyclic response of a soil element and a liquefiable soil site at Port Island, Japan, under earthquake loading. The response sensitivity results are compared and validated with those obtained from Forward Finite Difference (FFD) analysis. Furthermore, the results are used to determine the relative importance of various soil constitutive parameters to the dynamic response of the system. The DDM-based algorithm is demonstrated to be accurate and efficient in computing the FE response sensitivities, and has great potential in the sensitivity analysis of nonlinear dynamic soil-structure systems.     

饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构地震响应分析

将土体视为固-液两相介质,基于饱和土体有效应力原理,建立饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构体系相互作用动力模型:在地应力平衡的静力状态下采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性本构模型,在地震波作用的动力状态下采用Davidenkov非线性黏弹性本构模型;考虑饱和土体黏弹性动力人工边界条件,将地震动作用转化为作用在人工边界节点上的动力荷载。模型考察不同地震波时程、地震波加速度峰值、入射角度、孔隙率以及地应力场的影响,得出如下结论:(1)地震波的卓越周期与场地卓越周期相近时引起结构上的变形最大;随着地震波加速度峰值的增大结构变形增大;随着地震波入射角度的增加结构变形增大,地震波斜入射情况下产生的行波效应使得结构变形最大。(2)土体材料的孔隙水压力是影响地震中结构变形的主要因素之一。(3)将土体材料考虑为单相介质时结构上的变形要比考虑为固-液两相介质时大得多,直接将饱和土体场地中得到的地震波等效荷载施加到单相土介质-结构动力相互作用模型上,能够得到与完全基于有效应力法一致的结果。     

瑞利阻尼对砂土场地非线性地震响应的影响分析

在地震荷载作用下,自由场地会产生土体侧向变形和地表响应放大现象。由于土体的高度非线性,计算自由场地地震响应时,不同的阻尼比及剪切模量取值是造成其计算结果与试验结果相差较大的原因之一。目前动力计算常采用瑞利阻尼方法,其系数取值会在一定程度上影响计算结果。选用两模态简化瑞利阻尼系数计算方法,分析土体阻尼比及控制频率的取值对计算结果的影响,对比离心机模型试验,利用开源有限元平台OpenSees,采用适合于土体动力分析的多屈服面本构模型(PDMY),建立剪切梁模型模拟三维自由场地,并分析瑞利阻尼参数对自由场地地震响应和侧向变形计算结果的影响。结果表明,针对相对密度为60%的Nevada干砂,阻尼比为4%、控制频率比为5时,场地响应计算结果与试验结果较为符合。综合分析显示场地非线性响应时域计算时,应特别注意选用的瑞利阻尼参数值。     

Effective eccentricity for inelastic seismic response of buildings

The concept of effective eccentricity is generalized for inelastic systems to provide guidelines for estimating the maximum dynamic edge displacement and resisting element deformation of a single mass monosymmetrical system subjected to unidirectional ground excitations. Inelastic responses of three structural models having the same overall elastic responses are compared and the model which generally results in larger edge displacement is chosen as the structural model to be used to evaluate the effect of asymmetry. The inelastic effective eccentricity is calculated for different values of the system parameters, based on an ensemble of six ground motion records as input. It is concluded that, except for stiff structures having low yield strength, the elastic effective eccentricity curves developed previously by Dempsey and Tso can provide a reasonable or relatively conservative estimate for inelastic effective eccentricity, and these curves can be used to estimate the edge displacement and element deformation of inelastic eccentric systems.     

拱形抗滑桩墙支护结构体系模型试验相似材料研制

根据模型试验相似比尺和桩土间应力协调要求,用机制砂、河砂、水泥、石粉等配置了40组（每组6个）低强度、低弹性模量的圆柱形微混凝土相似材料试件。测试结果表明：微混凝土具有和原型混凝土大致相同的应力应变阶段和破坏模式,可以模拟原型结构的力学行为和变形、破坏特征。砂率和石粉取代率不同时,微混凝土试件的轴压强度和弹性模量在较大范围内变化;砂率较合适时,同一配合比微混凝土6个试件的强度和弹性模量一致性较好。微混凝土可以满足不同比尺模型试验对相似材料力学性质稳定、力学参数可以在较大范围内调整的要求。     

应力、应变控制下压实黄土动力特性研究

基于动三轴试验研究了不同围压条件下,加载控制方式对压实黄土动应力应变关系的影响规律,对比了不同控制方式下压实黄土的动应力应变时程曲线的差异。研究表明:压实黄土的动应力应变关系符合双曲线模型;加载控制方式不会改变压实黄土骨干曲线的类型,但会显著影响拟合参数的大小。相同围压下,采用应变控制测定的初始动模量较小;随着围压的增大,应变控制下初始动模量随围压的增长速率反而越小,二者之间的差距越来越大。应力控制和应变控制加载过程中,动模量在某一振级下随着动循环次数的增加而逐渐衰减,且应力控制方式下衰减的幅度较大。对于土体结构受力较为敏感的原状土,使用应变控制加载方式可能会获得更为准确的试验结果。     

Effect of a forced harmonic vibration pile to its adjacent pile in layered elastic soil with double-shear model

A new model named double-shear model based on Pasternak foundation and Timoshenko beam theory is developed to evaluate the effect of a forced harmonic vibration pile to its adjacent pile in multilayered soil medium. The double-shear model takes into account the shear deformation and the rotational inertia of piles as well as the shear deformation of soil. The piles are simulated as Timoshenko beams, which are embedded in a layered Pasternak foundation. The differential equation of transverse vibration for a pile is solved by the initial parameter method. The dynamic interaction factors for the layered soil medium are obtained by the transfer matrix method. The formulation and the implementation have been verified by means of several examples. The individual shear effects of soil and piles on the interaction factors are evaluated through a parametric study. Compared to Winkler model with Euler beam, the present model gives much better results for the dynamic interaction of piles embedded in stiff soil with small slenderness ratios. Finally, the effect of a forced long pile to a short pile embedded in multilayered soil medium is studied in detail.     

Reduced complexity models for probabilistic forecasting of infiltration rates

Soil heterogeneity and data sparsity combine to render estimates of infiltration rates uncertain. We develop reduced complexity models for the probabilistic forecasting of infiltration rates in heterogeneous soils during surface runoff and/or flooding events. These models yield closed-form semi-analytical expressions for the single- and multi-point infiltration-rate PDFs (probability density functions), which quantify predictive uncertainty stemming from uncertainty in soil properties. These solutions enable us to investigate the relative importance of uncertainty in various hydraulic parameters and the effects of their cross-correlation. At early times, the infiltration-rate PDFs computed with the reduced complexity models are in close agreement with their counterparts obtained from a full infiltration model based on the Richards equation. At all times, the reduced complexity models provide conservative estimates of predictive uncertainty.     

残积土含水率对其动力特性影响试验研究

选取厦门某建筑工程地基浅层残积土重塑试样,利用SDT-10微机控制电液伺服动态三轴测试系统,在呈正弦变化的动态荷载作用下,测试含水率分别为10%、15%、20%和23%时残积土试样的动应力-应变、动变形-作用时间(作用次数)、动弹性模量等动力学特性曲线与参数。分析试验数据表明:试样在动荷载作用下表现为黏弹塑性变形特性,且随着含水率提高,试样累积塑性轴向变形逐步增大,最大弹性模量逐步减少,但含水率由20%增至23%时,最大动弹性模量降低幅度不大。     

Identification and imaging of soil and soil-pile deformation in the presence of liquefaction

1 Introduction Soil and soil-structure systems exhibit complex response patterns during earthquake-induced liquefaction. These patterns depend on geotechnical properties, in-situ stress conditions and interaction with subsurface structural elements. Seismic records of full- scale systems during case histories provide a valuable source of information on the associated response mechanisms. However, the response of these systems is commonly monitored at sparsely distributed locations only, mostly…     

湖相沉积典型软土HSS模型参数取值研究

数值分析被广泛用于研究复杂环境下深基坑开挖变形,但本构模型及模型参数选择对计算结果合理性影响较大。比较分析多种本构模型的特点,硬化土小应变(HSS)本构模型能很好对软土场地基坑开挖引起的变形进行预测,但HSS模型参数多且取值困难。湖相沉积软土在昆明分布范围广,但针对此类土,特别是有机质含量及含水率较高的泥炭质土的HSS模型参数如何取值无相关研究。针对这些问题,对大量土工试验及取原状样进行室内试验资料进行分析,研究得到几个刚度参数间的经验取值关系,获得湖相沉积典型软土层的HSS模型参数。为检验HSS模型及相关参数取值的合理性,运用PLAXIS 2D数值分析软件,对软土场地的两个地铁基坑建立数值模型,计算在不同开挖工况下引起的基坑变形,并与实际变形监测值进行对比分析,两变形吻合较好,从而验证研究结果是合理可靠的,且研究结果对于深基坑支护设计、岩土工程研究及勘察等具有重要的参考价值。     

土工三轴试验方法-静动耦合试验

尝试了一种新的土工三轴试验方法,即在一个试样同时得到与土体静动变形和强度特性相关的各种参数。文中讨论了采用耦合试验方法时应变循环大小对静力变形和强度特性的影响;并通过与常规试验结果的比较,给出了等效弹性模量、等效阻尼比和动永久应变等动力变形参数的试验结果。试验结果表明：采用耦合试验复杂加载方式,能够更深入地研究土体的静、动变形和强度特性,尤其在复杂应力条件下的动力变形特性方面。     

GNSS在中国大陆的地震预测应用研究进展与展望

GNSS技术的快速发展为地震预测研究提供了前所未有的大尺度、高精度的观测结果,为强震变形模型的发展提供了可靠的观测约束。本文针对GNSS技术在中国大陆地震预测中的应用,系统梳理了断裂带滑动特征描述、变形场动态演化解析、应变集中过程识别、潜在震源危险程度判断等方面的研究进展。通过典型震例总结了GNSS资料在长、中、短临不同的地震预测阶段的应用。针对地震中长期预测,基于构造动力过程给出了强震危险性时空逼近的科学思路,即“板块边界动力作用—大-中尺度动态形变场—应力应变增强/集中区—孕震危险段中短期危险性的时空逼近”的过程。在此基础上,针对GNSS监测能力提升、地震孕育过程相关的多尺度地壳形变动态信息获取、GNSS多参量动力学模型构建及产出等问题进行了讨论和发展展望。总体而言,GNSS技术的应用显著增强了我国地震预测的地壳形变观测基础支撑,丰富了对大陆地震孕育发生物理过程的科学认识,推动了大陆地震预测科学思路和预测方法的发展,并促进了地震预测由经验预测向物理预测的拓展。     

Elasto-plastic long-term behavior of granular soils: Modelling and experimental validation

Repeated small amplitude dynamic loading of the soil in the vicinity of buildings, as arising from traffic or construction activities, may cause differential foundation settlements and structural damage. In this paper, an accumulation model for settlements due to vibrations at small strain levels in granular non-cohesive soils is proposed. It is assumed that the dynamic part of the stresses is small with respect to the static part. As plastic deformation in the soil is only observed after a considerable amount of dynamic loading cycles, only the accumulation of the average plastic deformation is considered. The model accounts for the dependency of the deformation on the stress state, the void ratio, and the dynamic loading amplitude. The model is calibrated for homogeneous fine grained sands with the aid of cyclic triaxial test results.     

关中地区垂直形变场及其动态演化特征

应用关中地区20余年的精密水准资料,用分段线性速率动态平差法进行统一起算基准的拟稳平差计算．得出了197l～1976、1976-1980、1980-1986和1986～1996年度的垂直形变速率图,从动态的观点研究了关中地区地壳垂直形变场的演化特征。研究结果表明：（1）地壳垂直形变场有规律的变化与区域应力-应变场的微动态活动有关,青藏亚板块和华北亚板块对关中地区的构造变形交替起主导作用,并产生了不同形变特征;（2）地壳垂直运动不是线性的。有加速、反向和停顿,长期平均垂直运动速率低于各时段的变化;（3）地壳垂直变化与断裂活动密切相关。垂直形变的逆继承性构造活动时期远小于继承性构造活动时期;（4）西安是一个特殊沉降区。由于过量开采地下水引起地面急剧下降。