超固结黏土单调和耦合循环的剪切特性研究

针对超固结黏土空心试样,利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,在均等固结条件下进行了单调扭剪和三轴-扭转耦合循环剪切试验。试验结果表明：不同超固结比黏土的单调扭剪强度也可由正常固结黏土的单调扭剪强度得到,得到了不同超固结比下饱和黏土的强度及模量的退化规律;随着超固结比的增大,相同破坏循环次数的动应力比和临界循环应力比均线性增大;超固结比对耦合循环剪切的孔隙水压力的发展模式影响显著。参考Yasuhara的测量方法,采用荷载停止后继续采集孔压的方法可以更好地反映黏土在耦合循环荷载下产生的真实孔压和孔压的增长情况。提出的综合应变式同时考虑了剪切变化和正向偏差变形的共同效应,适合作为主应力连续旋转的耦合循环剪切试验的破坏标准。     

Laboratory Investigation into the Effects of Silty Fines on Liquefaction Susceptibility of Chlef (Algeria) Sandy Soils

In a number of recent case studies, the liquefaction of silty sands has been reported. To investigate the undrained shear and deformation behaviour of Chlef sand–silt mixtures, a series of monotonic and stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on sand encountered at the site. The aim of this laboratory investigation is to study the influence of silt contents, expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio on undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense and dense sand–silt mixtures under monotonic loading and liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. After an earthquake event, the prediction of the post-liquefaction strength is becoming a challenging task in order to ensure the stability of different types of earth structures. Thus, the choice of the appropriate undrained residual shear strength of silty sandy soils that are prone to liquefaction to be used in engineering practice design should be established. To achieve this, a series of undrained triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines contents ranging from 0 to 40 %. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant at 100 kPa. From the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not characterize the actual behaviour of the soil as well. The equivalent void ratio expressing the fine particles participation in soil strength is then introduced. A linear relationship between the undrained shear residual shear strength and the equivalent void ratio has been obtained for the studied range of the fines contents. Cyclic test results confirm that the increase in the equivalent void ratio and the fines content accelerates the liquefaction phenomenon for the studied stress ratio and the liquefaction resistance decreases with the increase in either the equivalent void ratio or the loading amplitude level. These cyclic tests results confirm the obtained monotonic tests results.     

不同温度应力路径下饱和黏土剪切特性

在精准温控动三轴试验系统上开展了不同温度及不同升温路径饱和黏土剪切试验研究,探讨了不同温度对饱和软黏土不排水剪切特性的影响,分析不同升温固结方式对饱和软黏土孔压发展、体变、强度以及模量的影响规律。试验结果显示：在4～76 ℃试验研究范围内,环境温度升高导致饱和软黏土的不排水剪切强度有所减少,但温度升高对土体模量增加影响明显,温度T和模量ET关系可用ET = 2.69T 0.3表达;升温变化时正常固结黏土产生超孔隙水压力并随着温度增大而增大,升温热固结后土的剪切强度将明显提高,且排水状态下升温固结对土剪切强度增长小于升温完成后再固结情况;土体从26 ℃分别升高20、40 ℃时,升温引起的超孔压比分别为0.41、0.61,剪切峰值强度分别增加8.23%、22.37%。研究表明：升温幅值增大会使土体热固结程度越大,升温分级越多,热固结也越充分,其对应的体变、强度增长率则越大;同时最终温度及热固结路径对其剪切相转换特征存在影响,升温越高、热固结路径越多其剪胀性越明显,但温度变化范围、固结分级、热固结路径总体上对孔隙水压力的发展基本不产生影响。     

A laboratory study of the initial structure and the overconsolidation effects on the undrained monotonic behavior of sandy soil from Chlef region in northern Algeria

The effects of initial state of the samples and the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) on the behavior of Chlef sand were studied in this article. For this purpose, the results of two series of undrained monotonic triaxial compression tests on medium dense sand are presented. In the first test series, the influence of the specimen's fabric and confining pressure has been studied. The tests were conducted at initial confining pressure of 50, 100, and 200 kPa. Two methods of sample preparation, which included the dry funnel pluviation and the wet deposition, were utilized. All the samples were subjected to a monotonic loading after consolidation phase. The results of the tests demonstrate that an increase in initial confining pressure leads to an increase in the resistance to liquefaction. The results also show that the samples prepared with the dry funnel pluviation method exhibit a greater resistance to liquefaction than those prepared with the wet deposition method. In the second series of tests, the overconsolidation influence on the resistance to the sand liquefaction has been realized on samples at an effective stress of 100 kPa for OCR varying between 1 and 8. The tests show that the increase of OCR improves the stiffness of sand and accelerates the appearance of dilatancy.     

低塑性粉土液化重固结后剪切强度研究

通过室内三轴试验研究美国中部密西西比河流域低塑性粉土的液化重固结后剪切强度。研究成果表明,正常固结低塑性粉土液化后不排水剪切强度Su随重固结度的增加而提高,而且呈现类固结现象。类似于未受震动的情况,液化完全重固结后不排水剪切强度比Su,OC/Su, NC与固结比OCR呈幂指数关系,只是幂指数相对于未受震动情况稍大。随着OCR的增加,完全重固结引起的不排水剪切强度变化?Su, recon先提高后降低,当OCR =3.42时,?Su, recon达到最大值。液化完全重固结后不排水剪切行为不具有准稳态现象,随着轴应变增加,应力逐渐增加直至达到临界状态。另外,液化完全重固结后不排水剪切应力-应变曲线可被有效固结应力? ′c归一化。最终提出了计算液化完全重固结后低塑性粉土不排水剪切强度的计算公式。     

原状和重塑海洋粘土经历动载后的静强度衰减

根据海洋粉质粘土原状和重塑土样的动三轴试验结果, 比较和分析了两种土样应力、应变、孔隙水压力和不排水抗剪强度行为, 得到了土样的静不排水抗剪强度衰减与波浪荷载作用下土样产生的动应变以及平均累积孔压之间的关系。 并将波浪荷载作用使土样内孔压升高, 有效应力降低, 形成拟超固结现象的理论, 应用到土样不排水抗剪强度衰减与平均累积孔压之间关系的分析;同时与重塑土样的超固结静态剪切试验结果进行比较, 得到了土样在波浪荷载作用后的归一化不排水抗剪强度与拟超固结比之间的关系式。 建议以少量原状土样, 配合大量重塑土样的动三轴试验结果, 实现对实际海洋粘土地基在波浪荷载作用后的静不排水抗剪强度衰化规律的评估。     

Experimental Study of Undrained Shear Strength of Silty Sand: Effect of Fines and Gradation

Two strong earthquakes occurred in the region of Chlef (north western part of Algeria) during the last century. From the geological context, there were several great masses of sandy soil ejections on to the ground surface level and severe damages to civil and hydraulic structures. These damages were due to the soil liquefaction phenomenon. The objective of this laboratory investigation is to study the effect of low plastic fines and gradation characteristics on the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) response of sand-silt mixture samples. For this purpose, a series of undrained monotonic triaxial tests were carried out on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines content ranging from 0 to 50?% at two initial relative densities (D_r?=?20 and 91?%). The initial confining pressure was kept at 100?kPa. The evaluation of the data indicates that the undrained shear strength at the peak (q_peak) can be correlated to the undrained residual strength (S_us), the excess pore pressure (Δu), the fines content (F_c) and the intergranular void ratio (e_s). The test results indicate also that the undrained shear strength at the peak decreases with the increment of the coefficient of uniformity and fines content as well as with the decrement of the mean grain size in the range of 0–50?% fines content for both relative densities (D_r?=?20 and 91?%).     

Undrained shear strength response under monotonic loading of Chlef (Algeria) sandy soil

During the last mid-century, the Chlef area was strongly affected by two earthquakes. From the geological context, there were numerous ejections onto the ground level of great masses of sandy soils and large displacements of various forms of some building foundations. These damages are due to soil liquefaction problem. This loss of shear strength can be attributed to many factors. History of recent cases indicates that sand deposited with silt content is much more liquefiable than clean sand. Therefore, a deep understanding of silty sand behavior is needed for the liquefaction assessment of silty sandy soils. Moreover, during seismic shaking, the post-liquefaction behavior of silty sand and, consequently, the stability of structures founded on liquefied soil depend on the steady-state shear strength of soil. The objective of this laboratory investigation is to show the effect of silt contents and the relative density on the mechanical behavior of such soils in monotonic loading. In this context, a series of undrained triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines content ranging from 0% to 40%. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant to 100 kPa. The fines content and the global void ratio are expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio. Linear correlations relating the undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense, and dense (D _r?=?12%, 50%, and 90% before consolidation) sand–silt mixtures to the equivalent void ratio are obtained. The concept of the equivalent void ratio will then be used as a key parameter to express the dilatancy behavior of both clean and silty sand soils. Moreover, from the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not represent the actual behavior of the soil as well.     

往返荷载下粘性土的强度及取值标准试验研究

通过对粘性土进行一系列动三轴试验，测定并分析了动荷载作用下为粘性土的动剪应力，轴向应变及超孔隙水压力随时间的变化规律，分析了破坏时不同固结比的粘性土对静，动剪强度和孔隙水压力影响规律，得出了粘性土的动剪强度随固结比变化的关系式，并对粘性土的动剪强度判别方法的标准进行探讨，得出了有益的结果。     

循环荷载作用下软土的孔压模式和强度特征

通过循环三轴剪切试验,研究原状软土的变形和孔压发展规律。建议了一个循环荷载作用下孔隙水压力的发展模式。研究了不排水循环荷载作用下软土的动强度以及作用后饱和软土静强度的衰减特征,讨论了周围固结压力和荷载作用频率对动强度的影响。研究表明,在某一轴向应变条件下,循环次数随循环剪应力比的增加而迅速减小;随循环剪切应力比的增大,饱和软土的静强度有一定衰减。     

Effect of fines content and void ratio on the saturated hydraulic conductivity and undrained shear strength of sand–silt mixtures

The hydraulic conductivity represents an important indicator parameter in the generation and redistribution of excess pore pressure of sand–silt mixture soil deposits during earthquakes. This paper aims to determine the relationship between the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sand–silt mixtures and how much they are affected by the percentage of low plastic fines (finer than 0.074 mm) and void ratio of the soil. The results of flexible wall permeameter and undrained monotonic triaxial tests carried out on samples reconstituted from Chlef river sand with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 % non-plastic silt at an effective confining pressure of 100 kPa and two initial relative densities (D _r = 20, 91 %) are presented and discussed. It was found that the undrained shear strength (liquefaction resistance) can be correlated to the fines content, intergranular void ratio and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The results obtained from this study reveal that the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k _sat) of the sand mixed with 50 % low plastic fines can be, in average, four orders of magnitude smaller than that of the clean sand. The results show also that the global void ratio could not be used as a pertinent parameter to explain the undrained shear strength and saturated hydraulic conductivity response of the sand–silt mixtures.     

Effect of grading characteristics on the undrained shear strength of sand: review with new evidences

In this paper, the shear strength of saturated pure sand and sand–silt mixture is evaluated by monotonic undrained triaxial tests that were carried out on reconstituted specimens at same relative densities and a constant confining pressure (σ ₃?=?300 kPa). The test results were used to conclude on the effect of low non-plastic contents (0–20 %) and grading characteristics on the liquefaction resistance of the sand. The test results indicate that the undrained residual strength reduced with the increase of non-plastic fine content. Also, shear strength of gap-graded sand mixed with low non-plastic fine content increases with decrease in effective size (D ₅₀). In other words, in this state, we can use the D ₅₀ as a parameter to control of silty sand’s undrained resistance. Besides, the undrained residual strength of pure sand specimens with same effective size increases due to increase of coefficient of uniformity (C _u).     

A simple critical-state-based double-yield-surface model for clay behavior under complex loading

The critical state concept has been widely used in soil mechanics. The purpose of this study is to apply this concept in the framework of multi-mechanism elastoplasticity. The developed model has two yield surfaces: one for shear sliding and one for compression. In this model, the location of the critical state line is explicitly considered and related to the actual material density to control the peak strength and the phase transformation characteristics. The stress reversal technique is incorporated into the model for describing clay behavior under complex loading including changes of stress direction. The determination of the model parameters is discussed; it requires only one drained or undrained triaxial test up to failure with an initial isotropic consolidation stage. The model is used to simulate drained and undrained tests under monotonic loading with different over-consolidation ratios on various remolded and natural clays, including true triaxial tests with different Lode’s angles. Drained and undrained tests under cyclic loadings are also simulated by using the set of parameters determined from monotonic tests. The comparison between experimental results and numerical simulations demonstrate a good predictive ability of this new simple model.     

原状膨胀土剪切力学特性的应变速率效应

为研究应变速率对原状膨胀土力学性状的影响,通过GDS三轴试验系统进行了不同速率和围压下的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了应力−应变曲线、孔隙水压力、剪切强度以及破坏模式随应变速率的变化规律。结果表明：不同应变速率下,膨胀土应力−应变曲线均呈应变硬化型。随着应变速率的增加,不排水剪切强度单调递增,引入应变速率参数ρ_0.9后发现,不排水强度增长率为14.3%～23.2%,平均值为18.4%。低围压下,应变速率对孔隙水压力影响较小,随着围压的增大,孔隙水压力的发展趋势由软化型转变为硬化型,孔隙水压力峰值随应变速率的增大而减小。原状膨胀土应变速率效应与其多裂隙性密切相关,破坏形式表现为小应变速率下主剪切带与次剪切带共存,大应变速率下仅有主剪切带,裂隙或多剪切带的出现强化了膨胀土强度的应变速率效应。     

钱塘江冲海积粉土剪胀性三轴试验研究

钱塘江两岸广泛分布着冲海积粉土.通过大量的三轴固结不排水CU和固结排水CD试验,探讨饱和粉土的应力应变性状和剪胀特性。试验表明,钱塘江冲海积粉土显著的特性之一是在剪切中膨胀,剪胀主要与粉土的密度和围压有关。CU试验中密(e=0.739～0.866)的原状样在围压600kPa范围内剪切膨胀,稍密(e=0.890～0.906)的击实样在围压低于400kPa剪切膨胀。由于粉土膨胀的本质不排水强度在剪切中保持增加,对于这种情况就没有惟一的"不排水强度";CD试验稍密(e=0.889～0.945)的击实样在围压低于400kPa时剪切膨胀。钱塘江冲海积粉土的剪切破坏要经历一个大的变形过程,固结排水剪切过程的应力应变性状可分为4个阶段。取应变继续而没有进一步体积变化的临界状态做破坏标准,确定粉土排水剪切强度指标较合理。     

冻融循环影响风化砂改良膨胀土抗剪强度室内试验研究

本文以三峡库区广泛分布的风化砂来改良膨胀土,通过在膨胀土中掺入10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的风化砂,进行1、3、6、9、12次冻融循环,最后对不同冻融循环次数作用后改良膨胀土制备样进行直接剪切试验,测定不同掺砂量及不同冻融次数下,各试样的强度参数,得出冻融循环对风化砂改良膨胀土抗剪强度指标及强度规律的影响.试验结果表明:在同一掺砂比例下,风化砂改良膨胀土的抗剪指标和抗剪强度随冻融循环次数的增大而减小,最后逐渐趋于稳定,其中黏聚力与冻融循环次数呈对数关系; 在同一冻融循环次数下,黏聚力随掺砂比例的增大而减小,内摩擦角随掺砂比例的增大而增大.     

含二阶起伏体的模拟岩体节理试样剪切特性试验研究

利用规则的小尺寸锯齿构造二阶起伏体,对不同二阶起伏体高度的人工节理进行常法向应力下的直剪试验,研究了节理剪切力学特性。对节理的剪切强度、变形特征进行了分析,并对破坏特征做出解释。试验结果表明：二阶起伏体对节理剪切力学特性有重要影响,含二阶起伏体节理的剪切力学特性与只含有一阶起伏体节理的剪切力学特性不同,只含一阶起伏体的节理剪应力只有一个峰值,含二阶起伏体的节理会出现波浪状的剪胀曲线和多峰值剪应力,且峰值剪应力随剪切位移增大依次出现并逐个减小;随着二阶起伏体高度增大,节理峰值剪切强度增大,节理依次出现磨损破坏、多次性剪断破坏、一次性剪断破坏。     

Use of Reverse Extrusion Method to Determine Undrained Shear Strength

The unconfined compression test (UCT) is one of the most common tools to measure the undrained shear strength of fine-grained soils. Soft to very soft soils often pose problems such that the determination of failure load is unclear using this test. Similarly, fissured clays would endeavor failure along pre-existing planes of weakness. The reverse extrusion test (RET), a mechanical metallurgy tool, has been used recently in some soil mechanics applications. The scope of this investigation is to evaluate the potential of the RET as a substitute for the UCT. Sixty remolded soils and 75 natural soils were subjected to the RET and UCT. Remolded soils were tested on mixtures prepared at the plastic limit. It was found that the ratio of extrusion pressure at failure to the undrained shear strength is relatively consistent and concentrates around 14. The same ratio was found to be 15 for natural soils. The conclusion reached, upon a series of tests on both the remolded and natural soil samples, is that the RET better represents the undrained shear strength of soil than does the UCT, that the practical difficulties with UCT is eliminated by the RET, and the results may be improved by taking into account soil plasticity.