Threshold velocity for wind erosion: the effects of porous fences

Porous fence is a kind of artificial windbreak that has many practical applications. The threshold wind velocities at different distances downwind from porous fences were measured and the corresponding characteristics of particle movement observed to assess their shelter effect. It is found that the fence’s porosity is the key factor that determines the resulting shelter effect. The area near a fence can be typically classified into five regions, each with a different mode of particle movement. Dense fences, and especially solid fences, favor the accumulation of sand upwind of the fences. Fences with porosities of 0.3–0.4 produce the maximum threshold wind velocity; those with porosities of 0.3–0.6 (depending on the fence height) provide the maximum effective shelter distance. It is confirmed that the fence porosities of 0.3–0.4 that have been proposed for practical application in previous research are the most effective for abating wind erosion.     

修建地铁隧道后场地液化特征的判别

对于建筑场地的液化判别方法已有很多的研究,而且形成一些较为成熟的方法。场地在修建隧道后的液化特性也会发生变化,而考虑这些变化进行液化判别的研究较少。作者旨在探讨《建筑抗震设计规范》、《铁路工程抗震设计规范》、自由场地的有效应力有限元法和考虑隧道修建后,应力状态改变的有效应力有限元法在场地地震液化判别之间的差异,分析了这种差异产生的原因,对地下工程的勘察、设计和施工有一定的参考价值。     

Local wind characteristics on bridge deck of twin-box girder considering wind barriers by large-scale wind tunnel tests

Natural Hazards - Traffic accidents on bridges occur occasionally and have attracted the wide attention of the whole society as well as world. Therefore, researching and exploring the wind...     

青藏高原公路路基周边风场特征风洞实验研究

路基高度是影响冻土路基工程热力稳定性的一个重要指标。同时,不同高度的路基对其周边风场的扰动也将不同,进而影响到局地的地-气能量交换过程。为揭示不同高度路基对其周边风场特征的影响规律及程度,基于风洞实验,研究了3种环境风速条件下青藏高原典型高度公路路基周边风场分布特征,并进行了量化分区。结果表明：路基坡前为流场减速区,不同高度情况下路基坡前减速区水平范围差异显著。10 m·s^-1环境风速条件下,3、4和5 m高路基坡前减速区水平范围约为1.8、2.2和2.5倍路基高度（H）。在路基坡前减速区0.3~1.1 m高度范围内,随环境风速增加,同一水平高度流场在靠近路基过程中风速的变化率呈下降趋势。路基上部为流场加速区,路肩处风速增长幅度与路基高度呈正相关。路基坡后为低速回流区,路基高度越大,低速回流区水平范围越大,10 m·s^-1环境风速条件下,3、4和5 m高度路基坡后低速回流区水平范围分别约为2.0H、3.0H和4.1H。低速回流区后,流场逐渐恢复到初始运动状态,其消散恢复区水平范围与环境风速密切相关,但与路基高度关系不显著,10 m·s^-1环境风速条件下,3、4和5 m高度路基坡后消散恢复区水平范围均约为9.8H。通过考虑路基高度对其周边风场分布的影响,可为块石、通风管、热管等冻土路基结构的设计和布局优化提供参考。     

An analysis of drag force on wind of shrubs simulated in a wind tunnel

Shrubs that exert drag force on the wind significantly affect the air–surface interaction in arid and semiarid regions, and some coastal regions where aeolian processes are active. An understanding of the drag force on wind of shrubs provides important information on the dynamics of shrubs in reducing wind erosion, and their geomorphological significances. Thus, we analyzed the drag force and drag coefficient for model shrubs using wind measurements obtained by particle image velocimetry in a scaled wind tunnel simulation. The drag force was found to be a function of wind velocity and shrub density. Both drag force and drag coefficient revealed a critical shrub density of around 0.08. The vertical drag force changed direction when the shrub density became greater or less than the critical density. The drag coefficient increased rapidly with shrub density when the density was below 0.08, but it increased very gently when the density was increased beyond the critical value. The results have an important theoretical significance for our understanding of the dynamics of vegetated dunes and the windbreak mechanism of shrubs.     

Atmospheric boundary layer simulation in a short wind tunnel

This paper presents the design, computational analysis and experimental study of passive device configurations which utilized in the Ankara Wind Tunnel to simulate the atmospheric boundary layer within the test section. The study here is part of a joint project between the Aerospace and Civil Engineering Departments at Middle East Technical University, which involves testing of high-rise building models in the Ankara Wind Tunnel. The design consists of spires and rows of cubical surface roughness elements at the inlet. The preliminary computational analysis shows that the current design may provide the desired boundary layer thickness at about 4.0 m downstream of the test section inlet, which leaves enough room for the building models to be placed in the test section. This study also helps obtaining a preliminary understanding of the boundary layer development and reducing the tunnel operation time and cost during the actual experimentation phase. At the end, experimental results show acceptable results of this study.     

Thermally stratifying a wind tunnel for buoyancy influenced flows

A novel method of heating wind tunnel flows to strong thermal stratifications is described. Variable electric heating is employed to create user-selectable temperature profiles in steady, uniform mean flow. Linear temperature gradients of up to 200 °C/m (Väisälä frequencies of 2.5 rad s^–1) can be sustained. The performance of the facility is discussed in the context of continuously-stratified grid-generated turbulence, although it is useful for a broader set of applications. The flow field is found to be free of deleterious natural convection and internal wave effects. The departure from homogeneity of grid-generated, stratified turbulence in the facility is roughly ± 10% away from the wall influenced regions.     

Displacement analysis of tunnel support in soft rock around a shallow highway tunnel at Golovec

Within the last 10 years Slovenia has been constructing its highway network. The Golovec tunnel, as a part of Slovenia's capital ring is thus one of the most important connections of Ljubljana to the east and to the north. It is a double tube three-lane tunnel in soft rock with small to medium overburden. Its construction, following NATM, caused huge problems to all parties involved. The tunnel support was well monitored during its construction, which gave the authors a good opportunity to analyse the results.The Golovec tunnel is constructed through one of few hills surrounding Ljubljana, of Carboniferous age, consisting of clastic rock: siltstone, claystone and sandstone. Golovec hill belongs to the first of two overthrusting zones from this area, so the rock is strongly faulted.Tunnel monitoring consisted of daily 3-D tunnel tube displacement measurements in 97 measuring sections, and of two measuring sections within the tunnel with more complex measuring equipment, to monitor stress changes and rock deformations around both tunnel tubes. Monitoring of the surface 3-D movements gave us the opportunity to study the influence of the tunnel construction on the surface above it. The tunnel, its geology, construction procedure and monitoring results are described in the first part of the paper.The second part consists of the interpretation of monitored results, with an emphasis on results concerning development and evolution of the excavation-damaged zone in the rock around the tunnel. Back-calculations, performed as a basis for the interpretation procedure, are also presented in this part. Calculations of the propagation of the tunnel destressed zone and stress-field around the tunnel, up to the surface, were performed by means of numerical model with the finite difference method. The evolution of tunnel displacements and their prediction was based on the use of Back Propagation Neural Networks, whose principles are presented in one chapter of this paper. Results showed that the most important, for the final settlement at the surface above the tunnel, was the time of installation and rigidity of the primary support. On the basis of the calculated final displacements, this support could easily be strengthened in a short time, when necessary.     

The evaporation of the charged and uncharged water drops suspended in a wind tunnel

A laboratory experiment has been performed to study the effect of ventilation on the rate of evaporation of the millimeter sized charged and uncharged water drops suspended in a vertical wind tunnel. The linear relationship,f _u = 0.907 + 0.282X, observed between the mean ventilation coefficient, f_u, and a non-dimensional parameterX, (X =N _Sc,v ^1/3 N _Re ^1/2 whereN _Sc,uis Schmidt number andN _Reis Reynold’s number) is in agreement with the results of earlier investigations for uncharged water drops. However, in case of charged drops carrying 10^-10C of charge, this relationship gets modified tof _u = 0.4877 + 0.149X. Thus, the rate of evaporation of charged drops is slower than that of uncharged drops of the same size. Oscillations of the drop and the change in airflow around drops are suggested to contribute to lowering of the ventilation coefficients for charged drops. Applicability of the results to a small fraction of highly charged raindrops falling through the sub-cloud layer below thunderstorm is discussed. The relaxation time required for a ventilated drop to reach its equilibrium temperature increases with the drop size and is higher for the charged than for the uncharged drops. It is concluded that in a given distance, charged drops will evaporate less than that of uncharged drops.     

花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射信号主频特性试验研究

利用双轴伺服试验机开展花岗岩巷道岩爆模拟试验,采用声发射系统获取岩爆全过程的波形信号。基于频谱分析理论,研究岩爆孕育、发生全过程的声发射信号主频特性。研究结果表明:双轴加载条件下花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射主频分布区间为0.4~110 kHz,其中99%以上的主频值集中在35~65 kHz。声发射信号主频的分布随岩爆演化可分为3个阶段:(1)岩爆孕育前期,大部分主频值集中在35~65 kHz和15~25 kHz区间,且有一定数量接近0.4 kHz的低频值出现,极少出现接近110 kHz的高频值;(2)岩爆孕育中期,主频值集中在35~65 kHz区间,接近0.4 kHz的低频值基本消失,少量接近110 kHz的高频值开始出现;(3)岩爆发生阶段,35~65 kHz区间内的主频数量骤减,接近0.4 kHz的低频值极少出现,接近110 kHz的高频值密集出现。研究结果为优选声发射监测频段提供了方法和依据,且对巷道岩爆的监测预警工作具有重要理论意义。     

Support system suggestion based on back-analysis results case study: Babolak water conveyance tunnel

Determining in-situ soil or rock geotechnical properties is a difficult task for a design engineer. Back analysis is a helpful technique for evaluating soil property by considering and measuring the convergence of an underground opening. Back analysis was performed by matching numerical modeling results with the measured tunnel convergence. The main purpose of this study was to determine optimum rock mass properties using back analysis in order to suggest the best and most economical support system. Accordingly, the difference between measured and calculated convergence values was minimized by using an error function (objective function). In this paper, through the parameters obtained from back analysis, a support system based on a set consisting of shotcrete, wire mesh, and lattice girder was suggested for the Babolak water conveyance tunnel in Mazandaran, Iran. Therefore, the suggested design was based on decreasing shotcrete thickness from 25 to 20?cm and eliminating of rock bolts.     

Innovative approach to design a new national low speed wind tunnel

A new multipurpose wind tunnel with adjustable test section designed in the science and research branch of Islamic Azad University site could be used either as the environmental, subsonic or climatic wind tunnels. For this purpose, a new design approach was adopted in which through the adjustment of the wind tunnel cycle, i.e. the nozzle of test section,it could be utilized as any of the three wind tunnels. A design used for environmental wind tunnels and other contraction which was adjusted by 50 % through changes in the polynomial contraction for other applications. As a result, the best fitted profile for the environmental wind tunnels contraction was selected by contraction best fit program. Consequently, the flow properties and flow separation of contractions were analyzed by the computational fluid dynamics model in a computer software. This method is also suitable for existing low speed wind tunnels with special applications.     

井内嵌入同轴多孔与固体圆柱地下水渗流流型分析

对二维无限大多孔介质内单向均匀水平流垂直绕过“固体小圆柱-多孔介质环-水环-多孔介质”复杂四层结构下的流场进行了解析求解。内、外多孔介质区域均采用Brinkman模型,纯流体水环采用Stokes模型,通过耦合界面间的质量、动量守恒关系得到了各区域流函数的通用表达式。在此基础上分析了不同几何参数,不同内、外多孔介质渗透系数情况下,圆柱外绕流的流型变化;着重研究了水环间隙以及内、外多孔介质渗透系数的变化对流型及横向、纵向速度分布的影响。结果表明：外部多孔区流型主要受控于外部渗透系数;水环间隙宽度对水环内速度峰值影响较大;内部渗透系数增加到某一临界值情况下,横截面速度分布从阶梯形变为抛物形,即“穿透”现象。研究结果对有类似结构的地埋管换热器、地下水污染物吸收装置、地下水测速装置等的设计研发有理论指导意义。     

Stress distribution around a tunnel situated in a layer under the action of gravity

SummaryStress Distribution Around a Tunnel Situated in a Layer Under the Action of Gravity An experimental investigation is presented of the displacement and stress distribution in a narrow layer made of a homogeneous medium, which contains a central circular tunnel, under the influence of its own weight. The tests were executed in models made of a strongly plasticized epoxy polymer, which were very sensitive to the influence of body forces. For the measurement of displacements theprojected image moiré method was used. A dense crossed grating was printed on the surface of the model, which was projected, by a parallel light beam, on a similar, but linear, reference grating, which was printed on a glass plate. The deformation of the model was achieved by the inversion method, where the model was freely suspended from the one extremity and left to deform by its own weight. A series of photographs at different time intervals, with the reference grating positioned successively parallely to the two principal axes of the specimen, gave sufficient data for the complete evaluation of all components of displacements and strains around the tunnel. The components of stresses were evaluated by using the elastic stress-strain relations holding for this case and the mechanical elastic constants valid for the material. Important stress-concentrations were revealed at the boundary of the cavity. The results derived from this investigation are applicable to problems of soil and rock mechanics.

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ZusammenfassungSpannungsverteilung um einen Tunnel unter dem Einflu des Eigengewichtes Aufgrund experimenteller Studien wurden Verschiebungen und die Spannungsverteilung in der Umgebung eines kreisrunden Tunnels in einer vertikalen, schmalen Gesteinsschicht eines homogenen Mediums untersucht, welche unter dem Einfluß des Eigengewichtes derselben steht. Die Versuche wurden an Modellen aus einem sorgfältig plastifizierten Expoydharz durchgeführt, welches empfindlich genug ist, den Einfluß des Eigengewichtes deutlich zu machen. Die Verschiebungen wurden unter Anwendung des projizierenden Moiré-Verfahrens gemessen. Ein engmaschiger Meßraster wurde mittels eines parallel geführten Lichtstrahles auf einen ähnlichen, aber linearen Referenzraster projiziert, welcher auf eine Glasplatte aufgedruckt war. Die Verformung wurde dem Modell so aufgeprägt, daß dieses auf einem freien Ende aufgehängt und so, unter Umkehrung der Spannungen, durch sein Eigengewicht belastet war. Die Auswertung geschah durch Photographien in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen, wobei der Referenzraster abwechselnd parallel zu den beiden Hauptachsen des Modellkörpers ausgerichtet war. Dadurch konnten ausreichende Daten zur vollständigen Erfassung aller Verformungs- und Spannungskomponenten rund um den Tunnel erhalten werden. Die Spannungskomponenten wurden unter Voraussetzung der für diesen Fall gültigen elastischen Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen und der dem Material zugehörigen elastischen Materialkonstanten ermittelt. Die Auswertung ergab bedeutende Spannungskonzentrationen am Umfang des Hohlraumes. Die so erreichten Untersuchungsergebnisse können auf Probleme der Boden- und Felsmechanik angewendet werden.

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RésuméDistribution des contraintes autour d'un tunnel situé dans une couche, sous l'action des forces de gravité Une étude expérimentale est presentée sur la distribution des déplacements et des contraintes dans une couche mince d'un milieu homogène, percé par un tunnel central de section circulaire, sous l'influence des forces de gravité. Les essais sont exécutés à l'aide de modèles en résine epoxide plastifiée présentant une très grande sensibilité sous l'action des forces de gravité. La méthode du moiré par image projeté a été utilisé pour les mesures de déplacements. Pour cela un réseau dense croisé, imprimé sur la surface du modèle, a été projeté sur un réseau de référence linéaire ayant le même pas. La déformation du modèle a été obtenue en utilisant la méthode d'inversion, dans laquelle le modèle est suspendu libre par une de ses extrémités, ayant ainsi la possibilité de se déformer sous l'action des forces de gravité. L'évaluation de toutes les composantes des déplacements et déformations autour du tunnel a été faite à l'aide d'un grand nombre des photos prises à des intervalles de temps différents. Les contraintes sont calculées à l'aide des relations élastiques entre les contraintes et les déformations, valables pour ce cas de sollicitation. L'examen des résultats a montré des valeurs importantes pour les contraintes au bord du tunnel. Les résultats de cette étude sont applicables dans des problèmes de mécanique des sols et des roches.

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With 10 Figures     

Elastic analysis of ground movements around a tunnel considering a buoyant lining moving upwards

A complex variable solution is derived for the ground movements around a tunnel considering the lining at different positions in the drilled hole in a linear elastic half-plane. The soil displacements for three different convergence patterns are presented and compared. It is shown that the surface settlement trough will become flatter and wider when the lining moves upwards; the horizontal displacements are more concentrated in the region below the lining; and the region influenced by displacements is wider. Most calculated settlement troughs can be well represented by Gaussian curves with simple parameters, but the obtained width parameters are larger than the traditional empirical values. The rigorous solution can be used as a simple tool to understand the fundamental mechanism of the lining buoyancy problem and as a benchmark for numerical procedures based on more sophisticated models. The importance of buoyancy effect on the displacement field should be taken into account.     

平面装药条件下洞室受力特征试验研究

通过抗爆结构模型试验,研究了洞室围岩与衬砌结构受力变形特征。介绍了模型试验原理及平面装药爆炸模型试验方法,根据试验实测结果分析了设计爆炸荷载和超载条件下毛洞与衬砌洞室的洞周应力峰值分布特点,给出了两种工况条件下洞室围岩变形特征,从拱顶-底板相对位移、洞壁应变峰值、洞壁应变随时间变化等方面进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,衬砌支护措施可有效提高洞室的抗爆能力,是提高工程抗力等级的重要技术手段     

江底盾构隧道施工期外水压分布规律的现场试验研究

重庆主城排水过江盾构隧道工程是国家重点环保工程之一,也是目前长江上最大的岩质盾构隧道。隧道采用泥水盾构机施工,其主体结构在施工期及运营期将承受0.6 MPa的高水压。研究高外水压力对隧道的影响具有重要意义,结合隧址区的地形地质及水文条件对施工期作用在盾构主体结构上的水压力进行了现场跟踪测试,探求施工期外水压力的分布规律,为盾构隧道的掘进控制提供参数,并为类似工程提供有益参考。     

横观各向同性土体中压力隧洞的应力和位移计算

基于Biot固结理论,考虑了土体和孔隙流体压缩性,通过对控制方程的解耦,得到在横观各向同性饱和土体中圆形隧洞边界上作用随时间变化的轴对称荷载或流体压力所引起的应力、位移和孔隙水压力场在拉普拉斯变换域中的解析表达式,运用拉普拉斯数值逆变换进行算例分析,得到在时间域中的解,讨论了单级加载和循环加载对计算结果的影响,并与瞬时加载条件下的结果进行了比较。同时也分析了土体的横观各向同性性质对应力、位移和孔隙水压力场的影响。     

Effects of a mudcake on Stoneley waves in a fluid-filled porous formation around a borehole

A mudcake formed on the borehole wall between a fluid-filled porous formation and the borehole fluid can affect Stoneley wave propagation used to estimate the formation permeability. The mudcake effect on the permeability dependence of radial oscillations of borehole fluid is investigated in a system with a source generating radial acoustic waves in the borehole and hydrophones (pressure sensors) that record the respective attenuating oscillations of the borehole fluid. The permeability of the porous formation is estimated from theoretical permeability dependence of the attenuation exponent, knowing the time dependence of the exponential attenuation of borehole fluid oscillations.