Structural,geomorphological and geomechanical aspects of the Koyulhisar landslides in the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Sivas,Turkey)

. Recently, numerous landslides occurred in the northern part of Koyulhisar. In 1998 and 2000, which were very wet years, landslides in different masses affected the geological formations which are well known for being prone to slope movements. Detailed geological, geomorphological and geotechnical surveys were carried out, and stability conditions in Koyulhisar village, located NE of Sivas (Turkey), are discussed in this paper. Kinematical analyses showed that the potential slope instabilities are in two main directions: the first direction is SE and the second is SW, these directions corresponding to the dominant slope directions of the study area. Geomechanic surveys confirmed that most of the rock slopes analysed are highly prone to instability. The SMR criterion gave results which correspond well with real stability conditions. Jointing and faulting, steep topography, water incisions, and heavy rainfall played a significant role in the occurrence of the landslides.     

Stability analysis of rock slopes along Gangadarshan,Pauri, Garhwal,Uttarakhand

The rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) has been carried out to classify the slope in terms of slope instability. To understand the RMR and SMR various geostructural, geomorphologic and hydrological parameters of the slopes were measured and analyzed. 32 rock slopes/rock cum debris slopes were identified in the study area. The present RMR and SMR study is an outcome of extensive field study along a stretch of about 10 km on road leading from Srinagar to Pauriarea along Alaknanda valley. The technique followed incorporates the relation between discontinuities and slope along with rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR). The analysis of the 32 studied slopes shows that in the Gangadarshan area out of six rock slope facets, two falls in class II (stable) and four in class IV (unstable). It is significant to note that the slope facets coming under class IV are comprised of active landslide portions. While the slopes under class II show minor failure or old landslide debris.     

Rock mass classification and assessment of stability of critical slopes on national highway-22 in Himachal Pradesh

Rock slopes require geo-engineering evaluation to assess the instability of critical slopes leading to landslides particularly in Himalayan terrain where rocks are highly jointed, fractured and weathering prone. Interplay of discontinuities in the rocks coupled with other parameters is one of the prime causes of failure of slopes. Engineering rock mass classification, such as, rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) along with geological strength index (GSI) have widely been used for stability assessment of rock slopes above tunnel portals, and these classifications are employed here for assessment of stability of slopes of critical nature along Rampur-Powari highway in Himachal Pradesh. In the present study, out of 154 numbers of slopes, a total of 29 have been selected for assessment of their criticality by employing RMR, SMR and GSI.     

蒙东地区露天矿边坡稳定性影响因子与敏感度分析

边坡稳定性对露天煤矿安全高效开采至关重要。在系统总结蒙东地区露天煤矿赋存条件的基础上,提出了该地区露天煤矿边坡的工程地质特征及稳定性影响关键因子。采用正交试验与极差分析法,对该地区露天煤矿边坡稳定性影响因子的敏感度进行了研究。研究结果表明:软弱结构面分布特征、软弱结构面强度及变形特征、地下水疏排效果和综合帮坡角是控制该地区露天煤矿边坡稳定性的关键因子;不同开采阶段边坡稳定性影响因子的敏感性会发生变化,边坡防治策略及重点也应相应调整。      

Computer aided analysis of rock slope stability

Summary A computer program is written in basic language on a micro-computer to carrying out kinematic analysis of rock slope stability. The program is capable of handling plane sliding, wedge sliding and toppling of rock slopes. Applications of the program are demonstrated by examples on opencast mine excavations and highway cuts. The computer output are presented in the form of tables and illustrations for ease of interpretation. As micro-computers are readily available in design offices nowadays, the present work provides an efficient means for engineers to analyse and design rock slope excavations.     

寒区露天煤矿排土场边坡生态修复研究

通过对寒旱区生态修复技术的集成创新,结合寒区露天煤矿排土场植物生长条件特点,提出了适合矿区边坡的生态修复技术. 选择典型煤矿排土场展开现场试验,观测人工种植植物的生长情况,并采用计算流体力学数值分析手段,对排土场边坡生态修复防止风力侵蚀和降雨冲刷的效果进行了分析. 结果表明：采用边坡穴植植物装置实施的排土场生态修复工程效果良好,施工1 a后其边坡植被覆盖度达到95%,且边坡植物群落较为稳定,有效地消除了该地区冬季的风力侵蚀和夏季的降雨冲刷,彻底解决了排土场的水土流失问题.     

Landslides and neotectonic activities in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone: Southeastern Kumaun,Uttarakhand

Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone is constituted of some of the landslide prone areas in southeastern part of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya. Role of landslides as natural hazard and hill slope modifying agent is well documented from various part of Himalayan region and southern hills of Kumaun particularly in the MBT zone, which are susceptible to various type of mass movement. The rocks making up the slopes has been put to a number of brittle deformation phases during the movement along the MBT, and are traversed by number of joint sets. In the open slope these intersecting joint sets forms wedges and are the most favorable site for initiation of rockfalls and other types of landslides. Landslides are taking place primarily due to high angle slopes, formation of structural wedges along the free steep slopes, sheared nature of the rocks due to proximity to the MBT and neotectonic activities along the MBT and other transverse faults. Wedge failure is a common type of landslides in rock slopes characterized by multiple joints and acts as sliding planes for the failed blocks. Field observations and wedge failure analysis indicates most of the landslides taking place in MBT zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya are joint controlled. Safety Factor analysis suggests MBT zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalayan region is prone to landslides and related mass movements. This zone is also neotectonically active as indicated by various geomorphic signatures such as structurally controlled drainage pattern, offsetting of fan by MBT and formation of number of small lakes.     

Numerical Modelling of Steep Slopes in Open Rock Quarries

The key question regarding steep rock slopes along rock quarries is their stability because a rock slope failure can have critical results. In this study, the aim is to investigate the areas with potential risk for jointed karstic limestones in a rock quarry. First, to determine rock mass properties, scan-line surveys were performed, and the major orientations of discontinuities were analyzed using stereographic projection. Then, the physicomechanical properties of the slope-forming rock were determined in the laboratory, and geomechanical properties of the rock mass were determined using an empirical failure criterion. Finally, the quarry slope stability was assessed in accordance with numerical modelling. According to the results obtained, the numerical modelling of steep rock slopes can be efficiently evaluated by using finite element method. Beside this, the presence of joints intersecting the main discontinuity sets, the filling materials of discontinuities resulting from weathering of limestone and surface deposits, surcharge load due to mine waste dumped on the slopes and excavation blasting during construction of quarry area play a key role when modelling the steep rock slopes by using finite element method.     

修正SMR法在红层软岩边坡中的应用

在前人大量研究的基础上,针对传统的SMR法（边坡岩体质量方法）没有考虑软弱互层对边坡岩体评价结果的影响的不足之处,增加了强度差异调整权值项。对西南地区80个红层软岩边坡的评价分析结果表明,采用岩性差异修正后的SMR法比直接使用SMR法更加符合野外实际情况,运用修正后的SMR法对红层软岩边坡评价更加合理。     

破碎岩质边坡锚墩式主动防护网设计方法

现有公路（铁路）工程中的高陡岩质边坡,特别是风化作用强烈地区的岩质边坡,浅表层岩体多呈碎裂状。采用传统SNS主动防护网加固后,仍经常产生局部失稳、掉块等现象,部分甚至引起整体失稳。因此,针对破碎岩质边坡的加固防护迫切需要进行结构及其设计方法改进。本文提出一种锚墩式主动防护网新型组合结构及其受力计算和设计方法,可有效防止碎裂岩质边坡坡面破坏,同时保证边坡整体稳定。工程应用表明,该组合防护结构具有良好的破碎岩质边坡加固效果,值得在工程建设中推广应用。     

Analysis and Design of an Underground Portal in Lateritic Soils

This paper presents a case study of the analysis and design of slopes for the portal of an underground crude oil storage cavern site. The site selected for the slope study is characterized by residual soils and granitic rock formations, located in the southwestern part of India. It is observed that in tropical residual soils, most hillslope failures are caused by rainfall and thus it is important to consider hydrological conditions when attempting to analyze the stability of slopes in such material. Combinations of shallow slopes with lower overburden and high steep hillslope with large overburden were considered in the present study along with varying combinations of lateritic soils and weathered rock formations. The paper discusses the various investigations carried out to define the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and weathered rock, followed by numerical modelling and remedial measures adopted to ensure the stability of slopes during design and construction phase. Since analysis and design procedures for such residual soils are not well established, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out prior to numerical model development for carrying out finite element studies in order to ascertain long term stability of slopes under differing ground conditions. The results of the stability analysis indicated that slope under existing condition were potentially unstable under rainy conditions and specific supporting measures were planned to ensure stability. Several alternatives were examined for improving the stability of slope taking into consideration existing facilities, space available for mobilization of equipments and environmental conditions in reference to specific project requirements. The convergence pattern obtained from geotechnical monitoring using optical targets along the slopes did not showed any alarming movement for over a year.     

楔形体破坏模式下红层边坡岩体质量SMR法评价

简要介绍了边坡岩体质量分类的SMR法,将之应用于2个典型楔形体破坏模式下红层岩体高边坡稳定性宏观评价。 指出在评价过程中要注意对边坡起控制作用的优势结构面,并将其作为SMR法中结构面项评分的主要依据,这样得出的评分 值与边坡的实际情况才会比较相符。对地应力的影响进行了定性的分析,指出高地应力地区边坡SMR法应该慎用。     

基于灰色系统理论的改进SMR法初探

综合灰色系统理论与传统的边坡岩体质量分级方法(SMR法),提出改进SMR法。传统的岩体质量分级方法中定量指标取值离散性很大,造成质量分级结果阶梯变化。灰色系统理论的灰度特征对解决这类小样本、离散性的问题有很好的适用性。首先对传统质量分级方法的评价指标进行灰类划分,确定各指标所占权重,再构建评价指标的三角白化权函数,并基于最大隶属度准则对边坡岩体进行质量分级。最后结合工程边坡实例,与一般工程RMR(岩体质量分级)与SMR法比较,改进SMR法的评价结果更加吻合工程现状,且质量分级稳定性高,表明其应用于边坡岩体质量分级是科学和准确的。     

边坡工程勘察中崩塌落石运动模式及轨迹分析

崩塌落石作为边坡尤其是高陡边坡的一种浅表部破坏方式,是严重的地质灾害之一.它突发性强,随机性大,速度快,发生猛烈,一直是边坡工程勘察中的重点.由于形成崩塌落石灾害的危岩体多分布于高陡边坡上,从源头完全治理将耗费巨大的人力物力,目前更多的是采取致灾前的落石防护措施.本文在某典型公路沿线岩质边坡崩塌落石灾害工程勘察中运用运...     

GIS-assisted classification of litho-geomorphological units using Maximum Likelihood Classification,Vipava Valley,SW Slovenia

In the Vipava Valley (SW Slovenia), various types of mass movements occur in a geologically and geomorphologically diverse setting. These comprise various types of landslides, creep, and Quaternary slope deposits of carbonate blocks and recent scree deposits. A general geological setting is represented as Mesozoic carbonate overthrust on Paleogene flysch (alternations of mostly sandstones and marlstones), resulting in steep slopes and mass movements. Our study is based on the automatic classification of various litho-geomorphological units including slope deposits, alluvial deposits, steep carbonate cliffs, flysch, two carbonate plateaus, and Quaternary deposits, based on supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification. Several polygons were used for training in the broader valley area, and later, the method was applied to automatically classify the complete area into the abovementioned six units. For input layers, we used data for elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness index (TRI), and curvature. Results show that generally, the method is suitable for classification of the litho-geomorphological units including slope deposits. However, comparison with a more detailed map, comprising mapped various mass movements indicated that the method correctly predicts high Trnovo plateau carbonates, steep carbonate slopes, translational carbonate blocks, and fossil rock avalanche deposits, and alluvial deposits, but is not able to clearly distinguish between flysch and more recent slope deposits of gravel and breccia due to their similar elevation, TRI, and slope values. The Slano blato mudflow and Stogovce landslide are not recognized. Therefore, this automatic classification can be carefully used to create a guidance map of general occurrences of litho-geomorphological units including slope deposits before going to the field, with the aim of delineation of slope deposits so they can be further studied in detail later in the field. However, such a map cannot be used as a direct substitute map for the geological and geomorphological map obtained in the field due to impossibility in distinguishing among the units with the same properties (elevation, slope, and TRI values).     

改进的水电边坡岩体稳定性分级法

为克服现有基于边坡岩体分级SMR法的修正分级法存在的缺陷,采用较为合理的修正模型,结合36个水电工程边坡,提出了改进的水电边坡岩体分级M-CSMR法。该法使用边坡类型系数替代开挖修正得分,同时考虑了开挖、水流冲刷及掏蚀作用的影响;将坡高对边坡岩体稳定性的影响引入分级中,给出坡高分级及评分原则;对SMR法中各指标权值重新进行调整。与岩体分级RMR法、边坡岩体分级SMR法及水电边坡岩体分级CSMR法进行了比较,结果表明M-CSMR分级法与经验评分最为接近,预测结果最好,最大绝对误差、平均绝对误差及剩余标准差均最小,因此M-CSMR是一种更优的水电边坡岩体分级方法。     

Computer simulation-based evaluation of rock fall roll-out distances for catchment ditch design in Ohio,USA

Catchment ditches along highways are designed to contain hazardous rock falls from cut slopes. RocFall, a rock fall simulation software, was used to evaluate the maximum roll-out distances of rock falls in order to determine rock fall catchment ditch dimensions for Ohio's cut slopes. Based on stratigraphy, cut slopes in Ohio were classified into five types. The parameters required for simulation process included friction angle between rock fall and slope face, coefficient of normal and tangential restitution, slope roughness and average weight of rock falls. A total of 400 simulations were performed for various slope heights, slope angles and catchment ditch slopes. The results are useful in designing catchment ditch for Ohio and neighbouring states where the stratigraphy consists of sub-horizontal, inter-layered hard and soft rock units. The widely used guidelines developed by the Oregon Department of Transportation do not work well for Ohio's stratigraphy.     

Rock Slope Stability Assessment Using Geomechanical Classification and its Application for Specific Slopes along Kodaikkanal-Palani Hill Road,Western Ghats,India

Linear infrastructure networks like roads play a vital role in the socio-economic development of hill towns centered on tourism. Stability of the slopes along the hill roads are therefore a major concern and slope failures lead to disruption of traffic and loss of property/life or both. This study analyses the stability of cut-slopes along the Kodaikkanal – Palani hill road in the Western Ghats, India using rock mass classification systems like rock mass rating (RMR), slope mass rating (SMR) and continuous slope mass rating (CSMR). These geomechanical classifications provide a preliminary assessment of rock quality based on rock strength, discontinuity properties, hydrogeological condition of the slopes and slope stability based on the inherent rock strength parameters, discontinuity orientation and method of excavation. The results showed that both rock quality and discontinuity orientation contribute to type of failure in rock slopes with RMR > 40. SMR results are conservative while CSMR classification is matches more closely to the failures obtained from the field survey. CSMR classification represents continuous slope stability conditions and hence are more suitable for development of spatial database. Cutting of roads, thereby, steepening slopes has a definite influence on the stability of slopes.     

露天煤矿冻结岩土边坡介质特征与稳定性分析

为了科学评价冻岩露天矿边坡稳定性,并采用有效措施保证冻岩边坡工程的安全建设和运营,分析了岩石在不同温度条件下多个物理力学参数的变化规律,结果表明,冻结态使岩石的强度得到一定的提高,而冻融循环使岩石的强度产生一定的削弱。由于岩体具有介质和结构的双重属性,冻融循环作用对岩体的介质和结构面损伤均较显著,可以通过改进的Hoek-Brown岩体强度准则分析冻融环境中的岩体强度。基于木里聚乎更矿区冻岩露天煤矿边坡的调查分析,总结归纳了该区冻岩边坡的破坏现象和类型,在冻融循环作用下冻岩边坡的破坏模式基本为浅表部的渐进式破坏。      

基于边坡单元的公路沿线滑坡危险度概率分析

公路沿线发生的滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害是造成交通停滞的主要原因。对公路沿线边坡进行稳定性评价及滑坡灾害分析对于公路管理和灾害防治具有重要意义。为了能对大范围边坡应用三维力学模型进行稳定性评价,研究中将较大研究区域划分为多个边坡单元（slope unit）,并介绍了边坡单元划分方法。对每个边坡单元,采用随机生成许多假想滑动面并通过一个基于GIS的边坡稳定性三维分析模型计算其安全系数的方法,找出具有最小安全系数的危险滑动面,同时求出在试算过程中安全系数小于某临界值（通常设为1.0）的结果出现的比率,作为该边坡单元的滑坡发生概率,以此作为指标对研究区域进行危险度评价。通过对日本49号国道沿线边坡中的应用对该方法的实用性进行了验证。