浙江省高分辨率太阳直接辐射图的计算和绘制

以综合考虑天空因素和地面因素的起伏地形下太阳直接辐射分布式模型为基础,采用1∶25万高分辨率数字高程模型（DEM）数据和气象站观测资料,计算了100 m×100 m分辨率的浙江省气候平均月太阳直接辐射以及年直接辐射的精细分布,并分析了起伏地形下浙江省太阳直接辐射的逐月变化规律。结果表明：浙江省太阳直接辐射量以7、8月份最高,1、2月份最低,全省气候平均年太阳直接辐射量为2 083 MJ/m²;地形因子对起伏地形下浙江省太阳直接辐射的影响程度具有随季节变化的特性;局地地形对太阳直接辐射的影响程度随季节而变,在冬半年,太阳高度角较低的季节,局地地形的影响较为显著。     

重庆山地月平均气温空间分布模拟研究

利用月平均气温物理经验统计模型,结合重庆市及周边51个气象站1961-2000年常规气象观测资料和重庆市1:25万DEM数据,充分考虑地形(海拔、坡度、坡向和地形遮蔽)、太阳辐射、长波有效辐射等因素对气温的影响,完成了复杂地形下重庆市山地100 m×100 m分辨率月平均气温空间分布的模拟.模拟结果能较好地反映气温的宏观分布趋势和局地分布特征,月气温模拟平均绝对误差最大为0.40℃,全年平均为0.21℃.采用交叉验证、个例年验证和野外考察资料验证对模拟结果和模型性能进行了多方面的考察,结果表明:交叉验证误差全年平均为0.26℃;个例年验证误差全年平均为0.30℃;8个野外考察点验证各月误差总体小于1.0℃.     

利用TM遥感影像和DEM估算山区地表反照率

利用Landsat TM遥感影像可见光-近红外波段的数据和DEM,计算了复杂地形条件下的反射率,再将窄波段的光谱反射率组合得到地表反照率.在计算反射率时解决了两方面的问题:计算太阳入射光谱辐射时考虑了微观地形因素的局地海拔、地形坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等参数对较高分辨率影像的影响;考虑了大气对遥感图像的影响.在全面地考虑了大气和地形对影像影响的基础上,发展了一个适用于利用DEM和较高分辨率的卫星影像计算复杂地形条件下的地表反射率和反照率的模型.以黑河上游山区为例,利用TM图像和DEM计算了复杂地形条件下的地表反照率,对结果进行验证表明模型合理可行.     

基于地理信息系统的太阳直接辐射与冰川物质平衡的关系

基于冰川微地形对冰川物质平衡重要影响的认识,在考虑朝向、坡度、地形遮蔽等因素的条件下,以地理信息系统为手段,对乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川冰面太阳可能直接辐射进行了理论计算．在此基础上,建立了计算冰面任意一点物质平衡的Ｂ＝ｆ（Ｔ,Ｒ）（气温－辐射）模型．比较了该模型与Ｂ＝ｆ（Ｔ）（气温）模型、Ｂ＝ｆ（Ｐ,Ｔ）（降水－气温）模型及Ｂ＝ｆ（Ｑ）（能量平衡）模型之间的优缺点,表明该模型具有物理意义明确、计算精度较高、参数易于获得等优点,从而为计算冰川物质平衡提供了新的途径．     

天山乌鲁木齐河源冰川与空冰斗辐射气候的计算结果

提要 在朝向、坡度和山体遮蔽度影响下,与水平面相比朝北冰川和朝南空冰斗在太阳偏角为15°,0°和-10°时的平均太阳辐射能量损失分别是40.6％和21.0％。1号冰川东支夏季消融期内自然冰雪面辐射场内辐射平衡各分量平均日总量值受地形因素和反射性能的控制而显示出由西北侧向东南侧逐渐降低的带状分布规律。晴朗少云天气下的总辐射和有效辐射的垂直梯度分别是14.52Wm~(-2)/100m和2.77Wm~(-2)/100m。     

山区太阳辐射对水热过程影响的敏感性分析

山区短波辐射的空间异质性非常强, 地形的遮蔽影响在山区能水循环模拟研究中不容忽视. 改进了SHAW模型和SHAWDHM模型的辐射模块, 使之能考虑地形的遮蔽作用对山区辐射平衡及其空间分布的影响, 并在单点和流域尺度进行数值模拟实验, 对比分析山区辐射过程对流域能水循环和径流的影响. 结果表明, 因地形的遮蔽作用, 地表接收的太阳直射辐射可减少25%左右, 模型模拟的土壤温度和蒸散发量分别降低约0.5 ℃和20%. 考虑山区辐射过程后, 模型模拟的春季融雪和夏季蒸散发均有所减缓, 导致春季融雪径流降低和夏季径流增加. 与观测径流对比发现, 考虑山区辐射过程后, 模型对径流量的模拟精度有所提高, 逐时径流量的纳什效率系数由0.677提高到0.711, 径流量的观测值与模拟值间的相关系数由0.835提高到0.851.     

地形因子对华东地区降水影响的尺度效应研究

降水是地表淡水资源的主要来源,降水分布强烈的时空异质性给陆地水循环研究带来了较大不确定性,因此降水的空间异质性及其影响因子研究一直是水循环研究的重点。选取观测资料丰富的华东地区,采用351个气象台站降水观测数据,通过一般线性回归模型、地理加权回归模型和多尺度地理加权回归模型的拟合结果,研究了典型地形因子对降水空间分布的影响及其影响尺度。结果表明,传统的一般线性回归模型不能表征降水分布的空间异质性,而地理加权回归模型和多尺度地理加权回归模型均较好地拟合出了降水在空间上的非均匀分布（R2>0.7）。此外,多尺度地理加权回归模型的带宽数还反映了各地形因子对降水空间分布的影响尺度。一般说来,带宽数较小的局地影响因子对降水的空间异质性影响较强。对于年降水量,地形高程和地形起伏度是影响降水空间异质性的主要地形因子,而地形坡度和主风向系数对降水的影响不显著。在不同季节,各地形因子对降水空间分布的影响程度不同。地形高程对夏季降水影响较大;离海岸线距离对春、秋季南部山区降水影响较大;地形起伏度对冬季降水有重要影响。厘清我国不同季节降水与地形因子间的关系,有助于理解各季节复杂地形因子对降水的贡献,为...     

冰川流域径流估算方法探索——以科其喀尔巴西冰川为例

利用科其喀尔巴西冰川2005年6月至2006年5月水文、气象资料,并结合15 m融合TM、1∶[KG-*2]50000地形图、FY 2C数值产品和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,构建了10个简单、具有一定自主创新意义的分布式冰川融水径流模型（空间分辨率60 m）,较好地模拟了研究冰川流域的日平均流量。结果表明,利用FY 2C总云量资料并结合辐射传输参数化方案能够较好地估算流域太阳入射短波辐射;单独利用总辐射有直接估算大型冰川流域某段时期融水径流的可能。气温与冰川末端流量呈指数关系,度日因子模型更适合于消融季节;提出的基于单元格气温和海拔的简单消融模型有望改进度日因子模型。在气温指数模型中加入太阳辐射调整系数,能够更好地估算冰川融水径流。简化分布式能量平衡模型能够反映大型冰川融水径流的变化;单层汇流方案在一定程度上能够概化托木尔型冰川的汇流过程。     

中国阿尔泰山流域侵蚀速率及其控制因素

流域侵蚀速率的时空变化对于理解活动造山带的地貌演化具有重要意义。以阿尔泰山8个山地流域为研究对象,利用1964—2011年的水文数据,采用河流输沙量法估算了年代际山地流域侵蚀速率。首先确定悬移质、推移质和溶解质对河流输沙量的贡献,然后计算各流域的年代际侵蚀速率,并结合已有研究结果,探讨了阿尔泰山流域侵蚀速率的时空特征及其控制因素。结果表明：阿尔泰山8个山地流域的平均侵蚀速率为0.03 mm·a^-1,其中乌伦古河山地流域侵蚀速率最小（0.01 mm·a^-1）,额尔齐斯河支流克兰河山地流域侵蚀速率最大（0.05 mm·a^-1）。进一步对侵蚀速率与气候、地形、岩性、构造和植被等因素进行相关分析,发现流域侵蚀速率与地形因子（流域面积、地形起伏度）和气候因子（径流深度、平均温度）的相关性较强,表明这些因素可能对阿尔泰山山地流域侵蚀起主要影响。与阿尔泰山百万年尺度的剥蚀速率（0.07~0.3 mm·a^-1）相比,研究时段内的流域侵蚀速率偏低,这表明中亚地区晚新生代持续的干旱气候可能制约了阿尔泰山地表侵蚀。     

青海省太阳辐射强度时空变化特征分析

利用西宁、刚察、格尔木、玉树和玛沁5站的1971-2014年逐日总辐射资料和青海省50个气象台站的温度、降水和日照时数等气象资料,分析了太阳辐射量与气象要素的内在关系,建立了无辐射观测资料地区的太阳辐射推算方法,并根据推算出的各气象站点太阳辐射量,分析了青海省全境太阳辐射量变化规律及分布特征。研究结果表明：青海省年太阳总辐射量在5 668~7 091 MJ·m^-2之间,由西北向东南逐渐递减,全省年太阳总辐射量超过6 000 MJ·m^-2的有42个站点,占全省总站点的84%。太阳总辐射量在春、夏季自东南向西北部逐渐增加,在秋季自西北向东南部逐渐减小,冬季全省各地差异较小。青海省4-8月的太阳辐射量最强,旬太阳辐射量主要集中在3月上旬-10月上旬,周太阳辐射量主要集中在第12周-第43周。青海省太阳日辐射变化趋势均呈抛物线型,早晨和傍晚辐射值较低,日出后开始呈上升趋势,北京时间13：00左右达到最高值后开始下降。日辐射持续时间从3月开始增加,9月开始减少。     

Estimation of spectral reflectance of snow from IRS-1D LISS-III sensor over the Himalayan terrain

The sensor onboard the satellite views the earth as a plain surface and consequently the satelliteobtained spectral radiances cannot represent true values over a mountainous terrain. The relative magnitudes of terrain slope and its aspect with respect to the sun's position will determine the amount of direct solar radiation incident on an undulating surface. Estimation of spectral reflectance from satellite data forms an important component in many of the snow and glacier studies. The spectral reflectance of snow is influenced by its various parameters. The changes in snowpack characteristics as a result of various metamorphic processes, with age, can cause variations in its spectral reflectances. Since, the terrain geometry also modifies the amount of reflected radiation from a rugged surface, one has to correct the estimated spectral reflectances for terrain topography so as to use them in deriving the snowpack characteristics accurately. Also, the amounts of melt runoff originating from glaciers having different slopes and orientations will not be the same. Considering these aspects, a model has been developed to estimate the terrain corrected spectral reflectances over the Himalayan terrain using the Linear Imaging Self Scanner-III data of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite. The model computes spectral reflectances from satellitebased radiance measurements and includes the effect of the terrain topography on the incident solar radiation. The terrain slope and its aspect are generated from the digital elevation model of the region. The analysis carried out over the Beas Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India, indicated a variation of 22% in the amount of incident solar radiation for an increase of 10‡ in terrain slope. Further, the terrain with south-east aspect received maximum amount of solar radiation. The large differences observed between the uncorrected and terrain corrected reflectances in the shortwave infrared band (B5), which is not saturated over the snow covered region, suggest that the terrain slope and its aspect cannot be neglected in estimating the accurate spectral reflectances over the Himalayan terrain.     

Assessment of different topographic corrections in AWiFS satellite imagery of Himalaya terrain

The influence of topographic effects in optical satellite imagery is not investigated very extensively in the Himalayan terrain. The topographic variability causes a problem of differential illumination due to steep and varying slopes in rugged Himalayan terrain. Therefore, topographic corrections are essential for qualitative and quantitative analysis of snow cover applications. The present paper discusses the implementation of different topographic correction models on AWiFS sensor onboard IRS P6 satellite images and the qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis in detail. Both the Lambertian and non-Lambertian assumptions have been considered in the present analysis with the aim to explore best suitable empirical model for rugged terrain. The main topographic methods implemented are:

点电源下复杂角域地形影响及校正

角域是描绘起伏地形的基本单元,通过角域叠加可以获得复杂纯地形产生的视电阻率异常,进而可以进行地形校正。将简单角域视电阻率畸变进行组合叠加得到复杂角域地形的视电阻率畸变,分析了组合叠加误差,并与ANSYS软件数值模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明,在地形起伏不大的情况下,可以通过组合叠加获得复杂角域地形的视电阻率异常。最后给出了利用组合叠加法获得纯地形影响后应用比较法进行地形改正的模型算例;与水平地形时的结果对比表明,比较法可以削弱地形影响,突出局部地质体的异常。     

海域岛礁桥梁地基岩体质量分级体系研究

跨海大桥由于受地形限制,桥基只能布设在单薄的海域岛礁上,而岛礁岩体质量及其边坡稳定将控制桥基型式及埋深。结合在建舟山大陆连岛工程西堠门大桥桥基所在的老虎山岛礁,针对其大跨度、高塔柱桥梁地基赋存的地质环境条件,综合考虑不同部位(即水上、水下及潮间带三个不同位置),提出以岩石力学性质、岩体结构类型、结构面发育特征(尤其是软弱结构面控制)、风化状况、地下水(受海水频繁潮涨潮落影响)等分级控制因素,并分别相应采用岩石单轴饱和抗压强度Rs、岩石质量指标RQD、岩体完整性系数Kv、风化程度系数KY及地下水影响修正系数U对上述分级控制因素进行量化,建立了反映海域岛礁岩体总体质量综合指数Z=Rs×RQD×Kv×KY+U,并相应得出不同级别岩体质量分级体系。     

石羊河流域冰川变化与地形因子的关系探究

以甘肃省石羊河流域为研究区,运用GIS和RS技术结合人工目视解译,提取了1995年、2002年、2009年、2015年、2016年5期遥感影像冰川边界信息。结合DEM数据提取了坡度、朝向、海拔三个地形因子。基于相关性分析与地理探测器的方法,对冰川变化与地形因子进行了相关分析,并研究了冰川变化与地形因子之间的空间关系。结果表明：（1）该地区冰川年均面积变化率由1973-1995年的-1.27%·a^-1变为2015-2016年的-2.87%·a^-1,消融速度加快,面积小于0.1 km²的小冰川消融显著;（2）石羊河流域冰川分布主要的朝向是N、NE、NW,朝向与冰川变化具有一定相关性,南坡退缩较快;（3）坡度与冰川变化呈异向相关,海拔高度控制着冰川的消融速度,低海拔冰川的退缩幅度更大;（4）地形因子对冰川变化空间分异的影响显著不同,海拔是冰川变化空间分异最重要的控制因素,其次是朝向,最后是坡度。     

Artificial Lineaments in Digital Terrain Modelling: Can Operators of Topographic Variables Cause Them?

Digital terrain modeling is widely used in geological studies. In some cases, orthogonal and diagonal linear patterns appear on maps of local topographic variables. These patterns may be both portrayals of geological structures and artefacts. Some researchers speculated that possible anisotropy of operators of local topographic variables might be a cause of these artefacts. Using a principle for testing derivative operators in image processing, we gave proof to isotropy (rotation invariability) of operators of a majority of local topographic attributes of the complete system of curvatures (i.e., slope gradient, horizontal curvature, vertical curvature, mean curvature, Gaussian curvature, accumulation curvature, ring curvature, unsphericity curvature, difference curvature, minimum curvature, maximum curvature, horizontal excess curvature, and vertical excess curvature). Rotating an elevation function about z-axis and then applying these operators cannot lead to variations in both values of the topographic variables and patterns in their maps, comparing with results of applying these operators to an unrotated elevation function. This demonstrates that linear artefacts with preferable directions in maps of the topographic attributes specified cannot be caused by intrinsic properties of their operators. Other possible sources for false linear patterns in maps of topographic variables are briefly discussed: (a) errors in the compilation of digital elevation models (DEMs), (b) grid geometry of digital terrain models (DTMs), (c) errors in DEM interpolation, (d) imperfection of algorithms for DTM derivation, and (e) aliasing errors.     

Comparison of different algorithms for calculating the shading effects of topography on solar irradiance in a mountainous area

In mountainous areas, topographic shading effects exert significant influence on the spatial distribution of solar irradiance on the land surface, which should be considered in estimating and modeling physical, biological, and hydrological processes. Various algorithms have been proposed for quantitative assessment of the impact of topography on the arriving solar radiation on slopes in mountainous area based on digital elevation model (DEM). However, different algorithms tend to produce different results even based on the same DEM. In this study, two algorithms for determining the maximum horizontal viewing angle of terrain obstruction were compared in a catchment in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China, which were identical except for the way in interpreting DEM. Two algorithms for calculating sky view factor were also compared. Then, different algorithm combinations were compared and their sensitivities to the horizontal resolution of DEM were investigated. Results showed that the differences in outputs of different algorithms and combinations were significant and cannot be ignored in estimating the spatial distribution of solar irradiance in mountainous areas. A simple ground validation concluded that the algorithm assuming a linear variation in elevation was a little better than that assuming a stepped variation in elevation in and among neighboring DEM cells. For calculating diffuse solar radiation, the algorithm based on a sloped coordinate system was theoretically better than that based on a horizontal coordinate system. It is worth noting that even though the estimated annual mean of solar irradiance over the study area was almost the same among some algorithm combinations, the difference in spatial distribution was significant, which may lead to consequent difference in assessing or modeling some other environmental variables relevant to surface energy exchange, e.g., evaporation, snowmelt, and ground temperature. However, the analysis in this study was mainly theoretical, and further ground-based validations should be made in future.