Impacts of Streambed Heterogeneity and Anisotropy on Residence Time of Hyporheic Zone

The hyporheic zone (HZ), which is the region beneath or alongside a streambed, plays an important role in the stream's ecology. The duration that a water molecule or a solute remains within the HZ, or residence time (RT), is one of the most common metrics used to evaluate the function of the HZ. The RT is greatly influenced by the streambed's hydraulic conductivity (K), which is intrinsically difficult to characterize due to its heterogeneity and anisotropy. Many laboratory and numerical studies of the HZ have simplified the streambed K to a constant, thus producing RT values that may differ from those gathered from the field. Some studies have considered the heterogeneity of the HZ, but very few have accounted for anisotropy or the natural K distributions typically found in real streambeds. This study developed numerical models in MODFLOW to examine the influence of heterogeneity and anisotropy, and that of the natural K distribution in a streambed, on the RT of the HZ. Heterogeneity and anisotropy were both found to shorten the mean and median RTs while increasing the range of the RTs. Moreover, heterogeneous K fields arranged in a more orderly pattern had longer RTs than those with random K distributions. These results could facilitate the design of streambed K values and distributions to achieve the desired RT during river restoration. They could also assist the translation of results from the more commonly considered homogeneous and/or isotropic conditions into heterogeneous and anisotropic field situations.     

Effects of Multiscale Anisotropy on Basin and Hyporheic Groundwater Flow

Various subsurface flow systems exhibit a combination of small‐scale to large‐scale anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity (K). The large‐scale anisotropy results from systematic trends (e.g., exponential decrease or increase) of K with depth. We present a general two‐dimensional solution for calculation of topography‐driven groundwater flow considering both small‐ and large‐scale anisotropy in K. This solution can be applied to diverse systems with arbitrary head distribution and geometry of the water table boundary, such as basin or hyporheic flow. In a special case, this solution reduces to the well‐known Tóth model of uniform isotropic basin. We introduce an integral measure of flushing intensity that quantifies flushing at different depths. Using this solution, we simulate heads and streamlines and provide analyses of flow structure in the flow domain, relevant to basin analyses or hyporheic flow. It is shown that interactions between small‐scale anisotropy and large‐scale anisotropy strongly control the flow structure. In the classic Tóth flow model, the flushing intensity curves exhibit quasi‐exponential decrease with depth. The new measure is capable of capturing subtle changes in the flow structure. Our study shows that both small‐ and large‐scale anisotropy characteristics have substantial effects that need to be integrated into analysis of topography‐driven flow.     

Friction Stress at the Bed of Under-Ice Flow and Its Influence on the Biota Living Conditions in Rivers

Variations in the average and turbulent characteristics of under-ice flow are studied and their possible influence on the living conditions of flora and fauna in rivers in winter are discussed.     

Reducing Uncertainty in Calibrating Aquifer Flow Model with Multiple Scales of Heterogeneity

Modeling and calibration of natural aquifers with multiple scales of heterogeneity is a challenging task due to limited subsurface access. While computer modeling plays an essential role in aquifer studies, large uncertainty exists in developing a conceptual model of an aquifer and in calibrating the model for decision making. Due to uncertainties such as a lack of understanding of subsurface processes and a lack of techniques to parameterize the subsurface environment (including hydraulic conductivity, source/sink rate, and aquifer boundary conditions), existing aquifer models often suffer nonuniqueness in calibration, leading to poor predictive capability. A robust calibration methodology is needed that can address the simultaneous estimations of aquifer parameters, source/sink, and boundary conditions. In this paper, we propose a multistage and multiscale approach that addresses subsurface heterogeneity at multiple scales, while reducing uncertainty in estimating the model parameters and model boundary conditions. The key to this approach lies in the appropriate development, verification, and synthesis of existing and new techniques of static and dynamic data integration. In particular, based on a given set of observation data, new inversion techniques can be first used to estimate aquifer large‐scale effective parameters and smoothed boundary conditions, based on which parameter and boundary condition estimation can be refined at increasing detail using standard or highly parameterized estimation techniques.     

宽级配砾质土应力路径试验研究

对某土石坝工程的宽级配砾质土进行了三轴等应力比应力路径试验,试验分别模拟了土石坝施工填筑期及蓄水期可能的应力路径,研究了宽级配砾质土在复杂应力状态下的应力应变特性。研究表明,砾质土心墙料在等主应力比和等主应力增量比应力路径作用下,应力应变表现出较好的线性关系;在竣工期,其平均主应力p（或剪应力q）与体应变ε_v及剪应变ε_s的曲线关系都为幂函数形式,ε_v—ε_1、ε_3—ε_1关系均可用线性函数来表示,而在蓄水期,各应力与应变之间的曲线关系则基本上都可以用线性关系来表示。本文研究明确了复杂应力路径下宽级配砾质土的应力应变关系,为建立宽级配砾质土的应力应变本构模型提供了一个重要线索。     

Sensitivity of Simulated Hyporheic Exchange to River Bathymetry: The Steinlach River Test Site

This study determines the aspects of river bathymetry that have the greatest influence on the predictive biases when simulating hyporheic exchange. To investigate this, we build a highly parameterized HydroGeoSphere model of the Steinlach River Test Site in southwest Germany as a reference. This model is then modified with simpler bathymetries, evaluating the changes to hyporheic exchange fluxes and transit time distributions. Results indicate that simulating hyporheic exchange with a high-resolution detailed bathymetry using a three-dimensional fully coupled model leads to nested multiscale hyporheic exchange systems. A poorly resolved bathymetry will underestimate the small-scale hyporheic exchange, biasing the simulated hyporheic exchange towards larger scales, thus leading to overestimates of hyporheic exchange residence times. This can lead to gross biases in the estimation of a catchment's capacity to attenuate pollutants when extrapolated to account for all meanders along an entire river within a watershed. The detailed river slope alone is not enough to accurately simulate the locations and magnitudes of losing and gaining river reaches. Thus, local bedforms in terms of bathymetric highs and lows within the river are required. Bathymetry surveying campaigns can be more effective by prioritizing bathymetry measurements along the thalweg and gegenweg of a meandering channel. We define the gegenweg as the line that connects the shallowest points in successive cross-sections along a river opposite to the thalweg under average flow conditions. Incorporating local bedforms will likely capture the nested nature of hyporheic exchange, leading to more physically meaningful simulations of hyporheic exchange fluxes and transit times.     

岩石非均匀性对震级—频度关系的影响的数值模拟

无论是从天然地展的统计分析还是实验室岩石破裂实验，由于测试设备的限制、观测台站或测试位置的影响，目前有关地展展级-频度关系和G—R关系式及b值的研究都不可能保证数据资料的独立性和完整性。充分利用RFPA^20数值模拟软件，克服漏记、精度低和人为的限定资料范围等不利因素的影响，在充分考虑岩石的非均匀性的基础上，研究了岩石破裂过程中微震系列震级-频度关系及b值随岩石均质度的变化规律。     

Water Quality of Small Rivers in the Zone of Influence of Gold-Mining Facilities in Krasnoyarsk Region

Environmental and sanitary estimation of small-river water quality is made in the zone of influence of gold-mining facilities in Krasnoyarsk Region. The estimates are based on data on the hydrochemical regime and the characteristics of phytoplankton, microphyto-periphyton, macrozoobenthos, and ichthyofauna collected during the vegetation period of 2000.     

P_5含量对滑坡体砾质土的力学性质影响试验研究

粗粒含量对滑坡体砾质土的力学性质具有重要意义。针对乌东德水电站金坪子滑坡体砾质土拟合了5条不同P5含量的试验级配,分别进行饱和状态与非饱和状态的固结排水剪切试验。试验表明,两种试验条件下的变形参数和强度参数均较高,变形参数k值与kb总体上随P5含量的增大而增大;P5含量越高粗颗粒的骨架作用越强,试样的模量越大。砾质土饱和状态的内摩擦角和变形参数低于非饱和状态,说明试样浸水饱和会使强度模量降低,降雨将降低滑坡体的稳定性。     

Flowage Lakes in the World: Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics and Their Effect on the Character of Flow Variations of Lake-Containing Rivers

Water Resources - A joint data repository on flowage lakes of the world and long-term flow variations in the rivers they regulate has been formed. The specific features of the flowage lake...     

The Environmental Significance of Chemistry Variations in the Rivers around Taiwan

Water Resources - Chemistry variations in the rivers are key indexes of weathering mechanisms. This paper presents a chemical variation examination of water samples acquired from 11 Taiwanese...     

The Effect of Heterogeneity on Rock‘s Ultrasonic Attenuation and Its Correction

INTRODUCTIONAs Intnns。c properlyd]ohs,Q value Is closely related to the physical cond。tlons(such aspressure,fluid saturalon,and v。scoslty,etc．)．And generally speaking,the。e attenuation Is。resensitive to the vanatlon of physical conditions than the velocity does(Best et al,1994),therefor。asure。nt Of Q value Is very m叩oltantlnl4。m扣y expenments．There re删Ww幼sic*t。"theQ value,such as spectral rat。。(Toks6z et al,1979),resonance bar(Wyllie et al,1962),andst。ss－st。。n on…     

岩石非均匀性对超声衰减的影响及其修正

在充分考虑了岩石的非均匀性引起的Rayleigh散射对衰减测量值的影响后，通过有关理论和计算，将岩石的本征衰减和散射加以区分，对原先以均匀介质为基本假定的频谱比法进行了修正，改进后的频谱比法可在较宽的频率范围内进行Q值计算，避免了传统频谱比法在不同频段上得出不同的Q值的不确定性问题，同时，我们还引进并改进了频率移动法，我们将传统和改进的频谱比法，以及频率移动法应用于同一套实验数据，计算结果符合较好。     

Morphology of Dune-Like Relief in Rivers

Water Resources - Linearized equations of two-dimensional hydraulics have been analyzed by the method of small perturbations within a wide range of alluvial features sizes at large values of Froude...